MINUSCA

MINUSCA

Formation	10 April 2014
Type	Peacekeeping mission
Legal status	Active
Head	Mankeur Ndiaye (Senegal), Special Representative
Parent organization	United Nations Security Council
Website	minusca.unmissions.org

United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (also called MINUSCA, which is an initialism of its French name Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en Centrafrique) is a UN peacekeeping mission, which started on April 10, 2014, to protect Central African Republic civilians under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. It transformed the 6,000-strong African Union-led peacekeeping force known as MISCA into a UN peacekeeping mission and became operational on September 15, 2014. The UN deployed a transition team to set up MINUSCA and prepare for a seamless transition of authority from MISCA to MINUSCA. As of 30 September 2021, it has more than 15,000 troops, police and civilian personnel on the ground. Its role is to:

• support for the transition process;
• facilitating humanitarian assistance;
• promotion and protection of human rights;
• support for justice and the rule of law;
• disarmament;
• demobilization;
• reintegration;
• repatriation processes.

The current Special Representative of the Secretary-General and head of MINUSCA is Valentine Rugwabiza of Rwanda.

The top 3 countries contributing the most personnel are Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

History

Main article: Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present)

MINUSCA deployment in 2014

The Séléka militia staged a rebellion in 2013 that led to the end of François Bozizé's regime in the Central African Republic. The Séléka's continued heinous crimes in Central African Republic led to worsening conditions in Central African Republic, which then evolved the conflict from government resistance into a religious conflict. Information was later found that the Séléka was a Muslim group committing human rights violations against their predominantly Christian country. A Christian militia then formed, calling themselves the Anti-Balaka, to fight against the Séléka.

The Central African Republic began to weaken as the conflict continued, with an incline in mortality and a decline in life expectancy, which attributed to increasing rates of preventable and treatable diseases. The conflict also resulted in 320,000 people fleeing to neighboring countries, including Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo, and as of 2017, left approximately 600,000 people internally displaced.

In 2017, Vietnam made history by sending peacekeepers to join MINUSCA after the country participated in its first peacekeeping operation in South Sudan.

Present

In 2015, a battalion from the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC), numbering 807 personnel, was deployed to the CAR as part of MINUSCA. The DRC also deployed 118 police. In August 2015, allegations surfaced that three DRC soldiers had raped three young women in the town of Bambari, northeast of the capital Bangui. Allegations of child sexual exploitation and abuse were also made. In January 2016, it was announced that the battalion would be repatriated, as it had failed to meet UN "vetting and preparedness" requirements.

In recent attacks taken place in CAR in April 2018, MINUSCA and government forces initiated an operation that would disarm a militia, that was predominantly Muslim, in Bangui's peacekeeping 5 district, which is also where Christians were majority. MINUSCA is challenged to attain the mandate in protecting human rights and disarming and dismantling non state actors due to the lack of infrastructure resistance in using military force.

As the mandate for MINUSCA has been extended and amended on November 15, 2019, to fit the needs to support the Central African Armed Forces (FACA), there will be difficulty considering the lack of infrastructure and resources. The update to the mandate also includes for MINUSCA to assist the electoral process for a peaceful transition for president and legislative body by providing good offices, security, operational, logistical, and technical support for the election.

In the Peacekeeping Budget, MINUSCA receives 14% of the budget, with a total of $930,211,900 as of 2018–2019.

On March 12, 2021, the United Nations Security Council voted to increase the size of the MINUSCA force, devoting an additional 2,750 troops and 940 police officers to the Mission.

In September 2021, the UN decided to withdraw some 450 Gabonese peacekeepers from its peacekeeping force in the Central African Republic after accusations of sexual exploitation and abuse which the Gabonese government has opened an investigation into.

Forces Composition

Number of Personnel by country as of 30 September 2021 (excludes civilian personnel)

Country	Number of personnel deployed
Rwanda	2,183
Bangladesh	1,335
Pakistan	1,314
Egypt	1,187
Cameroon	1,173
Zambia	932
Morocco	767
Burundi	760
Nepal	752
Mauritania	743
Tanzania	456
Indonesia	388
Senegal	314
Peru	217
Cambodia	210
Portugal	198
Congo	193
Tunisia	178
Sri Lanka	113
Serbia	76
Côte d'Ivoire	56
Jordan	54
Turkey	50
Burkina Faso	49
Gabon	43
Niger	41
Benin	38
Togo	32
Gambia	22
Mali	21
Kenya	15
Guinea	14
Ghana	13
France	12
Brazil	10
Djibouti	9
Nigeria	8
Romania	8
Russia	8
United States of America	8
Vietnam	7
Bhutan	5
Sierra Leone	5
Guatemala	4
Paraguay	4
Moldova	4
Spain	4
Bolivia	3
Czech Republic	3
Uruguay	3
Argentina	2
Colombia	2
Mexico	2
Philippines	2
Sweden	2
Zimbabwe	2
Total	14,054