Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

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The timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites charts the progress of the discovery of new bodies over history. Each object is listed in chronological order of its discovery (multiple dates occur when the moments of imaging, observation, and publication differ), identified through its various designations (including temporary and permanent schemes), and the discoverer(s) listed. Historically the naming of moons did not always match the times of their discovery. Traditionally, the discoverer enjoys the privilege of naming the new object; however, some neglected to do so (E. E. Barnard stated he would "defer any suggestions as to a name" [for Amalthea] "until a later paper"[1] but never got around to picking one from the numerous suggestions he received) or actively declined (S. B. Nicholson stated "Many have asked what the new satellites [Lysithea and Carme] are to be named. They will be known only by the numbers X and XI, written in Roman numerals, and usually prefixed by the letter J to identify them with Jupiter."[2]). The issue arose nearly as soon as planetary satellites were discovered: Galileo referred to the four main satellites of Jupiter using numbers while the names suggested by his rival Simon Marius gradually gained universal acceptance. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) eventually started officially approving names in the late 1970s.

Key info[edit]

In the following tables, planetary satellites are indicated in bold type (e.g. Moon) while planets and dwarf planets, which directly circle the Sun, are in italic type (e.g. Earth). The Sun itself is indicated in roman type. The tables are sorted by publication/announcement date. Dates are annotated with the following symbols:

  • i: for date of first imaging (photography, etc.);
  • o: for date of first human visual observation, either through telescope or on photographic plate;
  • p: for date of announcement or publication.

In a few cases, the date is uncertain and is then marked "(?)".

* Note: Moons marked by an asterisk (*) had complicated discoveries. Some took years to be confirmed, and in several cases were actually lost and rediscovered. Others were found in Voyager photographs years after they were taken.

Color legend

The Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, and their natural satellites are marked in the following colors:

It is not known precisely how many objects in the Solar System are dwarf planets; the nine objects listed in the third column are those agreed on by most astronomers, corresponding to a threshold of about 900 km diameter. There may be more; here, all objects with estimated diameter over 700 km are included as dwarf planet candidates, listed in the fourth column. In particular, Salacia and Varda each have a rather large moon, and current estimates for their densities still leave open the possibility that they are dwarf planets.

Designations
  • Other designations are synonyms or periphrases sometimes encountered for the object.
  • Permanent designations (of planetary satellites) are explained here.
  • Temporary designations are explained here.

If a satellite is named, its name is bolded; if it is unnamed, but has a permanent designation, then its permanent designation is bolded; and if it has neither, then its temporary designation is bolded.

Prehistorically discovered[edit]

Prehistory
Name Image Other designation Notes
Sun
Sun in February.jpg
 Star In the geocentric model, developed in Ancient Greece, then standardized by Ptolemy in the 2nd century, the Earth was believed to be at the center of the cosmos. Seven planets were placed in orbit around it in an order of increasing distance from the Earth, as established by the Greek Stoics: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. This list included two objects, the Sun and the Moon, which are now not considered planets.

In the 5th century BCE, the Greek philosophers Philolaus and Hicetas speculated separately that the Earth was a sphere revolving daily around some mystical "central fire" that regulated the universe. Anaxagoras proposed that the Sun is a star around 450 BCE. In the 3rd century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos extended this idea by proposing that the Earth and other planets moved around a definite central object, which he believed to be the Sun though this was not widely accepted until the 17th century and not proven until the 19th.[3]

Earth
The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg
 3rd Planet Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the subject of historical misconception for centuries.[4][5] Earth was never formally 'discovered' because it was never an unrecognized entity by humans. However, its shared identity with other bodies as a "planet" is a historically recent discovery.

The Earth's position in the Solar System was correctly described in the heliocentric model proposed by Aristarchus of Samos.[6]

Moon
FullMoon2010.jpg
 Earth I In the Copernican system, the Moon was considered to be no longer a planet but a natural satellite of the Earth, and was originally thought to be the only body in that system whose revolution was not centered on the Sun.
Mercury
Mercury in true color.jpg
 1st Planet Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were identified by ancient Babylonian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BC.[7] They were correctly identified as orbiting the Sun by Aristarchus of Samos, and later in Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric system[8] (De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, 1543)
Venus
Venus from Mariner 10.jpg
 2nd Planet
Mars
Mars Hubble.jpg
 4th Planet
Jupiter
Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg
 5th Planet
Saturn
Ringworld Waiting.jpg
 6th Planet

17th century[edit]

17th century
Date Name Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1610s
o: 7 January 1610
p: 13 March 1610 		Ganymede
Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite.png
 Jupiter III Galileo[9][10] discovered the Galilean moons. These satellites were the first celestial objects that were confirmed to orbit an object other than the Sun or Earth. Galileo saw Io and Europa as a single point of light on 7 January 1610; they were seen as separate bodies the following night.[11]
Callisto
Callisto.jpg
 Jupiter IV
o: 8 January 1610
p: 13 March 1610 		Io
Io highest resolution true color.jpg
 Jupiter I
Europa
Europa-moon.jpg
 Jupiter II
1650s
o: 25 March 1655
p: 5 March 1656 		Titan
Titan in true color.jpg
 Saturn VI
Saturn II (1673–1684), Saturn IV (1686–1789) 		Huygens[12] first "published" his discovery as an anagram, sent out on 13 June 1655; later published in pamphlet form as De Saturni luna Observatio Nova and in full in Systema Saturnium[13] (July 1659).
1670s
o: 25 October 1671
p: 1673 		Iapetus
Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008 (cropped).jpg
 Saturn VIII
Saturn III (1673–1684), Saturn V (1686–1789), Saturn VII (1789–1848) 		Cassini[14]
o: 23 December 1672
p: 1673 		Rhea
PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg
 Saturn V
Saturn I (1673–1684), Saturn III (1686–1789)
1680s
o: 21 March 1684
p: 22 April 1686 		Tethys
PIA18317-SaturnMoon-Tethys-Cassini-20150411.jpg
 Saturn III
Saturn I (1686–1789) 		Cassini.[15]

Together with his previous two discoveries, Cassini named these satellites Sidera Lodoicea. In his work Kosmotheôros[16] (published posthumously in 1698), Christiaan Huygens relates "Jupiter you see has his four, and Saturn his five Moons about him, all plac’d in their Orbits."

Dione
Dione in natural light (cropped).jpg
 Saturn IV
Saturn II (1686–1789)
Date Name Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

The numbering of Saturn's moons was adjusted with each new discovery until 1848, in order to continue reflecting their order from their parent planet.

18th century[edit]

18th century
Date Name Image Other/Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1780s
o: March 13, 1781
p: April 26, 1781 		Uranus
Uranus true colour.jpg
 7th Planet Herschel first reported the discovery of Uranus on April 26, 1781, initially believing it to be a comet.[17]
o: January 11, 1787
p: February 15, 1787 		Titania
Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg
 Uranus III
Uranus I (1787–1797) 		Herschel.[18][19] He later reported four more spurious satellites.[20]
Oberon
Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg
 Uranus IV
Uranus II (1787–1797)
o: August 28, 1789[21]
p: November 12, 1789 		Enceladus
PIA17202-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-ApproachingFlyby-20151028-cropped.jpg
 Saturn II Herschel[22]
o: September 17, 1789
p: November 12, 1789 		Mimas
Mimas Cassini (cropped).jpg
 Saturn I
Date Name Image Other/Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

The numbering of Titania and Oberon underwent some confusion, because in 1797, Herschel reported four more satellites of Uranus[23] that turned out not to exist. Before any more Uranian moons were discovered, William Lassell sometimes adopted Herschel's numbers where Titania and Oberon are respectively Uranus II and IV,[24] and sometimes called them respectively Uranus I and II.[25] After he discovered Ariel and Umbriel in 1851, Lassell numbered the four real Uranian satellites then known outward from their parent planet as I (Ariel), II (Umbriel), III (Titania), and IV (Oberon), and this finally stuck.[26]

19th century[edit]

19th century
Date Name Image Other/Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1800s
o: January 1, 1801
p: January 24, 1801 		Ceres
PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg
 8th Planet (1801)
Asteroid (1851)
Dwarf planet (2006)		 Giuseppe Piazzi. He first announced his discovery on January 24, 1801, in letters to fellow astronomers.[27] The first formal publication was the September 1801 issue of the Monatliche Correspondenz.[28]
1840s
o: September 23, 1846
p: November 13, 1846 		Neptune
13th Planet (1846)[a]
8th Planet (1851) 		Galle and Le Verrier[29][30]
o: October 10, 1846
p: November 13, 1846 		Triton
Triton moon mosaic Voyager 2 (large).jpg
 Neptune I Lassell[31]
o: September 16, 1848
p: October 7, 1848 		Hyperion
Hyperion true.jpg
 Saturn VII Bond, Bond,[32] Lassell[33]
1850s
o: October 24, 1851 Ariel
Ariel (moon).jpg
 Uranus I Lassell[26]
Umbriel
PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg
 Uranus II
1870s
o: August 12, 1877 Deimos
Deimos-MRO.jpg
 Mars II Hall[34][35][36]
o: August 18, 1877 Phobos
Phobos colour 2008.jpg
 Mars I
1890s
o: September 9, 1892
p: October 4, 1892 		Amalthea
Amalthea (moon).png
 Jupiter V Barnard[1][37]
i: August 16, 1898
o: March 17, 1899 		Phoebe
Phoebe cassini.jpg
 Saturn IX Pickering[38][39]
Date Name Image Other/Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
  1. ^ At the time of Neptune's discovery, dwarf planet Ceres and asteroids Pallas, Juno, Vesta, and Astraea were counted as planets.

The discovery of Amalthea marks the first time the Roman numerals were not adjusted with the discovery of a new satellite; from then on they reflected order of discovery rather than distance from the parent planet.

20th century[edit]

1901–1950[edit]

Early 20th century
Date Name Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1900s
i: December 3, 1904
p: January 6, 1905 		Himalia
Cassini-Huygens Image of Himalia.png
 Jupiter VI Perrine[37][40][41]
i: January 2, 1905
p: February 27, 1905 		Elara
Elara - New Horizons.png
 Jupiter VII Perrine[37][41][42]
i: January 27, 1908
o: February 28, 1908
p: March 1–6, 1908 		Pasiphae
Pasiphaé.jpg
 Jupiter VIII Melotte[37][43][44]
1910s
i: July 21, 1914
p: September 17, 1914 		Sinope
Sinopé.jpg
 Jupiter IX Nicholson[37][45]
1930s
i: January 23, 1930
o: February 18, 1930
p: March 13, 1930 		Pluto
Pluto in True Color - High-Res.jpg
 9th Planet (1930)
Dwarf planet (2006)		 Tombaugh[46]
i: July 6, 1938
p: August 1938 		Lysithea
Lysithea2.jpg
 Jupiter X Nicholson[37][47]
i: July 30, 1938
p: August 1938 		Carme
Carmé.jpg
 Jupiter XI
1940s
i: February 16, 1948
p: June 1949 		Miranda
Miranda.jpg
 Uranus V Kuiper[37][48]
i: May 1, 1949
p: August 1949 		Nereid
Nereid-Voyager2.jpg
 Neptune II Kuiper[37][49][50]
Date Name Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

1951–2000[edit]

Late 20th century
Date Name Temporary Designation Image Permanent Designation Discoverer(s) and notes
1950s
i: September 28, 1951
p: December 1951 		Ananke —
Ananké.jpg
 Jupiter XII Nicholson[51][52]
1960s
i: December 15, 1966
p: January 3, 1967 		Janus* S/1966 S 2
PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg
 Saturn X Dollfus[51][53][54][55][56]
(Dollfus may have seen either Janus or Epimetheus)
i: December 18, 1966
p: January 6, 1967 		Epimetheus* S/1980 S 3
PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg
 Saturn XI Walker[51][57]
1970s
i: September 11, 1974
p: September 20, 1974 		Leda —
Leda WISE-W3.jpg
 Jupiter XIII Kowal[37][58]
i: September 30, 1975
p: October 3, 1975 		Themisto* S/1975 J 1
S 2000 J 1.jpg
 Jupiter XVIII Kowal[37][59]
(Discovered and then lost)
i: April 13, 1978
o: June 22, 1978 		Charon S/1978 P 1
Charon in True Color - High-Res.jpg
 Pluto I Christy[60][61]
i: July 8, 1979
p: November 23, 1979 		Adrastea S/1979 J 1
Adrastea.jpg
 Jupiter XV Jewitt, Danielson, Voyager 2[54][62][63][64][65][66]
1980s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: February 26, 1980
p: March 6, 1980 		Epimetheus* S/1980 S 3
PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg
 Saturn XI [51][56][67][68][69][70]
(Confirmed by Voyager 1)
i: March 1, 1980
p: March 6, 1980 		Helene S/1980 S 6
Helene over Saturn.jpg
 Saturn XII Laques, Lecacheux[37][67][68][69][70]
i: April 8, 1980
p: April 10, 1980 		Telesto S/1980 S 13
Telesto cassini closeup.jpg
 Saturn XIII Smith, Reitsema, Larson, Fountain, Voyager 1[51][70][71]
i: March 5, 1979
p: April 28, 1980 		Thebe S/1979 J 2
Thebe.jpg
 Jupiter XIV Synnott, Voyager 1[51][63][64]
i: February 19, 1980
p: June 6, 1980 		Janus* S/1980 S 1
PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg
 Saturn X [54][56][68][69][70]
(Confirmed by Voyager 1)
i: March 13, 1980
p: July 31, 1980 		Calypso S/1980 S 25
Calypso N1644755236 1.jpg
 Saturn XIV Pascu, Seidelmann, Baum, Currie[51][69][70]
i:March 4, 1979
p: August 26, 1980 		Metis S/1979 J 3
Metis.jpg
 Jupiter XVI Synnott, Voyager 1[51][64]
o: October 1980
p: October 31, 1980 		Prometheus S/1980 S 27
Prometheus 12-26-09a.jpg
 Saturn XVI Collins, Voyager 1[72]
Pandora S/1980 S 26
Pandora PIA07632.jpg
 Saturn XVII Collins, Voyager 1[37][72]
o: October 1980
p: November 13, 1980 		Atlas S/1980 S 28
Atlas color PIA21449.png
 Saturn XV Terrile, Voyager 1[51][73]
i: May 24, 1981
p: May 29, 1981 		Larissa* S/1981 N 1
S/1989 N 2
Larissa 1.jpg
 Neptune VII Reitsema, Hubbard, Lebofsky, Tholen, Voyager 2[37][74][75]
i: December 30, 1985
p: January 9, 1986 		Puck S/1985 U 1
Puck.png
 Uranus XV Synnott, Voyager 2[37][76]
i: January 3, 1986
p: January 16, 1986 		Juliet S/1986 U 2
Julietmoon.png
 Uranus XI Synnott, Voyager 2[37][77][78]
Portia S/1986 U 1
Portia1.jpg
 Uranus XII
i: January 9, 1986
p: January 16, 1986 		Cressida S/1986 U 3
Cressida.png
 Uranus IX
i: January 13, 1986
p: January 16, 1986 		Desdemona S/1986 U 6
Desdemonamoon.png
 Uranus X
Rosalind S/1986 U 4
Rosalindmoon.png
 Uranus XIII
Belinda S/1986 U 5
Belinda.gif
 Uranus XIV
i: January 20, 1986
p: January 27, 1986 		Cordelia S/1986 U 7
Cordeliamoon.png
 Uranus VI Terrile, Voyager 2[37][79]
Ophelia S/1986 U 8
Opheliamoon.png
 Uranus VII
i: January 23, 1986
p: January 27, 1986 		Bianca S/1986 U 9
Biancamoon.png
 Uranus VIII Smith, Voyager 2[37][79]
i: June 16, 1989
p: July 7, 1989 		Proteus S/1989 N 1
Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg
 Neptune VIII Synnott, Voyager 2[37][80]
i: July 28, 1989
p: August 2, 1989 		Despina S/1989 N 3
Despina.jpg
 Neptune V Synnott, Voyager 2[37][75]
Galatea S/1989 N 4
Galatea moon.jpg
 Neptune VI
i: September 18, 1989
p: September 29, 1989 		Thalassa S/1989 N 5
Neptune Trio.jpg
 Neptune IV Terrile, Voyager 2[37][81]
Naiad S/1989 N 6
Naiad Voyager.png
 Neptune III
1990s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: August 22, 1981
p: July 16, 1990 		Pan* S/1981 S 13
Pan by Cassini, March 2017.jpg
 Saturn XVIII Showalter, Voyager 2[37][82]
i: August 23, 1981
p: April 14, 1995 		Pallene*
(see below)		 S/1981 S 14
Pallene N1665945513 1.jpg
 Saturn XXXIII Gordon, Murray and Beurle[37][83][84]
i: September 6, 1997
p: October 31, 1997 		Caliban S/1997 U 1
Caliban discovery.jpg
 Uranus XVI Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars[37][85]
Sycorax S/1997 U 2
Uranus-sycorax2.gif
 Uranus XVII Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, Kavelaars[85]
i: January 18, 1986
p: May 18, 1999		 Perdita* S/1986 U 10
Perditamoon.png
 Uranus XXV Karkoschka, Voyager 2[37][86]
i: July 18, 1999
p: July 27, 1999 		Setebos S/1999 U 1
Uranus - Setebos image.jpg
 Uranus XIX Kavelaars, Gladman, Holman, Petit, Scholl[37][87]
Stephano S/1999 U 2
Stephano - Uranus moon.jpg
 Uranus XX Gladman, Holman, Kavelaars, Petit, Scholl[37][87]
i: July 18, 1999
p: September 4, 1999 		Prospero S/1999 U 3
Prospero - Uranus moon.jpg
 Uranus XVIII Holman, Kavelaars, Gladman, Petit, Scholl[37][88]
2000s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: October 6, 1999
p: July 20, 2000 		Callirrhoe S/1999 J 1
Callirrhoe - New Horizons.gif
 Jupiter XVII Scotti, Spahr, McMillan, Larsen, Montani, Gleason, Gehrels[37][89][90]
i: August 7, 2000
p: October 25, 2000 		Ymir S/2000 S 1
Ymir-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XIX Gladman[37][91][92]
Paaliaq S/2000 S 2
Paaliaq-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XX
i: September 23, 2000
p: October 25, 2000 		Siarnaq S/2000 S 3
Siarnaq-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIX Gladman, Kavelaars[37][93][94]
Tarvos S/2000 S 4
Tarvos discovery.gif
 Saturn XXI Kavelaars, Gladman[37][93][94]
i: August 7, 2000
p: November 18, 2000 		Kiviuq S/2000 S 5
Kiviuq-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIV Gladman[37][94][95]
i: September 23, 2000
p: November 18, 2000 		Ijiraq S/2000 S 6
Ijiraq-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXII Kavelaars, Gladman[37][94][95]
i: November 21, 2000
p: November 25, 2000 		Themisto* S/2000 J 1
S 2000 J 1.jpg
 Jupiter XVIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier (Rediscovered)[37][96][97]
i: September 23, 2000
p: December 7, 2000 		Thrymr S/2000 S 7
Thrymr-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXX Gladman, Kavelaars[37][92][98]
Skathi S/2000 S 8
Skathi-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXVII Kavelaars, Gladman[37][92][98]
Mundilfari S/2000 S 9
Erriapus-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXV Gladman, Kavelaars[37][92][98]
Erriapus S/2000 S 10
Erriapus-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXVIII Kavelaars, Gladman[37][94][99]
i: November 9, 2000
p: December 19, 2000 		Albiorix S/2000 S 11
Albiorix WISE-W4.jpg
 Saturn XXVI Holman, Spahr[37][100][101]
i: September 23, 2000
p: December 22, 2000 		Suttungr S/2000 S 12
Suttungr-discovery-CFHT.gif
 Saturn XXIII Gladman, Kavelaars[37][102][103]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

21st century[edit]

2000s[edit]

2000s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

i: November 23, 2000
p: January 5, 2001

Kalyke S/2000 J 2
Kalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans[37][104][105][106]
Iocaste S/2000 J 3
Iocaste-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIV
Erinome S/2000 J 4
Erinome-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXV
Harpalyke S/2000 J 5
Harpalyke-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXII
Isonoe S/2000 J 6
Isonoe-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVI
Praxidike S/2000 J 7
Praxidike-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVII
i: November 25, 2000
p: January 5, 2001 		Megaclite S/2000 J 8
Megaclite-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XIX Sheppard, Jewitt, Fernández, Magnier, Dahm, Evans[37][104][106]
Taygete S/2000 J 9
Taygete-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XX
i: November 26, 2000
p: January 5, 2001 		Chaldene S/2000 J 10
Chaldene-Jewitt-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXI
i: December 5, 2000
p: January 5, 2001 		Dia S/2000 J 11
Dia-Jewitt-CFHT image-crop.png
 Jupiter LIII
i: May 22, 2001
p: July 1, 2001 		Ixion (28978) 2001 KX76
28978-ixion hst.jpg
 Dwarf planet candidate? Elliot, Wasserman, Buie, Millis, Kern, Qu, Pate[107]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: December 9, 2001
p: May 16, 2002 		Hermippe S/2001 J 3
Hermippe-discovery.gif
 Jupiter XXX Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][108][109]
Eurydome S/2001 J 4
Eurydome-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXII
Sponde S/2001 J 5
Sponde-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVI
Kale S/2001 J 8
Kale-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVII
i: December 10, 2001
p: May 16, 2002 		Autonoe S/2001 J 1
Autonoe-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXVIII
i: December 11, 2001
p: May 16, 2002 		Thyone S/2001 J 2
Thyone-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXIX
Pasithee S/2001 J 6
Pasithee-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXVIII
Euanthe S/2001 J 7
Euanthe-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXIII
Orthosie S/2001 J 9
Orthosie-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXV
Euporie S/2001 J 10
Euporie-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXIV
Aitne S/2001 J 11
Aitne-discovery-CFHT-annotated.gif
 Jupiter XXXI
i: January 10, 2002
p: July 20, 2002 		(unnamed dwarf planet candidate) (55565) 2002 AW197
55565-2002aw197 hst.jpg
 Dwarf planet candidate? Brown, Trujillo, Helin, Hicks, Lawrence, Pravdo[110]
i: August 13, 2001
p: September 30, 2002 		Trinculo S/2001 U 1 — Uranus XXI Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic[37][111][112]
i: June 4, 2002
o: June 5, 2002
p: October 7, 2002 		Quaoar (50000) 2002 LM60
Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg
 Dwarf planet Trujillo, Brown[113]
i: June 18, 2002
p: November 21, 2002 		(unnamed dwarf planet candidate) (307261) 2002 MS4
2002MS4 Hubble.png
 Dwarf planet candidate? Trujillo, Brown[114]
i: October 31, 2002
p: December 18, 2002 		Arche S/2002 J 1
Bigs2002j1barrow.png
 Jupiter XLIII Sheppard, Meech, Hsieh, Tholen, Tonry[37][115][116]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: July 23, 2002
p: January 13, 2003 		Sao S/2002 N 2
Sao VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
 Neptune XI Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic[37][117][118]
i: August 10, 2002
p: January 13, 2003 		Halimede S/2002 N 1
N2002n1b.jpg
 Neptune IX
i: August 11, 2002
p: January 13, 2003 		Laomedeia S/2002 N 3
Laomedeia VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
 Neptune XII
i: January 13, 2003
p: January 26, 2003 		(unnamed dwarf planet candidate) (208996) 2003 AZ84
2003AZ84 Hubble.png
 Dwarf planet candidate? Trujillo, Brown[119]
i: February 5, 2003
p: March 4, 2003 		Eukelade S/2003 J 1
Eukelade s2003j1movie arrow.gif
 Jupiter XLVII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández, Hsieh[37][120][121]
(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 2
2003 J 2 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 —
Eupheme S/2003 J 3
Eupheme CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LX
(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 4
2003 J 4 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 —
i: February 6, 2003
p: March 4, 2003 		Eirene S/2003 J 5 — Jupiter LVII
Helike S/2003 J 6
Helike CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter XLV
i: February 8, 2003
p: March 4, 2003 		Aoede S/2003 J 7 — Jupiter XLI
i: February 8, 2003
p: March 6, 2003 		Hegemone S/2003 J 8 — Jupiter XXXIX Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández[37][122][123]
i: February 6, 2003
p: March 7, 2003 		(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2003 J 9
2003 J 9 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández[37][124][125]
S/2003 J 10
2003 J 10 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
Kallichore S/2003 J 11 — Jupiter XLIV
i: February 8, 2003
p: March 7, 2003 		(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 12
2003 J 12 Gladman CFHT annotated.gif
 —
i: February 9, 2003
p: April 2, 2003 		Cyllene S/2003 J 13 — Jupiter XLVIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][126][127]
i: February 8, 2003
p: April 3, 2003 		Kore S/2003 J 14
Kore s2003j14movie circled.gif
 Jupiter XLIX Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][126][128]
i: February 6, 2003
p: April 3, 2003 		Philophrosyne S/2003 J 15 — Jupiter LVIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández[126][129]
(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 16
2003 J 16 CFHT recovery full.gif
 — Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[126][130]
i: February 8, 2003
p: April 3, 2003 		Herse S/2003 J 17 — Jupiter L Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[37][126][131]
i: February 6, 2003
p: April 4, 2003 		(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 18
2003 J 18 CFHT recovery full.gif
 Jupiter LV Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][126][132]
i: February 5, 2003
p: April 8, 2003 		Narvi S/2003 S 1
Narvi.jpg
 Saturn XXXI Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][126][133]
i: February 6, 2003
p: April 12, 2003 		(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 19 — Jupiter LXI Gladman, Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[134][135]
i: February 9, 2003
p: April 14, 2003 		Carpo S/2003 J 20
Carpo CFHT 2003-02-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter XLVI Sheppard, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][134][136]
i: February 6, 2003
p: May 29, 2003 		Mneme S/2003 J 21
Mneme Discovery Image.jpg
 Jupiter XL Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[37][137][138]
i: January 18, 1986
p: September 3, 2003 		Perdita* S/1986 U 10
Perditamoon.png
 Uranus XXV Karkoschka (Recovered by the Hubble Space Telescope)[37][86][139]
i: August 29, 2003
p: September 3, 2003 		Psamathe S/2003 N 1
Psamathe feat.jpg
 Neptune X Jewitt, Kleyna, Sheppard, Holman, Kavelaars[37][140][141]
i: August 25, 2003
p: September 25, 2003 		Mab S/2003 U 1
Mabmoon.png
 Uranus XXVI Showalter, Lissauer[142]
Cupid S/2003 U 2
Cupidmoon.png
 Uranus XXVII
i: August 13, 2001
p: September 30, 2003 		Ferdinand* S/2001 U 2
Uranus moon 021002 02.jpg
 Uranus XXIV 2001: Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic;
2003: Sheppard, Jewitt[37][143][144]
i: August 14, 2002
p: September 30, 2003 		Neso* S/2002 N 4
Neso VLT-FORS1 2002-09-03 annotated.gif
 Neptune XIII Holman, Kavelaars, Grav, Fraser, Milisavljevic[37][143][145]
i: August 13, 2001
p: October 8, 2003 		Francisco* S/2001 U 3 — Uranus XXII Holman, Kavelaars, Milisavljevic, Gladman[37][146]
i: August 29, 2003
p: October 9, 2003 		Margaret S/2003 U 3
S2003u3acircle.gif
 Uranus XXIII Sheppard, Jewitt, Holman, Kavelaars[37][147][148]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: February 9, 2003
p: January 24, 2004 		Thelxinoe* S/2003 J 22 — Jupiter XLII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kavelaars, Petit, Allen[37][149][150]
i: February 6, 2003
p: January 31, 2004 		(unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 23*
S2003j23ccircle.gif
 — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Fernández[151][152]
i: February 17, 2004
p: February 22, 2004 		Orcus (90482) 2004 DW
Orcus-Vanth 10801.jpg
 Dwarf planet Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[153]
i: November 14, 2003
p: March 15, 2004 		Sedna (90377) 2003 VB12
Sedna PRC2004-14d.jpg
 Dwarf planet Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[154]
i: June 1, 2004
p: August 16, 2004 		Methone S/2004 S 1
Methone PIA14633.jpg
 Saturn XXXII Cassini–Huygens[37][155][156]
Pallene* S/2004 S 2
=S/1981 S 14
Pallene N1665945513 1.jpg
 Saturn XXXIII
i: October 21, 2004
o: October 24, 2004
p: November 8, 2004 		Polydeuces S/2004 S 5
Polydeuces.jpg
 Saturn XXXIV Cassini–Huygens[37][157]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: December 12, 2004
p: May 3, 2005 		(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 7 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Marsden[37][158]
Fornjot S/2004 S 8
Fornjot-cassini.png
 Saturn XLII
Farbauti S/2004 S 9 — Saturn XL
Aegir S/2004 S 10 — Saturn XXXVI
Bebhionn S/2004 S 11
Bebhionn-cassini.png
 Saturn XXXVII
(unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2004 S 12 — —
S/2004 S 13 —
Hati S/2004 S 14
Hati-cassini.png
 Saturn XLIII
Bergelmir S/2004 S 15
Bergelmir.png
 Saturn XXXVIII
i: December 13, 2004
p: May 3, 2005 		Fenrir S/2004 S 16 — Saturn XLI
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 17 — —
Bestla S/2004 S 18
Bestla-cassini.png
 Saturn XXXIX
i: September 22, 2004
p: May 6, 2005 		Salacia (120347) 2004 SB60
Salacia Hubble.png
 Dwarf planet candidate? Roe, Brown, Barkume[159]
i: May 1, 2005
p: May 6, 2005 		Daphnis S/2005 S 1
Daphnis (Saturn's Moon).jpg
 Saturn XXXV Cassini–Huygens[160]
i: March 7, 2003
o:July 27, 2005
i: May 6, 2004
o: December 28, 2004
p: July 29, 2005 		Haumea (136108) 2003 EL61
Haumea Hubble.png
 Dwarf planet (Ortiz, Aceituno Castro, Santos-Sanz)[37][161] or (Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz)[162][163] (see the Controversy over the discovery of Haumea)
i: October 21, 2003
o: January 5, 2005
p: July 29, 2005 		Eris (136199) 2003 UB313
Eris and dysnomia2.jpg
 Dwarf planet Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[37][162][164]
o: January 26, 2005
p: July 29, 2005 		Hiʻiaka S/2005 (136108) 1
Haumea Hubble.png
 Haumea I Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[37][165]
i: March 31, 2005
p: July 29, 2005 		Makemake (136472) 2005 FY9
Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg
 Dwarf planet Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[162][166]
o: June 30, 2005
p: July 29, 2005 		Namaka S/2005 (136108) 2
Haumea Hubble.png
 Haumea II Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz[167]
i: September 10, 2005
p: October 3, 2005 		Dysnomia S/2005 (136199) 1
Eris and dysnomia2.jpg
 Eris I Brown, van Dam, Bouchez, Le Mignant, Campbell, Chin, Conrad, Hartman, Johansson, Lafon, Rabinowitz, Stomski, Summers, Trujillo, Wizinowich[168]
i: May 15, 2005
o: June 15, 2005
p: October 31, 2005 		Nix S/2005 P 2
Nix best view.jpg
 Pluto II Weaver, Stern, Mutchler, Steffl, Buie, Merline,
Spencer, Young, Young[169]
Hydra S/2005 P 1
Hydra Enhanced Color.jpg
 Pluto III
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: June 21, 2003
p: January 7, 2006 		Varda (174567) 2003 MW12
Varda-ilmare hst.jpg
 Dwarf planet candidate? Larsen[170]
i: December 12, 2004
o: March 6, 2006 (?)
p: June 26, 2006 		Hyrrokkin S/2004 S 19
Hyrrokkin-cassini.png
 Saturn XLIV Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][171][172]
i: January 4, 2006
o: March 6, 2006 (?)
p: June 26, 2006 		(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2006 S 1 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][172][173]
Kari S/2006 S 2
Kari-cassini.png
 Saturn XLV
i: January 5, 2006
o: March 6, 2006 (?)
p: June 26, 2006 		(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2006 S 3 — —
Greip S/2006 S 4
Greip-cassini.png
 Saturn LI
Loge S/2006 S 5
Loge N00177425.jpg
 Saturn XLVI
Jarnsaxa S/2006 S 6 — Saturn L
Surtur S/2006 S 7 — Saturn XLVIII
Skoll S/2006 S 8 — Saturn XLVII
i: July 21, 2006
p: September 19, 2006 		Actaea S/2006 (120347) 1
Salacia Hubble.png
 Salacia I Noll, Levison, Stephens, Grundy[174]
i: November 13, 2005
p: February 22, 2007 		Vanth S/2005 (90482) 1
Orcus-Vanth 10801.jpg
 Orcus I Brown, Suer[175]
i: December 2, 2005
p: February 22, 2007 		(unnamed moon of 2003 AZ84) —
2003AZ84 Hubble.png
 — Brown, Suer[175]
i: February 14, 2006
p: February 22, 2007 		Weywot S/2006 (50000) 1
Quaoar-weywot hst.jpg
 Quaoar I Brown, Suer[175]
i: January 5, 2006
o: January 16, 2007 (?)
p: April 13, 2007 		Tarqeq S/2007 S 1
Tarqeq-cassini.png
 Saturn LII Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[37][176][177]
i: January 18, 2007
o: ?
p: May 1, 2007 		(unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2007 S 2 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[177][178]
S/2007 S 3 — —
i: June 2004
o: May 30, 2007
p: July 18, 2007		 Anthe S/2007 S 4
Anthe crop.jpg
 Saturn XLIX Cassini–Huygens[37][179]
i: July 17, 2007
p: January 7, 2009		 Gonggong (225088) 2007 OR10
225088 Gonggong and Xiangliu by Hubble (2010).png
 Dwarf planet Schwamb, Brown, Rabinowitz[180]
i: August 15, 2008
p: March 3, 2009		 Aegaeon S/2008 S 1
N1643264379 1.jpg
 Saturn LIII Cassini–Huygens[37][181]
i: July 26, 2009
o: ?
p: November 2, 2009		 (unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2009 S 1
PIA11665 moonlet in B Ring cropped.jpg
 — Cassini–Huygens[182]
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

2010s[edit]

2010s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

i: September 7, 2010
p: June 1, 2011

(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2010 J 1
2010 J 1 CFHT image.gif
 Jupiter LI Jacobson, Brozović, Gladman and Alexandersen[183]
S/2010 J 2
2010 J 2 CFHT discovery full.gif
 Jupiter LII Veillet[183]

i: June 28, 2011
p: July 20, 2011

Kerberos S/2011 (134340) 1
Kerberos (moon).jpg
 Pluto IV Showalter[184][185]
i: April 26, 2009
p: September 2011 		Ilmarë S/2009 (174567) 1
Varda-ilmare hst.jpg
 Varda I Noll et al.[186]

i: September 27, 2011
p: January 29, 2012

(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2011 J 1 — Jupiter LXXII Sheppard[187]
S/2011 J 2 — Jupiter LVI

i: June 26, 2012
p: July 11, 2012

Styx S/2012 (134340) 1
Styx (moon).jpg
 Pluto V Showalter[188]

i: November 6, 2004
o: July 1, 2013
p: July 15, 2013

Hippocamp* S/2004 N 1
Hippocamp-heic1904b.jpg
 Neptune XIV Showalter et al.[189]
i: March 17, 2013
p: March 31, 2014 		(unnamed dwarf planet candidate) (532037) 2013 FY27
2013 FY27.png
 Dwarf planet candidate? Sheppard, Trujillo[190]

i: April 27, 2015
p: April 25, 2016

(unnamed moon of Makemake) S/2015 (136472) 1
Makemake moon Hubble image with legend (cropped).jpg
 — Parker et al.[191][192]
i: September 18, 2010
p: October 17, 2016 		Xiangliu S/2010 (225088) 1
Xiangliu orbiting 225088 Gonggong (2010, cropped).jpg
 Gonggong I Marton, Kiss, Müller[193]
i: March 8, 2016
p: June 2, 2017 		(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2016 J 1
2016 J 1 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LIV Sheppard et al.[194][195][196]
i: March 23, 2017
p: June 5, 2017		 S/2017 J 1
2017 J 1 CFHT precovery full.gif
 Jupiter LIX
i: March 9, 2016
p: July 17, 2018		 Valetudo S/2016 J 2
Valetudo CFHT precovery 2003-02-28 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXII
i: February 5, 2016
o: March 23, 2017
p: July 17, 2018 		(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2017 J 2
2017 J 2 CFHT 2003-02-26 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXIII
i: February 5, 2016
o: March 23, 2017
p: July 17, 2018		 S/2017 J 3
2017 J 3 CFHT 2003-12-25 annotated.gif
 Jupiter LXIV
i: March 23, 2017
p: July 17, 2018		 Pandia S/2017 J 4
Pandia CFHT precovery 2003-02-28.png
 Jupiter LXV
i: March 23, 2017
p: July 17, 2018 		(unnamed moons of Jupiter) S/2017 J 5 — Jupiter LXVI
i: February 24, 2017
o: March 23, 2017
p: July 17, 2018		 S/2017 J 6 — Jupiter LXVII
i: February 24, 2017
o: March 23, 2017
p: July 17, 2018		 S/2017 J 7 — Jupiter LXVIII
i: March 23, 2017
p: July 17, 2018		 S/2017 J 8
2017 J 8 CFHT precovery full.gif
 Jupiter LXIX
i: February 24, 2017
o: March 23, 2017
p: July 17, 2018		 S/2017 J 9 — Jupiter LXX
i: March 25, 2017
o: May 11, 2018
p: July 17, 2018		 Ersa S/2018 J 1
Ersa CFHT precovery 2003-02-24.png
 Jupiter LXXI
i: January 15, 2018
p: August 10, 2018		 (unnamed moon of 2013 FY27) —
2013FY27.gif
 — Sheppard[197]
i: December 12, 2004
p: October 7, 2019 		Gridr S/2004 S 20 — Saturn LIV Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna[198]
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 21 — —
Angrboda S/2004 S 22 — Saturn LV
Skrymir S/2004 S 23 — Saturn LVI
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 24 — —
Gerd S/2004 S 25 — Saturn LVII
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 26 — Saturn LVIII
Eggther S/2004 S 27 — Saturn LIX
(unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2004 S 28 — —
S/2004 S 29 — Saturn LX
Beli S/2004 S 30 — Saturn LXI
i: December 12, 2004
p: October 8, 2019
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 31 — —
Gunnlod S/2004 S 32 — Saturn LXII
Thiazzi S/2004 S 33 — Saturn LXIII
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 34 — Saturn LXIV
Alvaldi S/2004 S 35 — Saturn LXV
(unnamed moons of Saturn) S/2004 S 36 — —
S/2004 S 37 — —
Geirrod S/2004 S 38 — Saturn LXVI
(unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2004 S 39 — —
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes

2020s[edit]

2020s
Date Name Temporary designation Image Permanent designation Discoverer(s) and notes
i: February 5, 2003
p: November 15, 2021		 (unnamed moon of Jupiter) S/2003 J 24 — — Sheppard, Jewitt, Kleyna, Gladman, Kleyna, Veillet[199]
i: July 1, 2019
p: November 16, 2021		 (unnamed moon of Saturn) S/2019 S 1 — — Ashton, Gladman, Petit, Alexandersen[200]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ Nicholson, Seth Barnes (April 1939). "The Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 51 (300): 85–94. Bibcode:1939PASP...51...85N. doi:10.1086/125010.
  3. ^ Stanford SOLAR Center – Ask A Solar Physicist FAQs – Answer
  4. ^ "Aristarchus of Samos". May 7, 2018. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  5. ^ Lindow, John (2002). "The world was a flat disk, with the Earth in the center and the sea all around. Thus the serpent is about as far away from the center, where men and gods lived" Norse mythology: a guide to the Gods, heroes, rituals, and beliefs. Oxford University Press. p. 253.
  6. ^ Heath, Thomas Little; Aristarchus, of Samos (1913). Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the Sun and Moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes. Gerstein – University of Toronto. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
  7. ^ Sachs, Abraham J. (May 2, 1974). "Babylonian Observational Astronomy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Royal Society of London. 276 (1257): 43–50 [45 & 48–9]. Bibcode:1974RSPTA.276...43S. doi:10.1098/rsta.1974.0008. JSTOR 74273. S2CID 121539390.
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  41. ^ a b Perrine, Charles D.; Orbits of the sixth and seventh satellites of Jupiter (signed May 28, 1905), Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 169, No. 4035 (July 24, 1905), p. 43/44
  42. ^ Campbell, William W.; A Seventh Satellite of Jupiter, Harvard College Observatory Bulletin, No. 178 (February 27, 1905), p. 1
    The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter (signed March 30, 1905), Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 17, No. 101 (April 10, 1905), pp. 56–57
  43. ^ Perrine, Charles D.; Recent Observations of the Moving Object near Jupiter, Discovered at Greenwich by Mr. J. Melotte (signed May 21, 1908), Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 20, No. 120 (June 10, 1908), p. 184
  44. ^ Cowell, Philip H.; Note on the discovery of a Moving Object near Jupiter (1908 CJ), Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 68, No. 5 (March 13, 1908), p. 373
  45. ^ Nicholson, Seth B.; Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter (signed September 17, 1914), Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 26, No. 155 (October 1914), pp. 197–198
  46. ^ Tombaugh, Clyde W.; The Search for the Ninth Planet, Pluto, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 5, No. 209 (July 1946), pp. 73–80
  47. ^ Nicholson, Seth B.; Two New Satellites of Jupiter (signed August 1938), Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 50, No. 297 (October 1938), pp. 292–293
  48. ^ Kuiper, Gerard P.; The Fifth Satellite of Uranus, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 61, No. 360 (June 1949), p. 129
  49. ^ Kuiper, Gerard P.; The Second Satellite of Neptune, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 61, No. 361 (August 1949), pp. 175–176
  50. ^ Vinter Hansen, Julie M.; Object Near Neptune, IAUC 1212 (April 1, 1949)
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i Marsden, Brian G.; GX 1+4; Sats OF JUPITER AND SATURN, IAUC 3872 (March 30, 1983)
  52. ^ Nicholson, Seth B.; An Unidentified Object Near Jupiter, Probably a New Satellite, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 63, No. 375 (December 1951), pp. 297–299
  53. ^ Gingerich, Owen; Probable New Satellite of Saturn, IAUC 1987 (January 3, 1967)
    Gingerich, Owen; Saturn X (Janus), IAUC 1995 (February 1, 1967)
    Marsden, Brian G.; New Ring and Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 3417 (October 25, 1979)
  54. ^ a b c Marsden, Brian G.; Saturn, IAUC 3454 (February 25, 1980)
  55. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; 1980 S 2, IAUC 3456 (February 29, 1980)
  56. ^ a b c Marsden, Brian G.; Saturn, IAUC 3497 (August 4, 1980)
  57. ^ Gingerich, Owen; Possible New Satellite of Saturn, IAUC 1991 (January 6, 1967)
  58. ^ Kowal, Charles T.; Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter, Astronomical Journal, Vol. 80, No. 6 (June 1975), pp. 460–464
    Marsden, Brian G.; Probable New Satellite of Jupiter, IAUC 2702 (September 20, 1974)
    Marsden, Brian G.; Probable New Satellite of Jupiter, IAUC 2703 (October 1, 1974)
    Marsden, Brian G.; Jupiter XIII, IAUC 2711 (October 24, 1974)
  59. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Probable New Satellite of Jupiter, IAUC 2845 (October 3, 1975)
    Marsden, Brian G.; Probable New Satellite of Jupiter, IAUC 2855 (October 23, 1975)
    Marsden, Brian G.; Probable New Satellite of Jupiter, IAUC 2899 (January 9, 1976)
  60. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; 1978 P 1, IAUC 3241 (July 7, 1978)
  61. ^ Christy, James W.; Harrington, Robert S.; The satellite of Pluto, Astronomical Journal, Vol. 83, No. 8 (August 1978), pp. 1005–1008
  62. ^ Jewitt, David C., Danielson, G. Edward, Synnott, Stephen P.; Discovery of a new Jupiter satellite, Science, Vol. 206, No. 4421 (November 23, 1979), p. 951
  63. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Jupiter, IAUC 3470 (April 28, 1980)
  64. ^ a b c Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Jupiter, IAUC 3507 (August 26, 1980)
  65. ^ Hamilton, Calvin J.; Discovery Image of Adrastea, Views of the Solar System (1995–2007)
  66. ^ Jovian System Data Analysis Program; Voyager 2 Jupiter Image 20630.53 Archived August 13, 2004, at the Wayback Machine, NASA Planetary Data System Rings Node (February 20, 1997)
  67. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; Saturn, IAUC 3457 (March 6, 1980)
  68. ^ a b c Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 3483 (June 6, 1980)
  69. ^ a b c d Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 3496 (July 31, 1980)
  70. ^ a b c d e Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 3534 (November 7, 1980)
  71. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 3466 (April 10, 1980)
  72. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 3532 (October 31, 1980)
  73. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; 1980 S 28, IAUC 3539 (November 13, 1980)
  74. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; 1981 N 1, IAUC 3608 (May 29, 1981)
  75. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Neptune, IAUC 4824 (August 2, 1989)
  76. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Uranus and Neptune, IAUC 4159 (January 9, 1986)
  77. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Uranus, IAUC 4164 (January 16, 1986)
  78. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Uranus, IAUC 4165 (January 17, 1986)
  79. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites and Rings of Uranus, IAUC 4168 (January 27, 1986)
  80. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; 1989 N 1, IAUC 4806 (July 7, 1989)
  81. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Neptune, IAUC 4867 (September 29, 1989)
  82. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Saturn, IAUC 5052 (July 16, 1990)
  83. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Possible Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 6162 (April 14, 1995)
  84. ^ Gordon, Mitchell K.; Murray, Carl D.; and Beurle, Kevin; Further Evidence for the Existence of Additional Small Satellites of Saturn Archived August 12, 2004, at the Wayback Machine, Icarus, Vol. 121, No. 1 (May 1996), pp. 114–125
  85. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; Satellites of Uranus, IAUC 6764 (October 31, 1997)
  86. ^ a b Green, Daniel W. E.; S/1986 U 10, IAUC 7171 (May 18, 1999)
  87. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; Probable New Satellites of Uranus, IAUC 7230 (July 27, 1999)
  88. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Probable New Satellites of Uranus, IAUC 7248 (September 4, 1999)
  89. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/1999 J 1, IAUC 7460 (July 20, 2000)
  90. ^ New Outer Satellite of Jupiter Discovered, Joint press release, Minor Planet Center and the Spacewatch Project (2000?)
  91. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 1 and S/2000 S 2, IAUC 7512 (October 25, 2000)
  92. ^ a b c d Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 1, S/2000 S 2, S/2000 S 7, S/2000 S 8, S/2000 S 9, MPEC 2000-Y15 (December 19, 2000)
  93. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 3 and S/2000 S 4, IAUC 7513 (October 25, 2000)
  94. ^ a b c d e Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 3, S/2000 S 4, S/2000 S 5, S/2000 S 6, S/2000 S 10, MPEC 2000-Y14 (December 19, 2000)
  95. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 5 and S/2000 S 6, IAUC 7521 (November 18, 2000)
  96. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/1975 J 1 = S/2000 J 1, IAUC 7525 (November 25, 2000)
  97. ^ S/1975 J 1 = S/2000 J 1, S/1999 J 1, MPEC 2000-Y16 (December 19, 2000)
  98. ^ a b c Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 7, S/2000 S 8, S/2000 S 9, IAUC 7538 (December 7, 2000)
  99. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 10, IAUC 7539 (December 7, 2000)
  100. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2000 S 11, IAUC 7545 (December 19, 2000)
  101. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 11, MPEC 2000-Y13 (December 19, 2000)
  102. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 12, IAUC 7548 (December 23, 2000)
  103. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 S 12, MPEC 2000-Y33 (December 22, 2000)
  104. ^ a b Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Jupiter, IAUC 7555 (January 5, 2001)
  105. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 J 2, S/2000 J 3, S/2000 J 4, S/2000 J 5, S/2000 J 6, MPEC 2001-A28 (January 5, 2001)
  106. ^ a b Marsden, Brian G.; S/2000 J 7, S/2000 J 8, S/2000 J 9, S/2000 J 10, S/2000 J 11, MPEC 2001-A29 (January 5, 2001)
  107. ^ Marsden, Brian G. (July 1, 2001). "MPEC 2001-N01 : 2001 FT185, 2001 KW76, 2001 KX76, 2001 KY76, 2001 KZ76, 2001 KA77". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center.
  108. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Jupiter, IAUC 7900 (May 16, 2002)
  109. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Eleven New Satellites of Jupiter, MPEC 2002-J54 (May 15, 2002)
  110. ^ Marsden, Brian G. (July 20, 2002). "MPEC 2002-O30 : 2002 AW197". IAU Minor Planet Center. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
  111. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2001 U 1, IAUC 7980 (September 30, 2002)
  112. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2001 U 1, MPEC 2002-S64 (September 30, 2002)
  113. ^ Marsden, Brian G. (October 7, 2002). "MPEC 2002-T34 : 2002 LM60". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  114. ^ "MPEC 2002-W27 : 2002 MS4, 2002 QX47, 2002 VR128". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. November 21, 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  115. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2002 J 1, IAUC 8035 (December 18, 2002)
  116. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2002 J 1, MPEC 2002-Y22 (December 18, 2002)
  117. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Neptune, IAUC 8047 (January 13, 2003)
  118. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2002 N 1, 2002 N 2, 2002 N3, MPEC 2003-A75 (January 13, 2003)
  119. ^ Marsden, Brian G. (January 26, 2003). "MPEC 2003-B27 : 2003 AZ84". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
  120. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Jupiter, IAUC 8087 (March 4, 2003)
  121. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 1, 2003 J 2, 2003 J 3, 2003 J 4, 2003 J 5, 2003 J 6, 2003 J 7, MPEC 2003-E11 (March 4, 2003)
  122. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2003 J 8, IAUC 8088 (March 6, 2003)
  123. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 8, MPEC 2003-E15 (March 6, 2003)
  124. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Jupiter, IAUC 8089 (March 7, 2003)
  125. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 9, 2003 J 10, 2003 J 11, 2003 J 12; S/2003 J 1, 2003 J 6, MPEC 2003-E29 (March 7, 2003)
  126. ^ a b c d e f g Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, IAUC 8116 (April 11, 2003)
  127. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 13, MPEC 2003-G09 (April 2, 2003)
  128. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 14, MPEC 2003-G10 (April 3, 2003)
  129. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 15, MPEC 2003-G17 (April 3, 2003)
  130. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 16, MPEC 2003-G18 (April 3, 2003)
  131. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 17, MPEC 2003-G19 (April 3, 2003)
  132. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 18, MPEC 2003-G20 (April 4, 2003)
  133. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 S 1, MPEC 2003-G39 (April 8, 2003)
  134. ^ a b Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2003 J 19 and S/2003 J 20, IAUC 8125 (April 30, 2003)
  135. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 19, MPEC 2003-G64 (April 12, 2003)
  136. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 20, MPEC 2003-G67 (April 14, 2003)
  137. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2003 J 21, IAUC 8138 (May 30, 2003)
  138. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 21, MPEC 2003-K45 (May 29, 2003)
  139. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Uranus, IAUC (September 3, 2003)
  140. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Neptune, IAUC 8193 (September 3, 2003)
  141. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 N 1, MPEC 2003-G64 (September 3, 2003)
  142. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2003 U 1 and S/2003 U 2, IAUC 8209 (September 25, 2003)
  143. ^ a b Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2001 U 2 and S/2002 N 4, IAUC 8213 (October 1, 2003)
  144. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2001 U 2, MPEC 2003-S105 (September 30, 2003)
  145. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2002 N 4, MPEC 2003-S107 (September 30, 2003)
  146. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2001 U 3, IAUC 8216 (October 8, 2003)
  147. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2003 U 3, IAUC 8217 (October 9, 2003)
  148. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 U 3, MPEC 2003-T58 (October 9, 2003)
  149. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2003 J 22, IAUC (January 25, 2004)
  150. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 22, MPEC 2004-B41 (January 24, 2004)
  151. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2003 J 23, IAUC 8281 (February 4, 2004)
  152. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2003 J 23, MPEC 2004-B81 (January 31, 2004)
  153. ^ "M.P.S. 98992" (PDF). IAU: Minor Planet Center. February 22, 2004. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  154. ^ "MPEC 2004-E45 : 2003 VB12". IAU: Minor Planet Center. March 15, 2004. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  155. ^ Martinez, Carolina; Savage, Donald; and Finn, Heidi; Out from the Shadows: Two New Saturnian Moons, JPL Cassini–Huygens News Release 2004-202 (August 16, 2004)
  156. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2004 S 1 and S/2004 S 2, IAUC 8389 (August 16, 2004)
  157. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites and Rings of Saturn, IAUC 8432 (November 8, 2004)
  158. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily; Twelve New Moons for Saturn, The Planetary Society, Planetary News: Moon Discoveries (2005)
    Jewitt, David C.; Twelve New Moons for Saturn (May 3, 2005)
    Green, Daniel W. E.; New Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 8523 (May 4, 2005)
    Marsden, Brian G.; Twelve New Satellites of Saturn, MPEC 2005-J13 (May 3, 2005)
  159. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Seven TNOs, MPEC 2005-J26 (May 6, 2005)
  160. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2005 S 1, IAUC 8524 (May 6, 2005)
  161. ^ Pablo Santos-Sanz (September 26, 2008). "La historia de Ataecina vs Haumea" (in Spanish). infoastro.com. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
  162. ^ a b c Green, Daniel W. E. (July 29, 2005). "IAUC 8577".
  163. ^ "Santa et al". NASA Astrobiology Magazine. September 10, 2005. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  164. ^ Brown, Michael E. (2006). "The discovery of 2003 UB313 Eris, the largest known dwarf planet". Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  165. ^ Brown, M. E.; et al. (2005). "Keck Observatory Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Discovery and Characterization of a Satellite to the Large Kuiper Belt Object 2003 EL61" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal Letters. 632 (1): L45–L48. Bibcode:2005ApJ...632L..45B. doi:10.1086/497641. S2CID 119408563.
  166. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 136472 Makemake (2005 FY9)". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. April 5, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  167. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2005 (2003 EL_61) 2, IAUC 8636 (December 1, 2005)
  168. ^ Brown, Michael E. (2006). "Dysnomia, the moon of Eris". Retrieved September 1, 2007.
  169. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2005 P 1 and S/2005 P 2, IAUC 8625 (October 31, 2005) (also as a pdf)
  170. ^ Williams, Gareth V.; 2003 MW12, MPEC 2006-A28 (January 7, 2006)
  171. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2004 S 19, MPEC 2006-M44 (June 26, 2006)
  172. ^ a b Green, Daniel W. E.; Satellites of Saturn, IAUC 8727 (June 30, 2006)
  173. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; Eight New Satellites of Saturn, MPEC 2006-M45 (June 26, 2006)
  174. ^ "IAUC 8751: (120347) 2004 SB_60; 2006gi, 2006gj; V733 Cep". Cbat.eps.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  175. ^ a b c Green, Daniel W. E. (February 22, 2007). "Satellites of 2003 AZ_84, (50000), (55637), and (90482)". IAU Circular. Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 8812 (8812): 1. Bibcode:2007IAUC.8812....1B. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.
  176. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2007 S 1, MPEC 2007-G38 (April 13, 2007)
  177. ^ a b Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2007 S 1, S/2007 S 2, and S/2007 S 3, IAUC 8836 (May 11, 2007)
  178. ^ Marsden, Brian G.; S/2007 S 2, S/2007 S 3, MPEC 2007-J09 (May 1, 2007)
  179. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2007 S 4, IAUC 8857 (July 18, 2007)
  180. ^ "MPEC 2009-A42 : 2007 OR10". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. January 7, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  181. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2008 S 1, IAUC 9023 (March 3, 2009)
  182. ^ Green, Daniel W. E.; S/2009 S 1, IAUC 9091 (November 2, 2009)
  183. ^ a b MPEC 2011-L06: S/2010 J 1 AND S/2010 J 2
  184. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  185. ^ NASA – NASA's Hubble Discovers Another Moon Around Pluto
  186. ^ (174567) 2003 MW12, compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston
  187. ^ MPEC 2012-B97 : S/2011 J 1 AND S/2011 J 2 2012 Jan 29 (issued)
  188. ^ Showalter, Mark. Hubble Press Release: Hubble Discovers a Fifth Moon Orbiting Pluto. July 11, 2012.
  189. ^ Kelly Beatty (July 15, 2013). "Neptune's Newest Moon". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  190. ^ "MPEC 2014-F82 : 2013 FY27". IAU Minor Planet Center. March 31, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2018. (K13F27Y)
  191. ^ "HubbleSite – NewsCenter – Hubble Discovers Moon Orbiting the Dwarf Planet Makemake (04/26/2016) – The Full Story". hubblesite.org. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  192. ^ Parker, A. H.; Buie, M. W.; Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S. (April 25, 2016). "Discovery of a Makemakean Moon". The Astrophysical Journal. 825 (1): L9. arXiv:1604.07461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...825L...9P. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L9. S2CID 119270442.
  193. ^ The moon of the large Kuiper-belt object 2007 OR10 (PDF). 48th Meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences. American Astronomical Society. 2016. 120.22. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  194. ^ "MPEC 2017-L08 : S/2016 J 1". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  195. ^ "MPEC 2017-L47 : S/2017 J 1". Minor Planet Center. International astronomical Union. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  196. ^ MPEC's 2018-O09 through 2018-O18
  197. ^ "CBET 4537: 2013 FY27". cbat.eps.harvard.edu. August 10, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  198. ^ MPEC's 2019-T126 through 2019-T161
  199. ^ "MPEC 2021-V333 : S/2003 J 24". minorplanetcenter.net. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  200. ^ "MPEC 2021-W14 : S/2019 S 1". minorplanetcenter.net. Retrieved November 16, 2021.

External links[edit]

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