NLAW

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Not to be confused with M72 LAW.
"RB 57" redirects here. For the reconnaissance aircraft, see Martin RB-57D Canberra.

NLAW
NLAW Kokonaisturvallisuus 2015 01.JPG
NLAW at a Bofors' exhibition stall, 2015
TypeAnti-tank guided missile
Place of origin
[5]
Service history
In service2009–present[6]
Used bySee § Users
Wars2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[7]
Production history
DesignerSaab Bofors Dynamics[6]
Designed1999–2008[4][8]
Manufacturer
Unit costUS$30,000–40,000[11][12][13]
Produced2008–present[4][8]
No. built10,000+[3]
Specifications
Mass12.5 kg (28 lb)[14]
Length102 cm (3 ft 4 in)[4]
Diameter150 mm (5.9 in)[4]
Crew1[15]
Calibre
  • 115 mm (4.5 in) missile body
  • 150 mm (5.9 in) warhead[6]
Muzzle velocity
Effective firing range
Maximum firing range1,000 m (3,300 ft)[4][8]
Sights2.5x Telescopic sight with night vision[2][16]
WarheadHEAT[4]
Warhead weight1.8 kg (4.0 lb)[17]
Detonation
mechanism
Proximity fuze (Overfly Top Attack)[14]
Contact fuze (Direct Attack)[14]
Blast yield>500 mm (20 in) armour penetration[14]
Guidance
system
PLOS (predicted line of sight)[14]
Launch
platform
Man-portable launcher[4]

The Next generation Light Anti-tank Weapon (NLAW) or the Next Generation Light Anti-Armour Weapon,[a] also known as the MBT LAW or the RB 57,[b] is a fire-and-forget, lightweight shoulder-fired, and disposable (single-use) line of sight (LOS) missile system, designed for infantry use. The missile is using a soft-launch system and is guided by predicted line of sight (PLOS). It can carry out an overfly top attack (OTA) on an armoured vehicle, or a direct attack (DA) on structures and non-armoured vehicles. The system was developed in Sweden by prime contractor Saab Bofors Dynamics, on behalf of the British and Swedish defence authorities who procured the system in a joint venture. It is mainly produced in the United Kingdom by Team MBT LAW UK, which includes 14 subcontractors, most notably Thales Air Defence. Users of the weapon include Finland, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.

Overview[edit]

In 1999, the British Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) sent requests for quotations for a new man-portable anti-tank weapon,[21] to compete in the "Next Generation Light Anti-Armour Weapon" programme come January 2001 (to replace the obsolescent British LAW 80s).[15] Swedish Bofors of the Celsius Group (later bought by Saab AB),[22] American Lockheed Martin, and German Dynamit Nobel replied with offers, but only the two former were accepted due to the limited spots. Bofors began development of the so-called MBT LAW the same year.[21]

In May 2002,[23] Saab Bofors Dynamics' MBT LAW was selected as winner over Matra BAe Dynamics' Kestrel (the British derivative of Lockheed Martin's FGM-172 SRAW), resulting in the signing of a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the British DPA and the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) in June.[15][21] Accordingly, the NLAW system-programme became a British–Swedish joint venture (primarily led by the DPA) assigned to Saab Bofors Dynamics (full development and production).[9][18] It was developed in Sweden and produced in the United Kingdom, with final assembly done by subcontractor Thales Air Defence; the two teaming partners have a marketing agreement, enabling any potential customer to procure the system from either Saab Bofors Dynamics or Thales Air Defence.[24] The contract signed in June 2002, between Saab and the two defence authorities, was worth approximately 4.8 billion SEK, including development and serial production; Sweden's share in the serial production was estimated at one billion SEK.[25]

With the finalising of agreements between Sweden and the United Kingdom in 2003,[20] the development of the system continued until 2008, when it entered production in the UK.[4] Deliveries of the weapon began in December 2008, entering the service of the Swedish and British armed forces in mid-2009.[6][19] It has been estimated that the UK requirement for the British Armed Forces was for 14,000 units, or more.[9] In 2005, the Swedish government placed a first order for an undisclosed number of units from Saab;[18] Finland has placed several orders from 2007 to 2017 to Saab, for an undisclosed number of units;[17] followed by Luxembourg,[26] Malaysia,[27] Switzerland,[28] and Indonesia.[29] As of 16 March 2022, the United Kingdom confirmed that it had delivered more than 4,000 of their NLAWs to the Ukrainian military, to be used against the Russians during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[30]

Development[edit]

Research for a new Swedish light anti-tank guided missile began in the 1990s by the Swedish Armed Forces, for its mechanized infantry which were lacking both tanks and anti-tank warfare weapons. Initially, the project focused on creating as simple and cost-effective a system as possible; after some analysis, the need for a man-portable anti-tank weapon with great effectiveness at short to mid-range emerged.[20]

In October 1999, the British DPA awarded Bofors (later Saab Bofors Dynamics) with a product-definition order to procure a weapon-prototype within 22 months, corresponding to the requirements of the British NLAW-programme:[9] To be able to hit a moving target at 400 m (1,300 ft) and a stationary target at 600 m (2,000 ft), with a maximum weight of 12.5 kg (28 lb);[21] some of the requirements later made by the Swedish FMV was a lowered backblast area, a minimum effective range of 20 metres, and an environmental adaptation for international operations.[18] Saab Bofors Dynamics, the DPA, and the FMV each paid a third of the assessment-phase cost for the MBT LAW,[21] of £18 million.[15] The FMV invested additional money during the NLAW trials, while the DPA ceased further payment until a contract was signed.[21]

The project gained momentum in 2002–2003 after being selected by the British and Swedish defence authorities,[15][20] meeting the demanding requirements from both nations.[24][25] Both launcher and missile development was done by Saab Bofors Dynamics in Eskilstuna and Karlskoga, Sweden, using technology derived from earlier Bofors systems; such as the RBS 56B BILL 2 (warhead and guidance) and AT4 CS (confined space capability),[23] as well as some further developments.[21] The United Kingdom and Sweden shared the development-costs.[31] Full production and delivery was expected to begin by the end of 2006, with the development-phase "nearing its end" in 2005 according to Nick Moore (DPA).[16] However, as a result of qualification failures in the tests of November 2006,[9] it was delayed until 2008.[8][19] Due to the similar requirements made by the Swedish and British defence authorities, the weapon comes with only minor differences in appearance.[16] It uses a single shaped-charge warhead, as opposed to other comparable missiles that have a tandem warhead.[32]

Saab, who also develops the system software, announced in 2015 that they had been able to optimise the guidance system by fine-tuning its predicted line of sight. An effective range of 800 m (2,600 ft) and up against stationary targets was demonstrated in April 2014.[8][15] An effective range of 600 m (2,000 ft) against moving targets has also been reported.[17]

Production[edit]

A member of 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, firing an NLAW

As jobs are often the focus of large material orders, a requirement by the British DPA for signing a contract with the winner was that the production of the system would occur in the United Kingdom. For this reason, Saab Bofors Dynamics contracted UK-based Thales Air Defence ahead of the NLAW-programme—while Lockheed Martin contracted Matra BAe Dynamics. To produce the system, Saab and Thales went on to create Team MBT LAW UK which includes 14 subcontractors.[21] As per the agreements signed between the United Kingdom and Sweden in 2002–2003,[24] manufacturing would occur mostly in the UK, with final assembly and test done at the Thales Air Defence facilities in Belfast, Northern Ireland.[15][23] The weapon went into full production in 2008. The final cost for the MBT LAW contract since the beginning of the NLAW-programme, including the assessment phase, development, and manufacture-license, ended up at approximately £400–437 million.[15][19]

Team MBT LAW UK, which provides components for the system, includes: Thales Air Defence (final assembly); BAE Systems Avionics (inertial measurement unit); NP Aerospace (plastic and composite mouldings); FR-HiTemp (control fins and actuators); Raytheon Systems (electronics assemblies); Skeldings (special purpose springs); Thales Missile Electronics (proximity fuze); MetalWeb; BAE Systems RO Defence; EPS Logistics Technology; Express Engineering; Portsmouth Aviation; ICI Nobel Enterprises; Leafield Engineering.[15] The missile's warhead is made in Switzerland by Saab Bofors Dynamics Switzerland Ltd.[33]

More than 10,000 units have been produced,[3] with an estimated cost depending on the source: £20,000 (2008);[9] US$30,000 (2022);[11] US$33,000 (2022);[12] US$40,000 (2022).[13] Each unit has a shelf life of around 20 years.[14]

Operation[edit]

Finnish soldiers simulate the OTA-mode on a BMP-2 in a combat demonstration

The NLAW is a man-portable, soft-launch, and confined-spaces (saltwater countermass) system, allowing the missile to be fired from almost anywhere; the operator can safely fire through any window of a room no bigger than 4m x 2.5m x 2.5m (high).[9][24] The missile is first shot out of the launcher with a low-powered ignition system, after which its main rocket ignites and propels it to the target. Guidance uses a predicted line of sight (PLOS) system. For a moving target, the operator maintains tracking for at least 2–3 seconds, the software embedded in the missile's INS system makes a record of operator's aiming movement, and computes the flight path which will intercept the target.[34] After launch, the missile flies autonomously along the pre-programmed flight path, controlled by an inertial guidance system.[4][35] The system weighs 12.5 kg (28 lb), with a rocket weight of 6.5 kg (14 lb); the mass of the warhead is 1.8 kg (4.0 lb). It can be made ready to fire in just 5 seconds.[17] It is unnecessary for the operator to consider the target distance (so long as it is within range), or to stay exposed whilst the missile is in the air (fire-and-forget).[36]

Against tanks and other armoured vehicles, the overfly top attack (OTA) mode is used; the missile flies about one metre above the line of sight, detonating the warhead above the target's weaker top armour via proximity fuze and magnetic sensors. The direct attack (DA) mode is used against non-armoured targets, detonating the warhead on impact via contact fuze as the missile flies on the line of sight. The launcher can be fired only once and is disposed of after use.[24] The operator can adjust the arming distance of the missile, to avoid a premature detonation triggered by the sensors when it flies over non-targets. They can also fire down or up at a 45-degree angle.[37] The missile will auto-destruct at the maximum flight time of 5,6 seconds, which is about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It is designed to operate in all climate conditions and environments, from −38 to +63 degrees Celsius.[17][38]

It is designated both as the "Next generation Light Anti-tank Weapon" (NLAW) and the "Main Battle Tank and Light Anti-armour Weapon" (MBT LAW) in the British Army; it replaced the obsolescent LAW 80 system and the ILAW (AT4 CS) which was used as a substitute until its deployment.[9][19] In Sweden it is designated as the Robot 57 (RB 57),[14] and in Finland as the 102 RSLPSTOHJ NLAW.[39]

Combat history[edit]

Russo-Ukrainian War[edit]

Russian T-80 destroyed by NLAWs

Preceding the escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United Kingdom supplied 2,000 NLAW systems to Ukraine, with another 1,615 delivered by 9 March 2022[40][41] to bolster Ukraine's military.[7] More NLAWs were requested by the Ukrainian military following reports that they proved highly effective against Russian vehicles, leading to at least 100 more being allocated by Luxembourg.[42][43] Alongside US FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile systems, delivered as a precaution against increased hostilities, the Ukrainian forces reported that NLAWs produced far greater damage against Russian armoured vehicles than their standard Soviet-era equipment.[13] On 24 March 2022, the UK pledged to deliver a further 6,000 NLAWs and a senior Ukrainian military officer also claimed they were the "weapon of choice" for his troops, responsible for 30-40% of Russian tanks destroyed.[44]

An unknown number of used launchers were captured by the armed forces of Russia and the pro-Russian self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic during the conflict.[45][46][47]

NLAWs were the most numerous advanced guided anti-tank missile in Ukraine as of April 2022.[48]

Users[edit]

NLAW users
British soldiers firing an NLAW
World map with operators in blue
  •  Finland: Finland announced missile orders in 2007 worth €38 million.[10][49] In Finnish service the missile is designated 102 RSLPSTOHJ NLAW.[39]
  •  Indonesia: 600 launchers delivered.[29]
  •  Luxembourg: Ordered in 2010.[26]
  •  Malaysia: Ordered in 2016 for service in the Malaysian Army, deliveries began in 2018.[27]
  •  Sweden: In Swedish service the missile is designated Robot 57 (RB 57).[50][6]
  •   Switzerland: Ordered in 2017 to fill capability gap left by M47 Dragon decommissioning in 2008. Deliveries began in 2018.[28]
  •  Ukraine: 2,000 NLAW units were supplied to Ukraine by the United Kingdom by 19 January 2022 in anticipation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[7][36] Another 100 were sent from Luxembourg following the invasion.[43] As of 9 March 2022, the UK confirmed that it had delivered a total of 3,615 NLAW to Ukraine.[40] As of 16 March 2022, the UK confirmed that it had delivered more than 4,000 NLAWs to Ukraine.[30] A further 6,000 are due for delivery.[44]
  •  United Kingdom: Selected in May 2002 for the British Army Next-generation Light Anti-tank Weapon (NLAW) requirement. The system has replaced the ILAW and LAW 80.[9] In British service the missile is designated Guided Missile (GM), NLAW HEAT,[2] K170A1/A2.[51] Or as the "Main Battle Tank and Light Anti-armour Weapon" (MBT LAW).[14][19]

See also[edit]

Explanatory notes[edit]

  1. ^ NLAW is the international designation of the weapon. It is written as the "Next generation Light Anti-tank Weapon",[14] or the "Next Generation Light Anti-Armour Weapon".[9][18] The name derives from the original British NLAW-programme.[14][16]
  2. ^ The weapon which Saab won the contract for in the British NLAW-programme was referred to as the MBT LAW (Main Battle Tank and Light Anti-armour Weapon), which is also the British designation (according to some sources).[14][19] It is known in Sweden as the RB 57 (Robot 57; Missile 57),[14] or the PVRB 57 (Pansarvärnsrobot 57; Anti-tank missile 57).[20]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ a b c "Next-Generation Light Anti-Tank Weapon: NLAW Additional Specifications". Army Mod. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "MBT LAW". Deagel. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "NLAW MBT LAW RB-57: Anti-tank man-portable short-range fire-and-forget missile". Army Recognition. 13 March 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  5. ^ "Waffenlieferungen an Ukraine - Schweizer Gefechtsköpfe gegen russische Panzer". 6 April 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Next generation Light Anti-tank Weapon (NLAW)". Defense Update. Kadima, Israel: Lance & Shield Ltd. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  7. ^ a b c Haynes, Deborah (20 January 2022). "Russia-Ukraine tensions: UK sends 30 elite troops and 2,000 anti-tank weapons to Ukraine amid fears of Russian invasion". Sky News. London, United Kingdom: Sky Group (Comcast). Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Nilsson, Emil (25 June 2015). Written at Stockholm, Sweden. "Product Update – NLAW" (PDF) (Press release). Chicago, United States: Saab AB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2022 – via Cision.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Burr, Tim (11 December 2008). Major Projects Report 2008: Project Summary Sheets (PDF). London, United Kingdom: The Stationery Office (published 18 December 2008). National Audit Office. pp. 89–96. ISBN 978-0102954500. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2022 – via The National Archives.
  10. ^ a b "Saab delivers new anti-tank weapon to Finland" (Press release). Stockholm, Sweeden: Saab AB. 20 December 2007. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Shoulder-launched missiles could make Ukraine war nightmare for all sides". The National. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
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  13. ^ a b c Ahronheim, Anna (1 March 2022). "The weapons that are turning the Russian hunters into prey-analysis". The Jerusalem Post. Jerusalem, Israel: The Jerusalem Post Group. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
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  18. ^ a b c d Lindström, Ulf (15 March 2006). "Nytt pansarvärnssystem" [New Anti-tank system] (PDF). PROTEC (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarets materielverk. p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
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  20. ^ a b c d Skjutreglemente: Pansarvärnsrobot 57 [Shooting regulation: Anti-tank missile 57] (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Armed Forces. 2011. p. 7. LIBRIS ID: 12279733.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Norberg, Ylva (April 2001). "Saab Bofors Dynamics siktar på Storbritannien" [Saab Bofors Dynamics aims for the United Kingdom] (PDF). FMV Aktuellt (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarets materielverk. pp. 6–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  22. ^ "Saab and Celsius create leading Nordic Defense Company". Stockholm, Sweden: Saab AB. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  23. ^ a b c "Saab wins contract in Great Britain worth several billion SEK". Stockholm, Sweden: Saab AB. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  24. ^ a b c d e "NLAW: Next generation Light Anti-tank Weapon". Karlskoga, Sweden: Saab Bofors Dynamics. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022 – via Yumpu.
  25. ^ a b Böhlin, Birgitta (2002). "FMV tecknar Memorandum of understanding med Storbritannien" [FMV signs a Memorandum of understanding with the United Kingdom] (PDF). FMV Aktuellt (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarets materielverk. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  26. ^ a b Written at Stockholm, Sweden. "New Customer Nation for NLAW". ASD News. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: ASD Media BV (published 15 June 2010). Saab AB. 14 June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  27. ^ a b Mahadzir, Dzirhan (26 July 2018). Written at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. "Malaysia emerges as NLAW customer". Shephard Media. London, United Kingdom: Shephard Press Limited (The). Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  28. ^ a b Chuter, Andrew (28 June 2017). Written at London, United Kingdom. "Saab snags $120M Swiss contract for its next-gen anti-tank weapon". Defense News. Tysons, Virginia, US: Sightline Media Group. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  29. ^ a b Adjie, Haryo (15 August 2019). "Hancurkan Sasaran Eks Panser Saladin, Untuk Pertama Kalinya Saab NLAW TNI AD Diuji Tembak" [Destroy the Target of Saladin's Ex Panzer, for the first time the Indonesian Army's Saab NLAW is being tested]. Indomiliter.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  30. ^ a b Wallace, Ben (16 March 2022). "Defence Secretary meets NATO Defence Minister in Brussels". GOV.UK. London, United Kingdom. Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  31. ^ Af Sandeberg, Jane (2008). "Koordination med ambitioner" [Coordination with ambitions] (PDF). PROTEC (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarets materielverk. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  32. ^ "The world's deadliest anti-tank missiles". 28 March 2022.
  33. ^ "Waffenlieferungen an Ukraine - Schweizer Gefechtsköpfe gegen russische Panzer". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in German). 6 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  34. ^ saabgroup.com. "NLAW brochure - Saab". yumpu.com. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  35. ^ "Miniaturization of the Infantry Weapons's Components: New Guided Missiles, Programmable Munitions Enhancing The Infantry Precision Fire Effects". Defense Update. Kadima, Israel: Lance & Shield Ltd. December 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  36. ^ a b Roblin, Sebastien. "The NLAW Missiles The U.K. Rushed To Ukraine May Only Be Useful In Desperate Circumstances". Forbes. Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. ISSN 0015-6914. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  37. ^ "5 facts about Saab's NLAW anti-tank system". SAAB. 11 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  38. ^ "New Anti-tank To Switzerland". C4Defence. 29 June 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  39. ^ a b Heikel, Viktor (18 January 2022). "Storbritannien säljer lätta pansarvärnsmissiler till Ukraina" [The United Kingdom is selling light anti-tank missiles to Ukraine]. YLE (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  40. ^ a b Allison, George (9 March 2022). "Britain sending anti-aircraft and Javelin missiles to Ukraine". UK Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  41. ^ Beale, Jonathan (9 March 2022). "Ukraine: Are arms shipments from the West making a difference?". BBC News. London, United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  42. ^ Atherton, Kelsey D. (3 March 2022). "These are the weapons in the Ukrainian arsenal". Popular Science. New York City, NY, U.S. ISSN 0161-7370. OCLC 488612811. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  43. ^ a b "Luxembourg to send anti-tank weapons, jeeps to Ukraine, defence minister says". Reuters. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  44. ^ a b "Britain promised extra 6,000 missiles and war funds for Ukraine". The Times. 24 March 2022.
  45. ^ "Amerikanskij granatomet i raketu NLAW našli na byvših pozicijah VSU" Американский гранатомет и ракету NLAW нашли на бывших позициях ВСУ [American grenade launcher and NLAW rocket found at former positions of the Ukrainian Armed Forces]. Izvestiya (in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Inews. 27 February 2022. ISSN 0233-4356. OCLC 427395058. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  46. ^ Pritchard-Jones, Oliver (25 February 2022). "Horror as Russians capture British anti-tank weapon: soldiers gloat over deadly device". Daily Express. London, United Kingdom: Reach plc. ISSN 0307-0174. OCLC 173337077. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  47. ^ Written at Dontesk, Ukraine. "Vojska DNR zahvatili kompleksy NLAW i Javelin na ukrainskih pozicijah" Войска ДНР захватили комплексы NLAW и Javelin на украинских позициях [DPR troops seized NLAW and Javelin complexes at Ukrainian positions]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). Moscow, Russia. 6 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  48. ^ Cancian, Mark (12 April 2022). "Will the United States Run Out of Javelins Before Russia Runs Out of Tanks?". Centre for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  49. ^ "Puolustusvoimille uusia lähipanssarintorjuntaohjuksia" [New anti-tank missiles for the Defense Forces]. www.mil.fi (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Defence Forces. 20 December 2007. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  50. ^ "SEK 500M Order from Sweden for RB 57 NLAW". Defense Industry Daily. Defense Industry Daily, LLC. 27 December 2005. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  51. ^ Defence ranges safety (JSP 403 volume 2), Chapter 24 Infantry Anti-Tank Weapon Ranges (PDF). UK Ministry of Defence and Defence Safety Authority. 20 May 2015. p. 8. Retrieved 26 March 2022.

External links[edit]

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