Hanoi
Hanoi
Hà Nội | |
---|---|
From top, left to right: Turtle Tower, Pilgrim boats toward Perfume Pagoda, Hanoi Opera House, Đoan Môn gate of Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, Khuê Văn pavilion at Temple of Literature and skyline of Hanoi in Nam Từ Liêm district. | |
Nicknames: | |
![]() | |
Coordinates: 21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E / 21.02833°N 105.85417°ECoordinates: 21°01′42″N 105°51′15″E / 21.02833°N 105.85417°E | |
Country | Vietnam |
Region | Red River Delta |
Founded | 257 BC |
Founded by | An Dương Vương |
Seat | Hoàn Kiếm |
Subdivision | 12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, one district-level town |
Government | |
• Type | Municipality |
• Body | Hanoi People's Council |
• Secretary of the Party Committee | Đinh Tiến Dũng |
• Chairman of People's Council | Nguyễn Ngọc Tuấn |
• Chairman of People's Committee | Trần Sỹ Thanh |
Area | |
• Capital city and municipality | 3,359.82 km2 (1,297.23 sq mi) |
• Urban | 319.56 km2 (123.38 sq mi) |
• Metro | 24,314.7 km2 (9,388.0 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 1,296 m (4,252 ft) |
Population (2021)[8] | |
• Capital city and municipality | 8,330,800 |
• Rank | 2nd |
• Density | 2,500/km2 (6,400/sq mi) |
• Urban | 4,095,400 |
• Urban density | 13,000/km2 (33,000/sq mi) |
• Rural | 4,235,500 |
• Metro | 20,000,000 |
• Metro density | 820/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
Demonym | Hanoian |
Ethnic groups | |
• Vietnamese[12] | 98.66% |
• Mường | 0.77% |
• Tày | 0.24% |
• Thái | 0.09% |
• Nùng | 0.08% |
• Others | 0.16% |
Time zone | UTC+07:00 (ICT) |
Postal code | 10000–14000 |
Area codes | 24 |
ISO 3166 code | VN-HN |
License plate | 29 – 33, 40 |
GRP (Nominal) | 2019[13] |
– Total | US$42.04 billion[14] |
– Per capita | US$5,196[14] |
– Growth | ![]() |
HDI (2020) | 0.799 (1st)[15] |
Climate | Cwa |
International airports | Nội Bài International Airport |
Largest district by area | Ba Vì District (421.80 km2)[16] |
Largest district by population | Hoàng Mai District (540,732)[17] |
Website | hanoi.gov.vn |
Official name | Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long – Hanoi |
Criteria | Cultural: (ii), (iii), (vi) |
Reference | 1328 |
Inscription | 2010 (34th Session) |
Area | 18.395 ha (45.46 acres) |
Buffer zone | 108 ha (270 acres) |
Hanoi (UK: /(ˌ)hæ-, həˈnɔɪ/ ha-, hə-NOY or US: /hɑː-/ hah-NOY; Vietnamese: Hà Nội [haː˨˩ noj˧˨ʔ] (listen)) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of 3,359.82 km2 (1,297.2 sq mi).[3] It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is the cultural and political centre of Vietnam.
Hanoi can trace its history back to the third century BCE, when a portion of the modern-day city served as the capital of the historic Vietnamese nation of Âu Lạc. Following the collapse of Âu Lạc, the city was part of Han China. In 1010, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial Vietnamese nation Đại Việt in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long (literally 'Ascending Dragon'). Thăng Long remained Đại Việt's political centre until 1802, when the Nguyễn dynasty, the last imperial Vietnamese dynasty, moved the capital to Huế. The city was renamed Hanoi in 1831, and served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945. On 6 January 1946, the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country, which would last during the First Indochina War (1946–1954) and the Vietnam War (1955–1975). Hanoi has been the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam since 1976.
A major tourist destination in Vietnam, Hanoi offers well-preserved French colonial architecture, many religious sites (dedicated to Buddhism, Catholicism, Confucianism and Taoism), several historical landmarks of Vietnamese imperial periods, and a large number of museums. The Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long in Ba Dinh District was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010.
Hanoi has a Human Development Index of 0.799 (high), ranking first among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.[18] The city hosts various venerable educational institutions and cultural venues of significance, including the Vietnam National University, the Mỹ Đình National Stadium, and the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts. Hanoi was the only Asia-Pacific locality to be granted the "City for Peace" title by the UNESCO on 16 July 1999, recognizing its contributions to the struggle for peace, its efforts to promote equality in the community, protect the environment, promote culture and education, and care for younger generations. Hanoi joined UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities as a Design City on 31 October 2019, on the occasion of World Cities' Day.[19] The city has also hosted numerous international events, including APEC Vietnam 2006, 132nd Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU-132), 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit, as well as 2009 Asian Indoor Games, and the Southeast Asian Games in 2003 and 2021.
Names[edit]
Hanoi had various names throughout history.
- It was known first as Long Biên (龍邊, "dragon edge"), then Tống Bình (宋平, "Song peace") and Long Đỗ (龍肚, "dragon belly"). Long Biên later gave its name to the famed Long Biên Bridge, built during French colonial times, and more recently to a new district to the east of the Red River. Several older names of Hanoi feature long (龍, "dragon"), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.[20][21][22]
- In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La (大羅, "big net"). This gave it the nickname La Thành (羅城, "net citadel"). Both Đại La and La Thành are names of major streets in modern Hanoi.
- When Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long (昇龍, "rising dragon").[23][24] Thăng Long later became the name of a major bridge on the highway linking the city center to Nội Bài Airport, and the Thăng Long Boulevard expressway in the southwest of the city center. In modern time, the city is usually referred to as Thăng Long – Hà Nội, when its long history is discussed.
- During the Hồ dynasty, it was called Đông Đô (東都, "eastern metropolis").[21][25]
- During the Ming occupation, it was called Đông Quan (東關, "eastern gate").[21][22][25]
- During the Lê dynasty, Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh (東京, "eastern capital").[26] This gave the name to Tonkin and Gulf of Tonkin. A square adjacent to the Hoàn Kiếm lake was named Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục after the reformist Tonkin Free School under French colonization.[21][25]
- After the end of the Tây Sơn had expanded further south, the city was named Bắc Thành (北城, "northern citadel").[21][22][25]
- Minh Mạng renamed the city Hà Nội (河內, "inside the rivers") in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern times.[21][22][25]
- Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: Kẻ Chợ (marketplace), Tràng An (long peace), Phượng Thành/Phụng Thành (phoenix city), Long Thành (short for Kinh thành Thăng Long, "citadel of Thăng Long"), Kinh kỳ (capital city), Hà Thành (short for Thành phố Hà Nội, "city of Hanoi"), Hoàng Diệu, and Thủ Đô (capital).[21][22][25]
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2021) |
Pre-Thăng Long period[edit]
Many vestiges of human habitation from the late Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of Sơn Vi Culture, dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.[27][28] In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now National Museum of Vietnamese History) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of Dong Mo Lake (Son Tay, Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to Sơn Vi Culture – in the Paleolithic Age, 20,000 years ago.[29] During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from the absence of Neolithic sites across most of the Bac Bo region.[30] Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely absent.[27] It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.[31][32]
Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue[edit]
In around third century BCE, An Dương Vương established the capital of Âu Lạc north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel is constructed, known to history as Cổ Loa,[33] the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,[34] with an outer embankment covering 600 hectares. In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by Nanyue, which ushered in more than a thousand years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his Nanyue domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.[35][36][37] For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.[38]
Hanoi under Chinese rule[edit]
In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it for the next several hundred years.[39][40] Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.[41][42]
In March[43] of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of a wealthy aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity[44] in Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.[43][45][46] It began at the Red River Delta, but quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,[46][44] gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.[45] Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.[47][48] In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general Ma Yuan to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.[45][47] The rebellion was defeated in the next year as Ma Yuan captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in Luoyang.[49]
By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the Chinese Liu Song dynasty as the seat of a new district called Tống Bình (Songping) within Giao Chỉ commandery.[50] The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464.[51] The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now Từ Liêm and Hoài Đức districts) with a metropolis (the domination centre) in the present inner Hanoi.
Protectorate of Annam[edit]
By the year 679, the Tang dynasty changed the region's name to Annan (Pacified South), with Songping as its capital.[52]
To defeat the people's uprisings in the later half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi (張伯儀), a Tang dynasty viceroy, built Luocheng (羅城, La Thanh or La citadel, from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in present-day Ba Dinh precinct). In the earlier half of the ninth century, it was further built up and called Jincheng (金城, Kim Thanh or Kim Citadel). In 863, Nanzhao army and local people laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.[53][54] In 866, Chinese jiedushi Gao Pian recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.[54] He renamed the city to Daluocheng (大羅城, Đại La thành). He built the wall, 6,344 meters around the city, which some part were more than eight meters high.[55] Đại La at the time with approximate 25,000 residents included small foreign communities and residents of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and Nestorian Christians,[56] became an important trading center of the Tang dynasty due to the ransacking of Canton by Huang Chao rebellion.[53] By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin.[57]
Hanoi under Independent Vietnam[edit]
Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh[edit]
In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ, the first ruler of the Lý dynasty, moved the capital of Đại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍, "Soaring Dragon") – a name still used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to Thanh Hóa, then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".
Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 1490, painted by Emperor Lê Thánh Tông
A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from Royal Society's archive.
In 1408, the Chinese Ming dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan (Chinese: 東關, Eastern Gateway), or Đông Quan in Sino-Vietnamese. In 1428, the Vietnamese overthrew the Chinese under the leadership of Lê Lợi,[58][better source needed] who later founded the Lê dynasty and renamed Đông Quan Đông Kinh (東京, "Eastern Capital") or Tonkin. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.[59] Right after the end of the Tây Sơn dynasty, it was named Bắc Thành (北城, "Northern Citadel").
During Nguyễn dynasty and the French colonial period[edit]
When the Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Gia Long moved the capital to Huế. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, its Hán tự was changed from 昇龍 ("Rising dragon") to 昇隆 ("Ascent and prosperity"), aiming to reduce the sentiment of Lê dynasty.[60] Emperors of Vietnam usually used dragon (龍 long) as a symbol of their imperial strength and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội (河內, "Between Rivers" or "River Interior"). Hanoi was occupied by the French in 1873 and passed to them ten years later. As Hanoï, it was located in the protectorate of Tonkin became the capital of French Indochina after 1887.[58][better source needed]
The Grand Palais was built for the Hanoi Exhibition, as the city became the capital of French Indochina
Postcard depicting election day in Hanoi during French Indochina, around 1910
Rue Paul Bert (now Trang Tien street)
L'ancien monument de la République (The monument of the republic) built in the front of Governor-General of Indochina
During WWII and Vietnam War[edit]
The city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese in 1940 and liberated in 1945, when it briefly became the seat of the Việt Minh government after Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in 1946. After nine years of fighting between the French and Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the capital of an independent North Vietnam in 1954. The French Army withdrew that year and the People's Army of Vietnam and International Control Commission occupied the city under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conference.[61]
During the Vietnam War, Hanoi's transportation facilities were disrupted by the bombing of bridges and railways by the U.S. Seventh Air Force and Republic of Vietnam Air Force. These were all, however, later repaired. Following the end of the war, Hanoi became the capital of a reunified Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.[62]
Modern Hanoi[edit]
After the Đổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, the Communist Party and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for urban development projects in Hanoi.[63] The high-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam.[63] Rapid urban development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central Hanoi.[63] Following a short period of economic stagnation after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth.[63]
On 29 May 2008, it was decided that Hà Tây Province, Vĩnh Phúc Province's Mê Linh District and four communes of Lương Sơn District, Hòa Bình Province be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008.[64] Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions[65] with the new population being 6,232,940.,[65] effectively tripling its size. The Hanoi Capital Region (Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and six surrounding provinces under its administration, will have an area of 13,436 square kilometres (5,188 sq mi) with 15 million people by 2020.
Hanoi has experienced a rapid construction boom recently. Skyscrapers, appearing in new urban areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by Emporis in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over 100 m; its two tallest buildings are Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower (336 m, second tallest in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City's Landmark 81 and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's Petronas Towers) and Hanoi Lotte Center (272 m, also, third tallest in Vietnam).
Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding Hoàn Kiếm Lake.[63] The Ba Đình District is also protected from commercial redevelopment.[63]
Geography[edit]
Location, topography[edit]
Hanoi is a landlocked municipality in the northern region of Vietnam, situated in Vietnam's Red River delta, nearly 90 km (56 mi) from the coast. Hanoi contains three basic kinds of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and the mountainous zone. In general, the terrain becomes gradually lower from north to south and from west to east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above sea level. Hills and mountainous zones are located in the northern and western parts of the city. The highest peak is at Ba Vi with 1281 m, located west of the city proper.
Climate[edit]
Hanoi, Vietnam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Hanoi has the characteristics of the tropical monsoon climate due to being located in the tropics like most of Southeast Asia. But using the Köppen climate classification, the ClimaTemps.com website ranks Hanoi as a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with plentiful precipitation.[67] The city experiences the typical climate of northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons.[68] Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with abundant rainfall, and few dry days.[69]: 40 [68] Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rare.[69]: 40 From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild.[68] Winters, from December to January, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, making Hanoi have a dry winter and large amount of sunshine in the first half of winter, prolong from December until middle of February. From the second half of winter, middle of February until the end of March, Hanoi is usually characterized with large amounts of drizzle and little sunshine due to the strong activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea into inland.[68][69]: 40 The city is usually cloudy and foggy in this time, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per day in February and March. Hanoi is the only capital of Southeast Asia with a subtropical climate.
The region has a positive water balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the potential evapotranspiration).[70][71] Hanoi averages 1,612 millimetres (63.5 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain.[68] The average annual temperature is 23.6 °C (74 °F), with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) in January 1955.[68] The city have also experienced extremely hot weather in June 2017 due to La Niña, with the temperature reached up to 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in a week. Hanoi can sometimes experience snow in winter. The most recent snow happened on Ba Vì mountain range, and the temperature fell to 0 °C (32 °F) on January 24, 2016.[72]
Climate data for Hanoi | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33.1 (91.6) |
35.1 (95.2) |
37.2 (99.0) |
39.0 (102.2) |
42.8 (109.0) |
42.5 (108.5) |
40.8 (105.4) |
39.7 (103.5) |
39.0 (102.2) |
36.6 (97.9) |
34.7 (94.5) |
31.9 (89.4) |
42.8 (109.0) |
Average high °C (°F) | 19.7 (67.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
32.9 (91.2) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.2 (88.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.5 (81.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.5 (70.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
Average low °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6.8 (44.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 18 (0.7) |
19 (0.7) |
34 (1.3) |
105 (4.1) |
165 (6.5) |
266 (10.5) |
253 (10.0) |
274 (10.8) |
243 (9.6) |
156 (6.1) |
59 (2.3) |
20 (0.8) |
1,612 (63.4) |
Average rainy days | 10.3 | 12.4 | 16.0 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 14.6 | 15.6 | 16.9 | 13.6 | 10.9 | 7.9 | 5.0 | 152.1 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 80.9 | 83.4 | 87.9 | 89.4 | 86.5 | 82.9 | 82.2 | 85.9 | 87.2 | 84.2 | 81.9 | 81.3 | 84.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 74 | 47 | 47 | 90 | 183 | 172 | 195 | 174 | 176 | 167 | 137 | 124 | 1,586 |
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[73] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (records),[74] (May record high and January record low only),[68] Vietnamnet.vn (June record high only),[75] Imh.ac.vn (August record high only),[76] Tutiempo.net (March and April record low only),[77][78] Nchmf.gov.vn,[79] April and May record low in The Yearbook of Indochina[80] |
Climate data for Hà Đông District | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 31.3 (88.3) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.9 (102.0) |
39.9 (103.8) |
37.9 (100.2) |
39.5 (103.1) |
38.3 (100.9) |
37.7 (99.9) |
36.2 (97.2) |
34.6 (94.3) |
34.6 (94.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
39.9 (103.8) |
Average high °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
30.9 (87.6) |
28.7 (83.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
26.8 (80.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
Average low °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
24.4 (75.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.9 (69.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
3.6 (38.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24 (0.9) |
27 (1.1) |
39 (1.5) |
91 (3.6) |
179 (7.0) |
239 (9.4) |
229 (9.0) |
272 (10.7) |
235 (9.3) |
196 (7.7) |
97 (3.8) |
43 (1.7) |
1,671 (65.8) |
Average precipitation days | 9.8 | 12.2 | 15.1 | 14.1 | 14.4 | 14.2 | 14.9 | 15.7 | 13.6 | 11.3 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 149.9 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 84.6 | 86.0 | 87.9 | 89.4 | 86.5 | 82.9 | 82.2 | 85.9 | 87.2 | 84.2 | 81.9 | 81.3 | 85.0 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71 | 48 | 57 | 93 | 178 | 171 | 195 | 178 | 178 | 159 | 141 | 124 | 1,593 |
Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[73] |
Administrative divisions[edit]
Hà Nội is divided into 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. When Hà Tây was merged into Hanoi in 2008, Hà Đông was transformed into an urban district while Sơn Tây degraded to a district-leveled town. They are further subdivided into 22 commune-level towns (or townlets), 399 communes, and 145 wards.
List of local government divisions[edit]
Administrative divisions of Hanoi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HT – formerly an administrative subdivision unit of the defunct Hà Tây Province
Demographics[edit]
During the French colonial period, as the capital of French Indochina, Hanoi attracted a considerable number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population of the city was 132,145.[83] After the First Indochina War, many French and Chinese people left the city to either move south or repatriate.
Hanoi's population only started to increase rapidly in the second half 20th century. In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km2. By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km2, and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978, National Assembly (Vietnam) decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km2, with a population of 2.5 million people.[84] By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to 924 km2 (357 sq mi), but the population was still over 2 million people. During the 1990s, Hanoi's population increased steadily, reaching 2,672,122 people in 1999.[85] After the most recent expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world.[86] According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people.[87] As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females.[11] The population living in urban areas is 3,962,310 people, accounting for 49.2% and in rural areas is 4,091,353 people, accounting for 50.8%. Hanoi is the second most populous city in the country, after Ho Chi Minh City (8,993,082 people). The average annual population growth rate from 2009 to 2019 of Hanoi is 2.22%/year, higher than the national growth rate (1.14%/year) and is the second highest in the Red River Delta, only after Bắc Ninh Province (2.90% / year).
Nowadays, the city is both a major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's cultural and political centre, putting a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century. It has over eight million residents within the city proper and an estimated population of 20 million within the metropolitan area.
The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations is likely to be very small when compared to the overall population of the city. Even in the Old Quarter, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighbourhood altogether. The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.[88]
Hanoi's telephone numbers have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers' telephone numbers have been changed in a haphazard way; however, mobile phones and SIM cards are readily available in Vietnam, with pre-paid mobile phone credit available in all areas of Hanoi.
Vital statistics[edit]
Fertility rate[edit]
Province | 2005 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vietnam | 2.11 | 2.07 | 2.08 | 2.03 | 2.00 | 1.99 | 2.05 | 2.10 | 2.09 | 2.10 | 2.09 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 2.09 |
Red River Delta | 2.06 | 2.11 | 2.13 | 2.11 | 2.04 | 2.06 | 2.11 | 2.11 | 2.30 | 2.23 | 2.23 | 2.16 | 2.29 | 2.35 |
Hanoi | 1.83 | 1.91 | 2.06 | 2.08 | 2.00 | 2.02 | 2.06 | 2.03 | 2.18 | 2.04 | 2.06 | 2.00 | 2.07 | 2.24 |
Birth, death and fertility rates[edit]
Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural increase rate | |
---|---|---|---|
2011 | 18.6 | 6.8 | 11.8 |
2012 | 17.1 | 7.2 | 9.9 |
2013 | 16.5 | 7.3 | 9.2 |
2014 | 18.9 | 6.6 | 12.3 |
2015 | 16.3 | 7.3 | 9.1 |
2016 | 16.6 | 7.8 | 8.8 |
2017 | 15.1 | 5.5 | 9.6 |
2018 | 14.7 | 6.1 | 8.6 |
2019* | 19.1 | 5.7 | 13.4 |
- preliminary
Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
Religion[edit]
Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism are the main religions of Hanoi for many years. Most people consider themselves Buddhist, though not all of them regularly follow religion.
Ethnic groups[edit]
There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by Mường at 0.77% and Tày at 0.24%.[11]
Economy[edit]
According to a recent ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Hanoi and Saigon will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.[89] In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP at current prices reached 451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000).[90] Industrial production in the city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991 to 1995, 15.9 percent from 1996 to 2000, and 20.9 percent during 2001–2003.[citation needed] In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more than 48,000 businesses operating under the Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007).[91]
Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161 countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996 to 2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–2003.[citation needed] The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role. Hanoi's traditional business districts are Hoàn Kiếm, Hai Bà Trưng and Đống Đa; and newly developing Cầu Giấy, Nam Từ Liêm, Bắc Từ Liêm, Thanh Xuân and Hà Đông in the west.
Similar to Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing real estate market.[92] The most notable new urban areas are central Trung Hòa Nhân Chính, Mỹ Đình, the luxurious zones of The Manor, Ciputra, Royal City in the Nguyễn Trãi Street (Thanh Xuân District) and Times City in the Hai Bà Trưng District. With an estimated nominal GDP of US$42.04 billion as of 2019, it is the second most productive economic area of Vietnam (after Ho Chi Minh City)
Agriculture, previously a pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying modern farming techniques.[93]
After the economic reforms that initiated economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years. Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.[94] Hanoi has allowed many fast-food chains into the city, such as McDonald's, Lotteria, Pizza Hut, KFC, and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase "fast-food" as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures.[95] Similarly, city officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025. This is likely to increase consumption of less nutritious foods, as traditional markets are key for consumption of fresh rather than processed foods.[96]
Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. 9% of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations. 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector.[97] The structure of employment has been changing rapidly as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow.[97] Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills Hanoi's economy.[97] A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the much greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces.[95] The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of "microbusiness" and local grassroots economic development by business reports.[95] In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners.[95] Many foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city, although street vending was much less common prior to the 1986 Đổi Mới policies.[95] The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of modern Hanoi.[98]
Hanoi is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast through the Strait of Malacca towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.[99][100][101]
Development[edit]
Infrastructural development[edit]
A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by Ernest Hebrard in 1924, but was only partially implemented.[97] The previous close relationship between the Soviet Union and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of Soviet planners between 1981 and 1984.[102] It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.[97]
In recent years, two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development.[97] The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the Ministry of Construction.[97] The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the Gia Lâm District, and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to Hà Đông and the Thanh Trì District.[97] The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010.[97] In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020.[97] It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi.[97] A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.[97]
Hanoi is still faced with the problems associated with increasing urbanization. Although it is a major transport hub with a large network of national routes, expressways, railways, and is home to Noi Bai International Airport, the busiest airport in Vietnam, the disparity of wealth between the rich and the poor is a problem in both the capital and throughout the country.[97] Hanoi's public infrastructure was assessed as in poor condition with high amounts of pollution and congestion in 2001. The city also has air and water pollution, difficult road conditions, traffic congestion, and a rudimentary public transit system. Traffic congestion and air pollution are worsening as the number of motor cycles increases. Squatter settlements are expanding on the outer rim of the city as homelessness rises (2001).[97]
In the late 1980s, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure.[97] The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in the communes and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products.[97] The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the UNDP, the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget.[97] Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.[97]
Civil society development[edit]
Part of the goals of the Đổi Mới economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced significant poverty alleviation as a result of both the market reforms and civil society movements.[103] Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate much slower than in Ho Chi Minh City.[104] Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems.[104] This marked difference from Ho Chi Minh's civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam.[104] Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% in Ho Chi Minh City.[104] A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Many of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from statism, a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.[104]
Landmarks[edit]
As the capital of Vietnam for almost a thousand years, Hanoi is considered one of the main cultural centres of Vietnam, where most Vietnamese dynasties have left their imprint. Even though some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has many interesting cultural and historic monuments for visitors and residents alike. Even when the nation's capital moved to Huế under the Nguyễn Dynasty in 1802, the city of Hanoi continued to flourish, especially after the French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an important aesthetic to the city's rich stylistic heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,[105] and boasts more than 1,000 years of history; that of the past few hundred years has been well preserved.[106]
Old Quarter[edit]
The Old Quarter, near Hoàn Kiếm Lake, maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of old Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm lake, most of which are now part of Hoàn Kiếm district.[107] Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk, jewelry or even bamboo. The street names still reflect these specializations, although few of them remain exclusively in their original commerce.[108] The area is famous for its specializations in trades such as traditional medicine and local handicrafts, including silk shops, bamboo carpenters, and tin smiths. Local cuisine specialties as well as several clubs and bars can be found here also. A night market (near Đồng Xuân Market) in the heart of the district opens for business every Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening with a variety of clothing, souvenirs and food.
Went through more than six decades of French colonization and centuries of sociocultural influence from China, French and Chinese cultures have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architecture in Vietnam have shown, the “cultural additivity” in Vietnamese architecture is reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.[109]
Imperial sites[edit]
Imperior sites are mostly in Ba Đình District and a bit of Đống Đa District. They are juxtaposed with French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some prominent edifices from feudal time include the Temple of Literature (Văn Miếu), site of the oldest university in Vietnam which was started in 1010, the One Pillar Pagoda (Chùa Một Cột) which was built based on the dream of king Lý Thái Tông (1028–1054) in 1049, and the Flag Tower of Hanoi (Cột cờ Hà Nội). In 2004, a massive part of the 900-year-old Hanoi Citadel was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of Ba Đình Square.[110]
Lakes[edit]
A city between rivers built on lowlands, Hanoi has many scenic lakes and is sometimes called the "city of lakes". Among its lakes, the most famous are Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, Trúc Bạch Lake and Bảy Mẫu Lake (inside Thống Nhất Park). Hoàn Kiếm Lake, also known as Sword Lake, is the historical and cultural center of Hanoi, and is linked to the legend of the magic sword. West Lake (Hồ Tây) is a popular place for people to spend time. It is the largest lake in Hanoi, with many temples in the area. The lakeside road in the Nghi Tam – Quang Ba area is perfect for bicycling, jogging and viewing the cityscape or enjoying the lotus ponds in the summer. The best way to see the majestic beauty of a West Lake sunset is to view it from one of the many bars around the lake, especially from The Summit at Pan Pacific Hanoi (formally known as Summit Lounge at Sofitel Plaza Hanoi).
Colonial Hanoi[edit]
![](http://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20221219083232im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/220px-Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg)
Hanoi was the capital and the administrative center for French Indochina for most of the colonial period (from 1902 to 1945). The French colonial architectural style became dominant,[111] and many examples remain today: tree-lined boulevards (such as Phan Dinh Phung street, Hoang Dieu street and Tran Phu street) and many villas, mansions, and government buildings. Some notable colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and traditional Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the National Museum of Vietnamese History, the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts and the old Indochina Medical College. Gouveneur-Général Paul Doumer (1898–1902) played a crucial role in colonial Hanoi's urban planning. Under his tenure there was a major construction boom.[112]
French Colonial buildings in Hanoi are mostly in Ba Đình District and the south of Hoàn Kiếm District, the two French Quarters of the city. Notable landmarks include:
In Ba Đình district:
- Presidential Palace
- Cửa Bắc Church
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs building
- Several ministries, government agencies and foreign embassies
In Hoàn Kiếm district:
- Grand Opera House
- St. Joseph's Cathedral
- Long Biên Bridge
- Grand Palais
- French School of the Far East
- Hotel Metropole
- Tonkin Palace (State Guest House)
- Hỏa Lò Prison
- Supreme Court building
- Indochina Medical College
- Museum of Revolution
- Central Station
- State Bank of Vietnam
- Several foreign embassies
Museums[edit]
Hanoi is home to a number of museums:
- National Museum of Vietnamese History
- Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts
- Vietnam Museum of Ethnology
- Vietnam Museum of Revolution
- Hỏa Lò Prison
- Ho Chi Minh Museum
- Hanoi Contemporary Arts Centre
- Vietnam Military History Museum
- Hanoi Museum
Suburbs[edit]
Hanoi's western suburbs, previously Hà Tây Province, offers a number of important religious sites:
- The Thầy Pagoda in Quốc Oai District was established in the 11th century and dedicated to Vietnamese Thiền master Từ Đạo Hạnh.[113][114] It is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Vietnam.[115][116]
- The Perfume Pagoda is a vast complex of Buddhist temples and shrines built into the limestone Huong Tich mountains. It has a long pilgrimage route along the Yen river.
Tourism[edit]
According to Mastercard’s 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018.[117] Hanoi is sometimes dubbed the "Paris of the East" for its French influences.[118] With its tree-fringed boulevards, more than two dozen lakes and thousands of French colonial-era buildings, Hanoi is a popular tourist destination.
The tourist destinations in Hanoi are generally grouped into two main areas: the Old Quarter and the French Quarter(s). The "Old Quarter" is in the northern half of Hoàn Kiếm District with small street blocks and alleys, and a traditional Vietnamese atmosphere. Many streets in the Old Quarter have names signifying the goods ("hàng") the local merchants were or are specialized in. For example, "Hàng Bạc" (silver stores) still have many stores specializing in trading silver and jewelries.
Two areas are generally called the "French Quarters": the governmental area in Ba Đình District and the south of Hoàn Kiếm District. Both areas have distinctive French Colonial style villas and broad tree-lined avenues.
The political center of Vietnam, Ba Đình has a high concentration of Vietnamese government headquarters, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly Building, and several ministries and embassies, most of which used administrative buildings of colonial French Indochina. The One Pillar Pagoda, the Lycée du Protectorat and the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum are also in Ba Dinh.
South of Hoàn Kiếm's "French Quarter" has several French-Colonial landmarks, including the Hanoi Opera House, the Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi hotel, the National Museum of Vietnamese History (formerly the École française d'Extrême-Orient), and the St. Joseph's Cathedral. Most of the French-Colonial buildings in Hoan Kiem are now used as foreign embassies.
Since 2014, Hanoi has consistently been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked eighth in 2014,[119] fourth in 2015[120] and eighth in 2016.[121] Hanoi is the most affordable international destination in TripAdvisor's annual TripIndex report. In 2017, Hanoi will welcome more than 5 million international tourists.
Entertainment[edit]
A variety of options for entertainment in Hanoi can be found throughout the city. Modern and traditional theaters, cinemas, karaoke bars, dance clubs, bowling alleys, and an abundance of opportunities for shopping provide leisure activity for both locals and tourists. Hanoi has been named one of the top 10 cities for shopping in Asia by Water Puppet Tours.[122] The number of art galleries exhibiting Vietnamese art has dramatically increased in recent years, now including galleries such as "Nhat Huy" of Huynh Thong Nhat.
Nhà Triển Lãm at 29 Hang Bai street hosts regular photo, sculpture, and paint exhibitions in conjuncture with local artists and travelling international expositions.
A popular traditional form of entertainment is water puppetry, which is shown, for example, at the Thăng Long Water Puppet Theatre.
Shopping[edit]
To adapt to Hanoi's rapid economic growth and high population density, many modern shopping centers and megamalls have been opened in Hanoi.
Major malls are:
- Trang Tien Plaza, High-end Mall on Trang Tien street (right next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake), Hoàn Kiếm District
- Vincom Center, a modern mall with hi-end CGV cineplex, Ba Trieu Street (just 2 km from Hoan Kiem lake), Hai Bà Trưng District
- The Garden Shopping Center, Me Tri – Mỹ Đình, Nam Từ Liêm District
- Indochina Plaza, Xuan Thuy street, Cầu Giấy District
- Vincom Royal City Megamall, the largest underground mall in Asia with 230,000 square metres of shops, restaurants, cineplex, waterpark (formerly), cinema, ice skating rink; Nguyen Trai street (approx 6 km from Hoan Kiem Lake), Thanh Xuân District
- Vincom Times City Megamall, another megamall of 230,000 square metres including shops, restaurants, cineplex, huge musical fountain on central square and a giant aquarium; Minh Khai street (approx 5 km from Hoan Kiem Lake), Hai Ba Trung district
- Lotte Department Store, opened September 2014, Lieu Giai Street, Ba Đình District
- Aeon Mall Long Bien opened last October 2015, Long Bien District
- Aeon Mall Ha Dong opened in the end of 2019, Ha Dong district
Cuisine[edit]
Hanoi has rich culinary traditions. Many of Vietnam's most famous dishes, such as phở, bún chả, chả cá Lã Vọng, bánh cuốn and cốm are believed to have originated in Hanoi. Perhaps most widely known is Phở—a simple rice noodle soup often eaten as breakfast at home or at street-side cafes, but also served in restaurants as a meal. Two varieties dominate the Hanoi scene: Phở Bò, containing beef and Phở Gà, containing chicken. Bún chả, a dish consisting of charcoal roasted pork served in a sweet/salty soup with rice noodle vermicelli and lettuce, is by far the most popular food item among locals. President Barack Obama famously tried this dish at a Le Van Huu eatery with Anthony Bourdain in 2016, prompting the opening of a Bún chả restaurant bearing his name in the Old Quarter.
Vietnam's national dish phở has been named as one of the Top 5 street foods in the world by globalpost.[123]
Hanoi has a number of restaurants whose menus specifically offer dishes containing snake[124][125] and various species of insects. Insect-inspired menus can be found at a number of restaurants in Khuong Thuong village, Hanoi.[126] The signature dishes at these restaurant are those containing processed Ant-eggs, often in the culinary styles of Thai people or Vietnam's Muong and Tay ethnic people.[127] Dog eating used to be popular in Hanoi in 1990s and early 2000s but is now dying out quickly due to strong objections.
Education[edit]
![](http://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20221219083232im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indochina_Medical_College.jpg/220px-Indochina_Medical_College.jpg)
Hanoi, as the capital of French Indochina, was home to the first Western-style universities in Indochina, including: Indochina Medical College (1902) – now Hanoi Medical University, Indochina University (1904) – now Hanoi National University (the largest), and École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine (1925) – now Hanoi University of Fine Art.
After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, many new universities were built, among them, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, still the largest technical university in Vietnam. Recently ULIS (University of Languages and International Studies) was rated as one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level.[128] Other universities that are not part of Vietnam National University or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi School of Agriculture, Electric Power University and University of Transport and Communications.
Hanoi is the largest center of education in Vietnam. It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in the whole country are living and working in Hanoi.[129] Admissions to undergraduate study are through entrance examinations, which are conducted annually and open to everyone (who has successfully completed his/her secondary education) in the country. The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, although in recent years a number of private universities have begun operation. Thăng Long University, founded in 1988, by Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France[130] was the first private university in Vietnam. Because many of Vietnam's major universities are located in Hanoi, students from other provinces (especially in the northern part of the country) wishing to enter university often travel to Hanoi for the annual entrance examination. Such events usually take place in June and July, during which a large number of students and their families converge on the city for several weeks around the intense examination period. In recent years, these entrance exams have been centrally coordinated by the Ministry of Education, but entrance requirements are decided independently by each university.
Although there are state owned kindergartens, there are also many private ventures that serve both local and international needs. Pre-tertiary (elementary and secondary) schools in Hanoi are generally state run, but there are also some independent schools. Education is equivalent to the K–12 system in the U.S., with elementary school between grades 1 and 5, middle school (or junior high) between grades 6 and 9, and high school from grades 10 to 12. There are several specialised school (or high school for the gifted) in Hanoi where excellent students in Hanoi attend. Some schools include:
• Hanoi – Amsterdam High School
• Foreign Language Specialized School
• Nguyen Hue High School for the Gifted
• High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi National University of Education
• High School for Gifted Students, Hanoi University of Science
Education levels are much higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs.[97] 21% of the labor force in the city has completed tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.[97]
International schools include:
- British International School Hanoi
- British Vietnamese International School Hanoi
- Hanoi International School
- Japanese School of Hanoi
- Korean International School in Hanoi
- Lycée français Alexandre Yersin
- United Nations International School of Hanoi
- Vietnam-Australia School, Hanoi
Former schools:
Reform[edit]
Country-wide educational change is difficult in Vietnam, due to the restrictive control of the government on social and economic development strategies.[131] According to Hanoi government publications, the national system of education was reformed in 1950, 1956 and 1970.[131] It was not until 1975 when the two separate education systems of the former North and South Vietnam territories became unified under a single national system.[131] In Hanoi in December 1996, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam stated that: "To carry out industrialization and modernization successfully, it is necessary to develop education and training strongly [and to] maximize human resources, the key factor of fast and sustained development."[131]
Transportation[edit]
![](http://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20221219083232im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hanoi%2C_Noi_Bai_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Hanoi%2C_Noi_Bai_International_Airport.jpg)
Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over 2,300 km (1,429 mi); 573 bridges, of which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicle, 70 pedestrian overpasses and 7 main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng); 115 tunnels, including 9 main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion of land for traffic in the city 2021 is 10.3%. The city also has 63 km (39 mi) of inland waterway, which are Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.[132]
Hanoi is served by Noi Bai International Airport, located in the Soc Son District, approximately 15 km (9 mi) north of Hanoi. The new international terminal (T2), designed and built by Japanese contractors, opened in January 2015 and is a big facelift for the airport. In addition, a new highway and the new Nhat Tan cable-stay bridge connecting the airport and the city center opened at the same time, offering much more convenience than the old road (via Thang Long bridge). Taxis are plentiful and usually have meters, although it is also common to agree on the trip price before taking a taxi from the airport to the city centre.
Hanoi is also the origin or departure point for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines pass through the city with a total length of 162 km (101 mi).[132] The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City from Hanoi station (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains also depart Hanoi frequently for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during French colonial rule and was completed over a period of nearly forty years, from 1899 to 1936.[133] The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of 1,726 km (1,072 mi) and takes approximately 33 hours.[134] As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, of which 191 were located along the north–south line.
The main means of transport within Hanoi city are motorbikes, buses, taxis, and a rising number of cars. In recent decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. Cars however are probably the most notable change in the past five years as many Vietnamese people purchase the vehicles for the first time. The increased number of cars are the main cause of gridlock as roads and infrastructure in the older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them.[135] On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban motorbikes entirely by 2030, to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport.[136] Number of vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and 179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities's vehicles operating in Hanoi.[132]
There are two metro lines in Hanoi, one of which is under construction, as part of the master plan for the future Hanoi Metro system.[137] Line 2A opened on 6 November 2021,[138] while line 3 is expected to begin operation in 2022.
Persons on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route often use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can also be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi, although this falls inside a rather grey legal area.[139]
Sports[edit]
There are several gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi. The most approved ones are Mỹ Đình National Stadium (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), Quần Ngựa Sports Palace (Văn Cao Avenue), Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex and Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium. The others include Hàng Đẫy Stadium. The third Asian Indoor Games were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium, Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium, Vạn Bảo Sports Complex.
On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIA Formula 1 Vietnamese Grand Prix on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city.[140] The race was initially postponed and later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the inaugural edition of the event postponed to 2021.[141] The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the arrest of Hanoi People's Committee Chairman Nguyễn Đức Chung on corruption charges unrelated to the Grand Prix. As a result, it's unclear whether the race will be held at all.[142]
Hanoi has two basketball teams that compete in the Vietnam Basketball Association (VBA), the Hanoi Buffaloes and Thang Long Warriors. Hàng Đẫy Stadium is home for two football clubs, Hà Nội FC and Viettel FC, both participating in V.League 1
Health care and other facilities[edit]
Some medical facilities in Hanoi:
- Bạch Mai Hospital
- Viet Duc Hospital
- Saint Paul General Hospital
- 108 Military Central Hospital
- Hôpital Français de Hanoi
- International SOS
- Hanoi Medical University Hospital
- Thanh Nhan Hospital
- Vinmec International Hospital
- Thu Cuc General Hospital
- K Hospital
- Medlatech Hospital
City for Peace[edit]
On 16 July 1999, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: Exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities; Exemplary urban action; Exemplary environmental action; Exemplary action to promote culture; Exemplary action in the field of education and especially civic education.[143]
Hanoi is the only city in Asia-Pacific that was granted this title.
International relations[edit]
Hanoi is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
Hanoi is twinned with:
Phnom Penh, Cambodia[144]
Jakarta, Indonesia[145]
Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan[146]
Astana, Kazakhstan[147]
Seoul, South Korea[148]
Warsaw, Poland[149]
Moscow, Russia[150]
Victoria, Seychelles[151]
Bangkok, Thailand[152]
Beijing, China[153]
Ankara, Turkey[154]
Minsk, Belarus[155]
Palermo, Italy[156]
Pretoria, South Africa[157]
Gallery[edit]
Life on the streets of the Old Quarter
Thiên Trù Pagoda in the Perfume Pagoda complex
Thê Húc Bridge on Hoàn Kiếm Lake
Presidential Palace, Hanoi (formerly Place of The Governor-General of French Indochina)
Hanoi Opera House modeled on the Palais Garnier in Paris
Museum of Vietnamese History in Hanoi, formerly the first École française d'Extrême-Orient
Tonkin Palace serves as State Guest House
National Assembly building
Lotte Center Hanoi in western Ba Đình
See also[edit]
![](http://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20221219083232im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Gioi Market
- Đồng Xuân Market
- North–South Railway (Vietnam)
- List of historical capitals of Vietnam
- Ho Chi Minh City
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Thăng Long – Hà Nội – thành phố rồng bay Archived 5 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, tuoitre.vn, 2010-10-10.
- ^ "Từ Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến đến thành phố vì hòa bình". 20 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Phê duyệt và công bố kết quả thống kê diện tích đất đai năm 2020" [Announcements of area statistics for the whole country in 2020]. Decision No. 387/QĐ-BTNMT of 2 March 2022 (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam).
- ^ Phạm, Đình Tuyển (2019). "Khu công viên đổi mới sáng tạo phía Tây Hà Nội". Tạp chí kiến trúc (Architecture Magazine). No. 9. Hội Kiến trúc sư Việt Nam (Vietnam Association of Architects). Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ Nguyễn, Tố Lăng (28 January 2021). "Nhận diện vấn đề đô thị và quản lý phát triển đô thị khi đất nước dần trở thành nước công nghiệp theo hướng hiện đại (kỳ 1)". Tạp chí Cộng sản. ISSN 2734-9071. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ a b Trần, Hoàng (1 March 2022). "Hà Nội nghiên cứu mô hình 'thành phố trong thành phố'". Tiền Phong. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ Quang Thái (20 September 2008). "Sống ở nơi cao nhất Thủ đô". An ninh Thủ đô. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2022). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2021 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2021] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 92. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2022). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2021 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2021] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 98. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2022). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2021 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2021] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 100. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ a b c General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2020). Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 (Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census) (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021.
- ^ Also called Kinh people
- ^ "Tình hình kinh tế – xã hội quý IV và năm 2019" [Socioeconomic situation of the fourth quarter and the whole year of 2019] (PDF) (in Vietnamese). General Statistics Office of Hanoi. 25 December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Hanoi's economic growth hits 4-year high of 7.62% in 2019". 28 December 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2021). Vietnam's Human Development Index (2016–2020) (Report). p. 29. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Cục thống kê thành phố Hà Nội (Ha Noi Statistics Office) (2021). Niên giám thống kê thành phố Hà Nội 2020 (Ha Noi Statistical Yearbook 2020). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thống kê (Statistical Publishing House). p. 44. ISBN 978-604-75-1877-7. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ Hanoi People's Committee (21 January 2022). "Thông báo 64/TB-UBND Hà Nội 2022 đánh giá cấp độ dịch trong phòng, chống dịch COVID-19 cập nhật 09h00 ngày 21/01/2022". LuatVietnam. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2021). Vietnam's Human Development Index (2016–2020) (Report). p. 29. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "UNESCO celebrates World Cities Day designating 66 new Creative Cities". UNESCO. 30 October 2019. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
- ^ Con Giang (9 January 2012). "Lands named "dragon"". Tuổi Trẻ. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Những tên gọi của Hà Nội qua các thời kỳ lịch sử" (in Vietnamese). Dân Trí. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Lịch sử các tên gọi của Thủ đô Hà Nội" (in Vietnamese). Hanoi TV. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ Anh Thư Hà, Hồng Đức Trần A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History 2000– Page 40 "Taking this as a good omen, he named the new capital Thăng Long (City of the Soaring Dragon), now Hanoi. Lý Thái Tổ reorganized the administration"
- ^ Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002– Page 213 "When Lý Thái Tổ relocated the capital in 1010."
- ^ a b c d e f "Tên gọi Hà Nội qua các thời kỳ lịch sử" (in Vietnamese). Lao Động. 13 July 2010. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ For the de facto capital city of Japan, see Tokyo (東京).
- ^ a b "Prehistoric Co Loa". 3 August 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ Phan, Nguyễn & Nguyễn 1997, p. 27.
- ^ "The pre and proto history human traces found in Dong Mo, Son Tay". 28 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ Nam C. Kim 2015, p. 12.
- ^ Nam C. Kim 2015, p. 144.
- ^ Nam C. Kim 2015, p. 159.
- ^ Taylor 2013, p. 14.
- ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 111.
- ^ Jamieson 1995, p. 8.
- ^ Brindley 2015, p. 93.
- ^ Buttinger 1958, p. 92.
- ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 69.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 28.
- ^ Đào Duy Anh 2016, p. 42.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 30.
- ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 72.
- ^ a b Bielestein 1986, p. 271.
- ^ a b Brindley 2015, p. 235.
- ^ a b c Yü 1986, p. 454.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 78.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 79.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 38.
- ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 80.
- ^ Tran (1977), p. 16.
- ^ Loewe (2004), p. 60.
- ^ "Historical stages of Thang Long- Hanoi – 1000 Years Thang Long (VietNamPlus)". En.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ a b Tư trị thông giám, quyển 250.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 123.
- ^ Purton 2009, p. 106.
- ^ "Merchants of an Imperial Trade". The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 1 August 2018. pp. 12–50. doi:10.1017/9780511998492.002. ISBN 978-1-107-01268-4. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ Park 2012, p. 62.
- ^ a b "Rough Guides – Hanoi and around". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ Boudarel, Nguyen & Nguyễn 2002, p. 19.
- ^ Đặng Việt Thủy; Đặng Thành Trung (2008). 54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân. pp. 286–287.
- ^ Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam : an Epic Tragedy, 1945–1975 (1 ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 978-0-06-240566-1. OCLC 1001744417. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
- ^ The Associated Press (3 July 1976). "2 Parts of Vietnam Officially Reunited; Leadership Chosen". The Independent. Bangkok. pp. 1–2. ProQuest 122960360. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Logan, William S. (2005). "The Cultural Role of Capital Cities: Hanoi and Hue, Vietnam". Pacific Affairs. 78 (4): 559–575. doi:10.5509/2005784559. JSTOR 40022968.
- ^ "Country files (GNS)". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
- ^ a b "Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội". Dantri. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
- ^ "Vietnam Building Code: Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction" (PDF). ibst.vn. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2012.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g "KHÁI QUÁT VỀ HÀ NỘI" (in Vietnamese). Hanoi.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ^ a b c "Viet Nam Assessment Report on Climate Change (VARCC)" (PDF). Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
- ^ Chuc, N; Singh, Piara; Komuravelly, Srinivas; Akkinapally, Ramakrishna; Chinh, N; Thang, N; Wani, Suhas; Long, T (2006). Yield Gap Analysis of Major Rainfed Crops of Northern Vietnam Using Simulation Modeling. Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report No. 26 (Report). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. pp. 9–10.
- ^ Thi Phuong Quynh Le; Christina Seidler; Matthias Kändler; Thi Bich Nga Tran (19 September 2011). "Proposed methods for potential evapotranspiration calculation of the Red River basin (North Vietnam)". Hydrological Processes. 26 (18): 2782–2790. doi:10.1002/hyp.8315. S2CID 140693137.
- ^ VnExpress. "Tuyết rơi trên núi Ba Vì, Hà Nội". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Vietnam Building Code Natural Physical & Climatic Data for Construction" (PDF) (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
- ^ "ПОГОДА в Ханое" [Weather in Hanoi] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ^ "Hà Nội nóng kỷ lục 41,5 độ" (in Vietnamese). danviet.vn. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
- ^ "THÔNG BÁO VÀ DỰ BÁO KHÍ HẬU MÙA X, XI, XII NĂM 2019" (PDF) (in Vietnamese). imh.ac.vn. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ^ "Climate Ha Noi March – 1988". tutiempo.net. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
- ^ "Climate Ha Noi April – 1982". tutiempo.net. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
- ^ "THỜI TIẾT HÀ NỘI" (in Vietnamese). nchmf.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
- ^ https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-254_No-01.pdf Archived 10 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine[bare URL PDF]
- ^ Cục thống kê thành phố Hà Nội (Ha Noi Statistics Office) (2021). Niên giám thống kê thành phố Hà Nội 2020 (Ha Noi Statistical Yearbook 2020). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thống kê (Statistical Publishing House). pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-604-75-1877-7. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ Hanoi People's Committee (21 January 2022). "Thông báo 64/TB-UBND Hà Nội 2022 đánh giá cấp độ dịch trong phòng, chống dịch COVID-19 cập nhật 09h00 ngày 21/01/2022". LuatVietnam. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ Baron & La Salle. Dictionnaire des Communes administratif et militaire, France métropolitaine et France d'outre-mer. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie, 1949.
- ^ Papin, Philippe (2001). Histoire de Hanoi. Fayard. pp. 381–386. ISBN 2213606714.
- ^ "Dân số và diện tích". Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ Hong Khanh (29 May 2008). "Địa giới Hà Nội chính thức mở rộng từ 1/8". VnExpress. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2009). The 2009 vietnam population and housing census: completed results. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ "Hanoi to scrap its own conditions for residency registration". hanoitimes.vn. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are topping the world's highest economic growth cities in 2008–2025" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. 10 November 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "'Tram hoa' doanh nghiep dua no". VnExpress. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007.
- ^ "NLĐO – Bat dong san Ha Noi soi dong ~ Bất động sản Hà Nội sôi động – KINH TẾ – TIÊU DÙNG". Archived from the original on 21 February 2008.
- ^ "CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAM – Nguyen van Luat". Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ "Hanoi's four key infrastructure projects put into use". 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Lincoln, Martha (2008). "Report from the field: street vendors and the informal sector in Hanoi". Dialectical Anthropology. 32 (3): 261–265. doi:10.1007/s10624-008-9062-9. JSTOR 29790838. S2CID 143731865.
- ^ Wertheim-Heck, Sigrid; Raneri, Jessica Evelyn; Oosterveer, Peter (1 October 2019). "Food safety and nutrition for low-income urbanites: exploring a social justice dilemma in consumption policy". Environment and Urbanization. 31 (2): 397–420. doi:10.1177/0956247819858019. ISSN 0956-2478. PMC 7340485. PMID 32704235.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t FORBES, DEAN (2001). "Socio-Economic Change and the Planning of Hanoi". Built Environment. 27 (2): 68–84. JSTOR 23287513.
- ^ Turner, Shoenberger, Sarah, Laura (June 2011). "Street Vendor Livelihoods and Everyday Politics in Hanoi, Vietnam: The Seeds of a Diverse Economy?". Urban Studies. 49 (5): 1027–1044. doi:10.1177/0042098011408934. S2CID 54092556. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp 112.
- ^ "Map". Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Jianglin Zhao "21st-century Maritime Silk Road Initiative" (2020), pp 204.
- ^ Kiem, Nguyen Manh (1996). "Strategic Orientation for Construction and Development of Hanoi, Vietnam". Ambio. 25 (2): 108–109. JSTOR 4314433.
- ^ Van Arkadie, Brian; Mallon, Raymond (2004). Van Arkadie, Brian; Mallon, Raymond (eds.). Poverty Alleviation. Viet Nam – A Transition Tiger?. ANU Press. pp. 224–234. ISBN 978-0-7315-3750-1. JSTOR j.ctt2jbjk6.22.
- ^ a b c d e Wischermann, Joerg (2003). "VIETNAM IN THE ERA OF DOI MOI: Issue-Oriented Organizations and Their Relationship to the Government". Asian Survey. 43 (6): 867–889. doi:10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867. JSTOR 10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867. S2CID 59469399. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ "The quick look at Hanoi". Vietnam National Administration of Tourism. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007.
- ^ "Introduction to Hanoi". The New York Times from Frommer's. 20 November 2006. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ 'Hanoi: Biography of a City' by William S. Logan, University of Washington Press 2000 ISBN 0295980141
- ^ 'A Scholar's Memoirs of the 36 Streets', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.
- ^ Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Bui, Quang-Khiem; La, Viet-Phuong; Vuong, Thu-Trang; Ho, Manh-Toan; Nguyen, Hong-Kong T.; Nguyen, Hong-Ngoc; Nghiem, Kien-Cuong P.; Ho, Manh-Tung (1 January 2019). "Cultural evolution in Vietnam's early 20th century: A Bayesian networks analysis of Hanoi Franco-Chinese house designs". Social Sciences & Humanities Open. 1 (1): 100001. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2019.100001. ISSN 2590-2911. S2CID 203239554. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ Pinkowski, Jennifer (16 October 2007). "Thăng Long the ancient city underneath Hanoi". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
- ^ Byrnes, Mark (22 February 2012). "The Paris-ification of Hanoi". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Michael G. Vann, "Building Whiteness on the Red River: Race, Power, and Urbanism in Paul Doumer's Hanoi, 1897–1902," Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques, 2007
- ^ Dodd & Lewis 2003, p. 408.
- ^ Drummond & Thomas 2003, p. 125.
- ^ Rutherford 2002, pp. 380–81.
- ^ "Thiền sư TỪ ĐẠO HẠNH và văn khắc chuông chùa Thiên Phúc" (in Vietnamese). Dot Chuoi Non. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ "Mastercard lists Hanoi, HCMC among top 20 Asia-Pacific travel destinations". VNExpress. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ Plevin, Julia (26 September 2009). "Notes on Hanoi, Vietnam". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ "The 25 Most Popular Travel Destinations in the World". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
- ^ "TripAdvisor's picks: World's top 25 destinations". CNN. 24 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
- ^ "TripAdvisor picks world's top 10 destinations". CNN. 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
- ^ "Detailed results and winners of the online Smart Travel Asia Best in Travel Poll 2009". Smarttravelasia.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "Best Street Food | Vietnamese Pho | Peruvian Food". Globalpost.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ "Nguyen Van Duc Snake Restaurant". TNH Hanoi. TNH. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Will Chase (2005). "Culinary Adventures in Hanoi". Will Chase Arts. Will Chase. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ VietNamNet Bridge (1 June 2007). "Insect food in Hanoi". VietNamNet Bridge. VietNamNet Bridge. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "Caught the bug yet?". Restaurants in Hanoi. Restaurants in Hanoi. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "Vietnam National University, Hanoi". Top Universities. 8 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ "Hanoi – The capital of Vietnam: Preface". Hanoi City People's Committee. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ^ Viet Nam News (9 April 1998). "Viet Nam News". Vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d Duggan, Stephen (2001). "Educational Reform in Viet Nam: A Process of Change or Continuity?". Comparative Education. 37 (2): 193–212. doi:10.1080/03050060120043411. JSTOR 3099657. S2CID 143980922.
- ^ a b c Võ Hải (11 September 2022). "Hanoi is about to start many traffic projects". VnExpress. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ "Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: Greater Mekong Subregion Kunming–Hai Phong Transport Corridor: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project" (PDF). Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors: Project Number: 39175: Asian Development Bank. Asian Development Bank. November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Mark Smith (19 May 2012). "A fast, vast steel spine". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ Hans-Heinrich Bass; Thanh Trung Nguyen (March 2013). "Imminent gridlock". dandc.eu. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013.
- ^ "Hanoi plan to ban motorbikes by 2030 to combat pollution". BBC News. 4 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
- ^ Peel, Michael (22 January 2016). "Tale of two metro lines shows battle for business in Vietnam". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ Nguyen, Dat. "Hanoi gets country's first metro service". VnExpress. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ "Getting Around Hanoi". Frommer's. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "Vietnam to host Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2020 | Formula 1®". Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ "Cancellation of the 2020 Vinfast Vietnam Grand Prix". Vietnam Grand Prix. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ Andrew Benson (9 November 2020). "Vietnamese Grand Prix dropped from 2021 F1 schedule". bbc.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ Huong, Hoang (12 December 2010). "Hanoi suffer because of "City for Peace" title". vietnam.net. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- ^ "Sister Cities". Phnompenh.gov.kh. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ ""Sister City" Jakarta-Hanoi berbagi pengalaman kelola perkotaan". antaranews.com (in Indonesian). ANTARA News. 31 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ "International Exchange". pref.fukuoka.lg.jp. Fukuoka Prefecture. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ Ilia Lobster (9 September 2009). "Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation". KazPravda.kz. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
- ^ "Sister and Friendship Cities". seoul.go.kr. Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl (in Polish). Warsaw. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ "Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities". Vbusinessnews.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009.
- ^ "Bilateral cooperation between Seychelles and Vietnam takes new heights". statehouse.gov.sc. Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ "Relationship with Sister Cities". Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ "Sister Cities". beijing.gov.cn. Beijing. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ "Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri". ankara.bel.tr (in Turkish). Ankara. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ "Twin towns of Minsk". minsk.gov.by. Minsk. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ "Comune di Palermo". comune-italia.it (in Italian). Comune Italia. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ "SA grows ties with Vietnam as ally". vukuzenzele.gov.za. Vuk'uzenzele. September 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
Bibliography[edit]
- Boudarel, Georges (2002). Hanoi: City Of The Rising Dragon. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7425-1655-7.
- Bielestein, Hans (1986), "Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 223–290
- Jamieson, Neil L (1995). Understanding Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20157-6.
- Buttinger, Joseph (1958). The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam. Praeger Publishers.
- Brindley, Erica (2015). Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08478-0.
- Nam C. Kim (2015). The Origins of Ancient Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-998089-5.
- Taylor, Keith Weller (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
- Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Go Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-27903-7.
- Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-005379-6.
- Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 450-1220. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-448-9.
- Park, Hyunhee (2012). Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01868-6.
- Boudarel, Georges; Nguyen, Van Ky; Nguyễn, Văn Ký (2002). Duiker, Claire (ed.). Hanoi: City of the Rising Dragon. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-1655-7.
- Loewe, Michael (2004), "Guangzhou: the Evidence of the Standard Histories from the Shi ji to the Chen shu, a Preliminary Survey", Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts (Zhou–Tang), Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 51–80, ISBN 3-447-05060-8.
- Tran Quoc Vuong & al.; et al. (1977), Hanoi: From the Origins to the 19th Century, Vietnamese Studies, Hanoi: Xunhasaba.
- Phan, Huy Lê; Nguyễn, Quang Ngọc; Nguyễn, Đình Lễ (1997). The Country Life in the Red River Delta.
- Đào Duy Anh (2016) [First published 1964]. Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Nha Nam. ISBN 978-604-94-8700-2.
- Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.
- Yü, Ying-shih (1986), "Han foreign relations", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–463
- Logan, William S. (2001). Hanoi: Biography of a City. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98014-0.
- Vann, Michael G. (2018). The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press.
External links[edit]
- Official Site of Hanoi Government
- An article in New York Times about Hanoi
Hanoi travel guide from Wikivoyage
Geographic data related to Hanoi at OpenStreetMap