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![Axis leaders Adolf Hitler and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini meet in Munich, Germany, 1940. [LCID: 80504]](https://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20231126224259/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/9ffb612d-3757-4118-9d36-6a83dda0f0c9.jpg)
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Axis Powers in World War II
The three principal partners in the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan. These three countries recognized German and Italian dominance in continental Europe, as well as Japanese domination over East Asia. Five other European states joined the Axis alliance during World War II. All of Germany’s European Axis allies participated to some degree in the persecution and murder of Jews during the Holocaust.
![Illustration from an antisemitic children's primer. [LCID: 10640c]](https://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20231126224259/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/4c6348d1-d3e6-4be3-aae5-b12761f4f20a.jpg)
![Storefronts of Jewish-owned businesses damaged during the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogrom. [LCID: 4315]](https://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20231126224259/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/ed400cf5-3397-4a1f-8cec-2ece2e7a90e7.jpg)
![A large crowd gathers in front of the Rathaus to hear the exhortations of Julius Streicher during the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler's ... [LCID: 06830]](https://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20231126224259/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/c788d22c-9de1-4f91-8469-710a89185788.jpg)
![Chief Prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz presents evidence during the Einsatzgruppen Trial. [LCID: 09918]](https://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20231126224259/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/b8542ad8-3e73-4b7c-a368-2dcbc971fa85.jpg)
![Deportation of Jews from Hanau, near Frankfurt am Main, to the Theresienstadt ghetto. [LCID: 77905]](https://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20231126224259/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/413bd128-a130-4c41-90c5-b40d307c9d82.jpg)
![The International Military Tribunal was a court convened jointly by the victorious Allied governments. [LCID: 61332]](https://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20231126224259/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/images/thumb/6e42d8fc-22a4-4841-966c-aef2e9fbddbb.jpg)
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ID Cards
Learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust
Timeline of Events
Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust.
Discussion Questions
How and why was the Holocaust possible?