M23 offensive (2022)

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M23 offensive
Part of the Kivu conflict
Mutwanga, Nord-Kivu, PHOTO DU JOUR DU JEUDI 28 AVRIL 2022.jpg
MONUSCO peacekeepers on patrol near Mutwanga, North Kivu, 28 April 2022
Date27 March 2022 – present
Location
North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
Status

Ongoing

Territorial
changes		 M23 takes Bunagana and several other settlements
Belligerents

March 23 Movement
 Rwanda (DR Congo claim)[1]
Supported by:
 Uganda (June 2022; alleged by DR Congo)[2][3]

Jean-Marie Nyatura's militia[4]

 DR Congo
United Nations MONUSCO

 Uganda (March 2022)[8][3]
FDLR (M23 and Rwandan claim)[9][10]
Commanders and leaders
Bertrand Bisimwa[11][12]
Sultani Makenga (WIA)[8][13]
Yusuf Mboneza †[13]
Léon Kanyamibwa[14]		 Democratic Republic of the Congo Félix Tshisekedi[10]
(President of DR Congo)
Democratic Republic of the Congo Peter Cirimwami Nkuba[14]
("Sokola 2/Nord-Kivu" commander until 6 July)
Democratic Republic of the Congo Clément Bitangalo Bulime[14]
("Sokola 2/Nord-Kivu" commander from 6 July)
Democratic Republic of the Congo Philémon Yav Irung[14]
(32nd Military Region commander)
Democratic Republic of the Congo Constant Ndima Kongba[15]
(North Kivu military governor)
Democratic Republic of the Congo Muhindo Lwanzo[16]
(Rutshuru Territory military chief aide)
Democratic Republic of the Congo Francois-Xavier Aba van Ang[10]
(North Kivu deputy police commander)
Units involved

M23 forces

  • Bisimwa faction[11] (Revolutionary Army of Congo)[17]
  • Makenga faction[18]
Rwanda Defence Force (alleged)[19]

DR Congo forces

United Nations Force Intervention Brigade
Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF)[8]

  • 25th Battalion[3]
  • 35th Battalion[3]
Strength
Rebels:
100–200+ (March 2022)[17]
400+ (May 2022)[17]
Rwanda:
500 (alleged)[23]		 Unknown
Casualties and losses
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 helicopter shot down
United Nations 1 helicopter shot down, 8 killed[1]

In late March 2022, the March 23 Movement (M23) launched an offensive in North Kivu, clashing with the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) and MONUSCO. The fighting displaced tens of thousands of civilians and caused renewed tensions between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, as the latter was accused of supporting the rebel offensive.

Background[edit]

Further information: M23 rebellion and Kivu conflict
M23 rebels in Goma, November 2012

The March 23 Movement waged a rebellion in the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from 2012 to 2013. M23 was formed by deserters of the DRC Armed Forces (FARDC) who had previously been members of the CNDP rebel group and been dissatisfied with the conditions of their service. Both the CNDP as well as the March 23 Movement's first rebellion were supported by Rwanda and Uganda.[1][10][27] The uprising was defeated by a joint campaign of the DRC and MONUSCO, the local United Nations peacekeeping force. After agreeing to a peace deal, M23 was largely dismantled, its fighters disarmed and moved into refugee camps in Uganda.[1]

Despite the agreement, hostilities between M23 and the DR Congo continued. In 2017, M23 commander Sultani Makenga and about 100 to 200 of his followers fled from Uganda to resume their insurgency, setting up camp at Mount Mikeno in the border area between Rwanda, Uganda, and the DR Congo.[8][28] Makenga's force launched a minor offensive against the FARDC in 2021;[8][27] however, this operation achieved little, as M23 no longer enjoyed significant international support. Uganda and the DR Congo had greatly improved their relations, cooperating against a common enemy, the Allied Democratic Forces,[8] during Operation Shujaa.[21] In early 2022, a growing number of M23 combatants began leaving their camps and move back to the DR Congo;[1] the rebel movement launched more attacks in February 2022, but these were repelled.[8] The M23 leadership argued that parts of their movement had resumed the insurgency because the conditions of the 2013 peace deal were not being honored by the DRC government.[1][27] The rebels also argued that they were attempting to defend Kivu's Tutsi minority from attacks by Hutu militants such as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR).[9]

The situation was further complicated by the factionalism within M23, as the movement was split into rival groups, namely the "Alliance for the Salvation of the People" headed by Jean-Marie Runiga, and the "Revolutionary Army of Congo" of Bertrand Bisimwa respectively.[11][17] In addition, Makenga's group was de facto separate from the other M23 forces which were still mainly based in Uganda.[18] Later research organized by the United Nations Security Council suggested that Makenga's return to an insurgency had started the gradual rearmament and restoration of M23, with Bisimwa's "Revolutionary Army of Congo" joining these efforts in late 2021 by reorganizing its remaining fighters and recruiting new ones in cooperation with Makenga. The headquarters of the restored M23 is believed to be located at Mount Sabyinyo.[17]

By 2022, M23 was just one of 120 armed groups that operate in the eastern DR Congo.[21] Before March 2022, the Congoloese government made attempts to reinforce its position against the resurgent M23 by sending more troops. However, such measures weakened its presence in other areas, such as those affected by the Allied Democratic Forces insurgency.[17]

Offensive[edit]

Initial rebel attacks[edit]

In the night of 27 March 2022, M23 rebels launched a new offensive in North Kivu,[29] first attacking the villages of Tshanzu and Runyoni in the Rutshuru Territory[30] from their strongholds at the surrounding hills.[27] The two villages had been important strongholds of the M23 Movement during the 2012–13 rebellion.[30] The rebel attack was reportedly led by Sultani Makenga.[8] The DRC government claimed that Rwanda supported the insurgent operation, a claim which was denied by the Rwandan government[1] and the rebels.[27] International Crisis Group researcher Onesphore Sematumba argued that claims about Rwandan aid were believable. He suggested that the resurgence of M23 was probably influenced by Rwanda's wish to stop an infrastructure project which would link the DR Congo and Uganda.[27]

On 29 March, the FARDC was able to repel a rebel attack against the border town of Bunagana, but M23 captured several villages, including Mugingo, Gasiza, Chengerero, Rugamba, Kibote, Baseke and Kabindi.[29] In addition, a UN helicopter crashed at Tshanzu, killing eight MONUSCO peacekeepers (six Pakistanis, a Russian, and a Serbian). The FARDC blamed M23 rebels for shooting down the aircraft.[1][31] At Bunagana, the FARDC received support by the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF). UPDF ground forces crossed the border, while Ugandan aircraft bombed the rebels.[8][3] By 1 April, the clashes at Rutshuru had displaced 46,000 locals according to UNHCR.[32] Meanwhile, the M23 fighters temporarily retreated back to their mountain bases, with their first attacks being regarded as a failure.[8] They proclaimed a unilateral ceasefire.[31][33] One ex-M23 officer told the newspaper taz that it was entirely unclear what the rebel offensive was trying to achieve, with him speculating that Makenga was possibly hoping for one last battle to die in his homeland.[8]

Failure of peace talks and resumption of fighting[edit]

See also: 2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions

On 6 April, the FARDC rejected any negotiations with the M23 forces based in the DR Congo, and started a counter-attack.[31] Four days later, M23 announced that it would withdrew its troops from any villages captured during the earlier clashes.[33] However, as the fighting raged on, FARDC increasingly lost ground to the insurgents.[31] In late April, the DRC government and a number of rebel groups held peace talks in Nairobi,[10] but the Bisimwa faction of M23 voluntarily left[11] or was expelled from the negotiations due to the ongoing clashes in North Kivu.[10][9]

M23 forces, reportedly led by Makenga[10] and including the Bisimwa faction,[11] restarted their offensive in May.[10] According to a local, M23 overran Kibumba on 18 May.[22] On 19 May, M23 rebels attacked MONUSCO peacekeepers at Shangi, Rutshuru Territory, as the latter joined the FARDC in counter-insurgency operations. The rebel leadership declared that the attack was in response to a previous joint FARDC-FDLR operation.[9][a] From 22 May, the rebels attempted to advance on North Kivu's provincial capital, Goma,[10] displacing 70,000 people.[34] From 22 to 23 May, a battle raged at Kibumba, while the insurgents temporarily seized Rumangabo before it was retaken by the FARDC.[22]

On 25 May, M23 reached Goma's outskirts,[10] but were repelled by MONUSCO and FARDC troops after heavy fighting. The insurgents subsequently retreated, and there was a pause in fighting for the rest of the month.[34] At this point, the FARDC accused the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF) of fighting directly alongside the rebels, claiming that local vigilantes had captured two Rwandan soldiers. On the other side, Rwanda claimed that the DR Congo had fired rockets into its territory, was aided by the FDLR,[10] and had "abducted" the two RDF soldiers.[6] The fighting also stoked local ethnic tensions; North Kivu's deputy police commander, Francois-Xavier Aba van Ang, released a video urging civilians to organize as militiamen to combat M23 in a "people's war".[10]

Fall of Bunagana, further rebel advances, and pro-government counter-attacks[edit]

Maps showing the armed groups in North Kivu from October 2020 to June 2022. M23 control is marked in dark red at the border to Rwanda.

By early June, clashes again took place at Bunagana.[19][35] M23 militants reportedly attacked a MONUSCO force at Muhati, Rutshuru Territory, on 8 June.[6] On 12 June, the FARDC repelled another M23 attack on Bunagana, coinciding with the visit of King Philippe of Belgium at Bukavu to the south.[36] Unlike the previous attack on Bunagana, however, the Ugandan security forces across the border did not intervene and instead retreated from the hills overlooking the town.[3] M23 captured Bunagana on the following day, reportedly after encircling it and thus forcing the local garrison[2] of 137 soldiers and 37 police officers to retreat to Kisoro in Uganda.[21][37] There, they surrendered to the local Ugandan security forces. Many civilians also fled across the border.[21] North Kivu's military governor Constant Ndima Kongba initially denied that the FARDC had lost the city,[2] but the FARDC spokesman Sylvain Ekenge later declared that the fall of Bunagana constituted "no less than an invasion" by Rwanda.[38] Tensions between Rwanda and the DR Congo consequently continued to escalate, as the latter suspended "all agreements" with the former.[39] At this point, two senior Congolese security sources[2] and members of the Congolese parliament also accused Uganda of supporting the rebel offensive. The Congolese parliamentarians claimed that the Ugandan retreat before the rebel attack had facilitated the takeover, and specifically singled out Muhoozi Kainerugaba, head of the Ugandan troops involved in Operation Shujaa, for supporting M23. The DR Congo proceeded to terminate the military cooperation with Uganda.[3] The Ugandan government subsequently halted Operation Shujaa, while the Ugandan military claimed that M23's latest attacks did not pose a threat to Ugandan citizens and equipment, making an intervention on their part unneccessary.[39] The local MONUSCO leadership stated that the claims about the Ugandan support for M23 were "nonsense" and called for calm and cooperation.[40]

Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta reacted to the fall of Bunagana and the growing regional tensions by calling for the East African Community (EAC) to "immediate[ly]" organize a new peacekeeping mission called the "East African Regional Force" to restore security in the eastern DR Congo.[41] Meanwhile, MONUSCO began to prepare its local troops to support the efforts of the Congoloese security forces to retake the city.[42] FARDC troops belonging to operations sector "Sokola 2" launched an attack from Kabindi on 16 June,[43] and later claimed that they had recaptured Bunagana.[44] However, the city was reportedly still in rebel hands on the following day, with heavy fighting taking place to its west.[3][45] M23 reportedly counter-attacked, capturing the town of Tshengerero[46] and the villages of Bugusa, Kabindi and Rangira. The insurgents were advancing on Rutshuru, and shot down a FARDC helicopter.[47] Fighting had also spread into the Virunga National Park. Environmentalists pointed out that this threatened the survival of the local mountain gorillas.[48]

The renewed advances of M23 were reportedly part of a plan by Sultani Makenga to cut off and eventually capture Goma, hoping to extract political concessions from the Congolese government in this way.[49] By 18–19 June, the frontline had stabilized along the Rutshuru-Bunagana axis. Combined FARDC-MONUSCO forces still held settlements in the direct vicinity of Tshengerero such as Ntamugenga and Rwanguba, including the latter's important bridge.[50][51] Fighting shifted to the Runyoni-Rumangabo axis, where clashes were reported at the villages of Kavumu and Bikenge.[51] Meanwhile, an EAC meeting was organized in Nairobi to discuss the diplomatic tensions between the DR Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda as well as the deployment of a new peacekeeping force in reaction to the M23 attacks. The DRC government declared that it would welcome a EAC peacekeeping mission, but only under the condition of Rwanda's exclusion from the operation.[52][53] The EAC subsequently called on M23 to retreat from Bunagana[54] as precondition for a casefire, but the insurgents rejected the order.[55] Instead, M23 reopened the Bunagana border post under its own administration,[56] whereupon North Kivu's government forbid the import and export of goods through rebel-held territory.[57]

Pro-government forces retake territory[edit]

Moroccan MONUSCO peacekeepers on a long-range patrol to protect civilians from M23 rebels in Rutshuru Territory.

From 19 to 22 June, clashes continued as M23 attempted to break through FARDC defense positions. At first, the rebels assaulted villages along the southern axis, but were repelled at Karambi, Kitagoma and Kitovu, Bweza, and Busanza. They subsequently focused on Bikenge, Ruvumu, Shangi, and Bukima, overrunning the villages before the FARDC organized a counter-attack. The military was able to retake most of these settlements, though Ruvumu, Buharo, and Rutokara reportedly remained rebel-held. Overall, the pro-government forces generally held their positions, but the rebel assaults increasingly threatened the Matebe-Rwanguba axis.[58][59] According to the newspaper Eco News, the FARDC reportedly inflicted a defeat on M23 at the Runyoni frontline around this time, wounding Sultani Makenga and killing another rebel commander, Colonel Yusuf Mboneza.[13] There was a lull in fighting from 24 to 27 June.[60] Combat resumed on 28 June, as rebels attacked FARDC positions at Bushandaba, Ruseke and the strategic hill of Bikona.[61] Pro-government forces, consisting of the military and police, counter-attacked, and retook the villages of Nkokwe, Ruvumu, Rugarama, Rutakara, Ntamugenga and Rutsiro.[62] On 29 June, the FARDC continued its advance, capturing Kabindi and Chengerero, though M23 militants countered by attacking Rutsiro.[63]

On 1 July, the FARDC claimed to had won a major victory over M23 and allied Rwandan troops after heavy fighting at Rutsiro, Ntamugenga and Nyabikona,[64] completely evicting the insurgents from the Bweza grouping (groupement) in Rutshuru.[65] Clashes continued at Bikenge and Ruseke on 4 July, as the FARDC repelled M23 assaults.[66] On 6 July, the FARDC reorganized the leadership of the forces opposing M23 to improve their efficiency;[14] in addition, Rwandan President Paul Kagame and the Congolese President Félix Tshisekedi held a meeting on the same day. According to the Congolese side, a ceasefire and the withdrawl of M23 from Congoloese soil was agreed upon. Instead of adhering to this agreement, the rebels attacked Kanyabusoro and Rwanguba on the following day.[67] Over the next days, clashes continued at various villages in the Bweza and Jomba groupements, as M23 attempted to retake territory.[68][69] At the same time, however, combat died down along other parts of the frontline.[70]

In the following days, combat largely ceased in the Bweza and Jomba groupements, but fighting erupted in the Kisigari groupement and at two important hills near Rumangabo.[71] Heavy fighting also took place in the Bashali Mukoto groupement, Masisi Territory, as two "Nyatura" factions clashed. One of them was a "dissident" group led by Jean-Marie Nyatura who was considered close to M23; Jean-Marie Nyatura's force attempted to capture several villages before being evicted from most of them by its local rivals.[4] Negotiations also continued between Rwanda and the DR Congo under international mediation, though little progress was made.[72] On 14 July, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni made another attempt at convincing M23 and the Congolese government to organize a ceasefire.[73] Meanwhile, MONUSCO and the FARDC announced that they were shifting forces from other areas to prepare for an operation to fully push M23 back.[74] On 18 July, Congolese government spokesman Patrick Muyaya Katembwe reaffirmed that any negotiations with the rebels depended on M23 retreating from its occupied territory beforehand.[75]

Analysis[edit]

As a result of the M23 advances in 2022, Bintou Keita, top UN official for the DRC, described the group as have "conducted itself as a conventional army, rather than an armed group," and warned that the group's capabilities exceeded that of MONUSCO.[76] According to United Nations Security Council researchers, the presence of individuals in Rwandan uniforms among the rebels has been proven through photos and drone footage, partially explaining the M23 forces' increased professionalism.[14] Congolese researcher Josaphat Musamba concurred, arguing that it was "clear that there is support" behind M23's resurgence. Congo Research Group director Jason Stearns stated that, though there was "no certainty" about Rwanda backing the M23 offensive, the rebels' firepower and various frontline reports made Rwandan involvement "very likely". Regardless of Rwanda's possible role in the offensive, analysts cautioned that M23 had never been just a Rwandan pawn, and always maintained its own agenda.[77]

Stearns argued that the new M23 offensive was possibly aimed at enforcing the group's inclusion in a disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) programme. Previous attempts of M23 at becoming part of this proccess, including after the 2013 agreement, failed due to consiberable opposition by the Congolese public. One of the issues hampering any attempts to achieve M23's complete demobilisation is the fact that several members of the rebel group are known to have committed various war crimes over several years of involvement in insurgencies, even before M23 itself had emerged. This makes their integration into the Congolese security forces or rewarding them with amnesties difficult to justify in the DR Congo.[77]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ It has been reported that some FARDC soldiers who operate in North Kivu are former FDLR members.[12]

References[edit]

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  74. ^ "RDC : la MONUSCO dément avoir fait un aveu d'impuissance face aux rebelles". RadioOkapi. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
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  77. ^ a b Claude Sengenya; Patricia Huon (7 July 2022). "Revived M23 rebellion worsens DR Congo's security troubles". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 7 July 2022.

Works cited[edit]

External links[edit]

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