-l

See also: Appendix:Variations of "l"

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-l/

Suffix

-l

1. Marks the adessive case: at
2. Marks the inessive case: in
3. Marks the temporal case: for
4. Marks the instrumental case: using; by means of
5. Marks the testimonial case: by; ... is my witness

References

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 363

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Hungarian

Etymology 1

From a Proto-Uralic *-l suffix.

Suffix

-l

1. (verb-forming suffix) Appended to a noun, an adjective or less frequently to an adverb to form a verb.

   csoda (“miracle”) → csodál (“to admire”)

   hátra (“backwards”) → hátrál (“to step backward”)

   csere (“an exchange”) → cserél (“to change”)

   fésű (“comb”) → fésül (“to comb”)

Usage notes

• (verb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.

  -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.

Derived terms

As personal suffix, noun-forming suffix, verb-forming suffix, or frequentative suffix

• -al
• -ál
• -el
• -ol
• -öl

 

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -l

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-lᴕ/*-lᴕ̈ place name suffix.

Suffix

-l

1. (ablative suffix, obsolete) It is of ancient origin answering the question from where? It is no longer productive and is no longer an independent suffix in modern Hungarian. However, it can still be found in suffixes such as -ból/-ből, -nál/-nél, -ról/-ről, -tól/-től, -ul/-ül, in postpositions such as alól, mellől and in several adverbs, e.g. kívül, belül, hátul. In the Old Hungarian era it could express not only direction but also more abstract adverbs.

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

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Romani

Suffix

-l

1. Forms the third-person singular present indicative of vocalic oikoclitic verbs

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Romanian

Alternative forms

• -ul (for masculine and neuter nouns that do not end in a vowel other than -i)
• -le (for masculine and neuter nouns that end in -e)

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *illu, from Latin ille. Originally followed the noun and became attached to it as an inflection, unlike the definite articles in the other major Romance languages, which go before the noun.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /l/

Suffix

-l m/n

1. (definite article) the (masculine/neuter singular, nominative and accusative)

Usage notes

This form of the definite article is used for both masculine and neuter nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in a vowel other than -e or -i:

• tatăl (the father), from tată, masc.
• fiul (the son), from fiu, masc.
• agrul (the field), from agru, neut.
• leul (the lion), from leu, masc.

The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.

Related terms

• -a (feminine singular nominative and accusative)
• -i (masculine/neuter plural nominative and accusative)
• -le (feminine plural nominative and accusative)

• -lui (masculine/neuter singular genitive and dative)
• -ei (feminine singular genitive and dative)
• -lor (plural genitive and dative)

See also

• ăla
• al