Branimir of Croatia
| Branimir | |
|---|---|
| Duke of Croatia | |
| Reign | 879 – c. 892 |
| Predecessor | Zdeslav |
| Successor | Muncimir |
| Spouse | Maruša (Mariosa) |
| Dynasty | Domagojević |
| Religion | Christianity |
Branimir (Latin: Branimiro) was a ruler of Croatia who reigned as duke (Croatian: knez) from 879 to 892. His country received papal recognition as a state from Pope John VIII on 7 June 879.[1] During his reign, Croatia retained its sovereignty from both Frankish and Byzantine rule and became de jure independent.[2][3]
Reign[edit]
Rise to power[edit]
In 879, Branimir had Duke Zdeslav, a supporter of the Byzantine Empire, killed near Knin in a rebellion that he led.[4] Approval from the Holy See was brought about by Branimir's own actions to bring the Croats further away from the influence of Byzantium and closer to Rome. Duke Branimir wrote to Pope John VIII affirming this split from Byzantine and commitment to the Roman Papacy.[citation needed]
During the solemn divine service in St. Peter's church in Rome in 879, Pope John VIII gave his blessing to the duke and the whole Croatian people, about which he informed Branimir in his letters. The Pope brought the very decision on 21 May 879, and confirmed it in his letter on 7 June 879.[3] This day is marked today as Croatian Diplomacy Day.[5]
In Branimir's time Venetians had to pay taxes to Croatia and to the Narentines for their ships traveling along the eastern Adriatic coast, while the Dalmatian cities under Byzantium paid 710 ducats of tribute to the Croatian ruler.[6] In 880, the Pope asked Duke Branimir for help for an armed escort of his delegates across southern Dalmatia and Zahumlje.[citation needed]
Religious policy[edit]
During Branimir's reign, the bishop of Nin recognized the supreme ecclesiastical authority of the bishop of Rome, unlike the archbishop of Split, who recognized the supremacy of the patriarch of Constantinople. Duke Branimir promoted the bishop of Nin to the Archbishopric of Split after the archbishop's death in the Patriarchate of Aquileia without knowledge of the Holy See, which worsened his relations with the pope. Under the influence of Methodus' baptising missions in 882 who made a stop in Croatia on his way from Moravia to Constantinople, Branimir endorsed parallel usage of Latin and Slavic in liturgy, which was not liked by the new pope, Stephen V. Throughout his reign, Duke Branimir worked on increasing his independence. He also undertook a pilgrimage to Cividale. His name is found in the Evangelistary of Cividale together with the name of his wife Mariosa (Croatian: Maruša or Marija).[7]
Branimir reigned until around 892. He was succeeded by Trpimir I's third son, Muncimir.[8]
House of Domagojević[edit]
Unlike his predecessor and successor (both Trpimirović), some historians[who?] suggest that Branimir might be a member of the House of Domagojević, particularly, one of Domagoj's sons.[citation needed] His name is an old Slavic name, and could be translated as "defender of the realm", or "defender of peace", as the word mir means peace in Slavic languages.[citation needed]
Legacy and honors[edit]
Today, there are several historical monuments (mostly altar beams from old Croatian churches) that bear the name of Duke Branimir.[citation needed] Currently, Croatia's government presents the Order of Duke Branimir as one of its highest state honours.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century. University of Michigan Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
- ^ Hrvatski leksikon (1996–1997) (in Croatian)
- ^ a b Stjepan Antoljak, Pregled hrvatske povijesti, Split 1993., str. 43.
- ^ Iohannes Diaconus: Istoria Veneticorum, p. 142 (in Latin)
- ^ "Zagreb, 07 June 2018 - Croatian Diplomacy Day". mvep.hr (Press release). Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ Brković, Milko (October 2001). "The Papal Letters of the second half of the IXth Century to addressees in Croatia". Radovi (in Croatian). Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar (43): 31–32. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
- ^ Bethmann, C. Ludwig: Die Evangelienhandschrift zu Cividale, Hannover, 1877, p. 126
- ^ Codex Diplomaticus Regni Croatiæ, Dalamatiæ et Slavoniæ, Vol I, p. 23
- ^ Croatian Parliament (1995-03-24). "Zakon o odlikovanjima i priznanjima Republike Hrvatske". Narodne novine (in Croatian) (1995/20). Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Further reading[edit]
- Klaić, Vjekoslav (1985). Povijest Hrvata: Knjiga Prva, Druga, Treća, Četvrta i Peta (in Croatian). Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske. ISBN 978-86-401-0051-9.
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