Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present

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Sustainable energy
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2020 in science
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Terrestrial environment
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Timeline of notable events in the research and development of sustainable energy including renewable energy, solar energy and nuclear fusion energy, particularly for ways that are sustainable within the Earth system.

Events currently not included in the timelines include:

Prior history of energy consumption sources up to 2018
Renewable energy capacity[1]

Grids[edit]

Smart grids[edit]

See also: Smart grid § Research

Research about smart grids to reduce, load-balance and optimize energy consumption on the level of the energy infrastructure and make intermittent, spatially-varying sustainable energies viable and interconnected.

Super grids[edit]

See also: Super grid
A super-grid concept.
Estimated power demand over a week in 2012 and 2020, Germany.

Microgrids[edit]

See also: Microgrid, Mini-grid, and Microgeneration

Off-the-grid[edit]

See also: Off-the-grid

Grid energy storage[edit]

See also: Grid energy storage

Other and general variable energy management[edit]

See also: Dispatchable generation, Wind power forecasting, Base load, Electric power transmission, and Variable renewable energy § Solutions for their integration

Solar power[edit]

Further information: Timeline of solar cells and Solar power § Emerging technologies
Reported timeline of research solar cell energy conversion efficiencies since 1976 (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

2020[edit]

  • 6 March – Scientists show that adding a layer of perovskite crystals on top of textured or planar silicon to create a tandem solar cell enhances its performance up to a power conversion efficiency of 26%. This could be a low cost way to increase efficiency of solar cells.[4][5]
  • 13 July – The first global assessment into promising approaches of solar photovoltaic modules recycling is published. Scientists recommend "research and development to reduce recycling costs and environmental impacts compared to disposal while maximizing material recovery" as well as facilitation and use of techno–economic analyses.[6][7]
  • 3 July – Scientists show that adding an organic-based ionic solid into perovskites can result in substantial improvement in solar cell performance and stability. The study also reveals a complex degradation route that is responsible for failures in aged perovskite solar cells. The understanding could help the future development of photovoltaic technologies with industrially relevant longevity.[8][9]

2021[edit]

  • 12 April – Scientists develop a prototype and design rules for both-sides-contacted silicon solar cells with conversion efficiencies of 26% and above, Earth's highest for this type of solar cell.[10][11]
  • 21 May – The first industrial commercial production line of perovskite solar panels, using an inkjet printing procedure, is launched.[14]


Space-based solar power[edit]

Further information: Space-based solar power
See also: SSPS-OMEGA and SPS-ALPHA
2020

Floating solar[edit]

Further information: Floating solar
2020
  • A study concludes that deploying floating solar panels on existing hydro reservoirs could generate 16%–40% (4,251 to 10,616 TWh/year) of global energy needs when not considering project-siting constraints, local development regulations, "economic or market potential" and potential future technology improvements.[17][18]

Water production[edit]

Early 2020s

Wind power[edit]

See also: History of wind power
2021
A vertical axis wind turbine
  • A study using simulations finds that large scale vertical-axis wind turbines could outcompete conventional HAWTs (horizontal axis) wind farm turbines.[29][30]
  • Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of offshore wind farms, cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in strategic decision-making.[31][32]
  • Researchers report, based on simulations, how large wind-farm performance can be significantly improved using windbreaks.[33][34]

Hydrogen energy[edit]

See also: Timeline of hydrogen technologies § 21st century, and Green hydrogen § Research and development
2022
  • Researchers increase water electrolysis performance of renewable hydrogen via capillary-fed electrolysis cells.[35][36]

Hydroelectricity and marine energy[edit]

See also: Hydropower § History, Hydroelectricity § History, Ocean thermal energy conversion, and Marine energy
2021
  • Engineers report the development of a prototype wave energy converter that is twice as efficient as similar existing experimental technologies, which could be a major step towards practical viability of tapping into the sustainable energy source.[37][38]
  • A study investigates how tidal energy could be best integrated into the Orkney energy system.[39] A few days earlier, a review assesses the potential of tidal energy in the UK's energy systems, finding that it could, according to their considerations that include an economic cost-benefit analysis, deliver 34 TWh/y or 11% of its energy demand.[40][41]

Energy storage[edit]

See also: Energy storage § History, History of the battery, and § Grid energy storage

Electric batteries[edit]

Thermal energy storage[edit]

Nuclear fusion[edit]

  • 2020
    • Assembly of ITER, which has been under construction for years, commences.[44]
    • The Chinese experimental nuclear fusion reactor HL-2M is turned on for the first time, achieving its first plasma discharge.[45]
  • 2021
    • [Record] China's EAST tokamak sets a new world record for superheated plasma, sustaining a temperature of 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds and a peak of 160 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds.[46]
    • [Record] The National Ignition Facility achieves generating 70% of the input energy, necessary to sustain fusion, from inertial confinement fusion energy, an 8x improvement over previous experiments in spring 2021 and a 25x increase over the yields achieved in 2018.[47]
    • The first Fusion Industry Association report was published - "The global fusion industry in 2021"[48]
    • [Record] China's Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), a nuclear fusion reactor research facility, sustained plasma at 70 million degrees Celsius for as long as 1,056 seconds (17 minutes, 36 seconds), achieving the new world record for sustained high temperatures (fusion energy however requires i.a. temperatures over 150 million °C).[49][50][51]
  • 2022
    • [Record] The Joint European Torus in Oxford, UK reports 59 megajoules produced with nuclear fusion over five seconds (11 megawatts of power), more than double the previous record of 1997.[52][53]

Geothermal energy[edit]

See also: Geothermal energy § History

Waste heat recovery[edit]

See also: Waste heat recovery
2020
  • Reviews about WHR in the aluminium industry[54] and cement industry[55] are published

Bioenergy, chemical engineering and biotechnology[edit]

See also: Bioenergy, Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage § Current projects, Biobased economy § Energy, Artificial photosynthesis, and Woodchips § Fuel
2020
2022

General[edit]

Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types.

Other energy-need reductions[edit]

See also: Energy conservation, Sustainable lifestyle, Heat cost allocator, and Personal carbon credits

Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of energy efficiency on the level of the energy system.

2020
  • A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent living standards globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite of 'sufficiency' still being materially relatively generous.[60][61][62]

Materials and recycling[edit]

See also: Solar panel § Waste and recycling, Solar cell § Recycling, Rare-earth element § Environmental considerations, and Environmental aspects of the electric car
2020
  • Researchers report that mining for renewable energy production will increase threats to biodiversity and publish a map of areas that contain needed materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "Protected Areas". The authors assess that careful strategic planning is needed.[63][64][65]

Deep-sea mining[edit]

See also: Deep-sea mining
2020

Maintenance[edit]

See also: Soiling (solar energy) § Mitigation techniques

Maintenance of sustainable energy systems could be automated, standardized and simplified and the required resources and efforts for such get reduced via research relevant for their design and processes like waste management.

2022
  • Researchers demonstrate electrostatic dust removal from solar panels.[68][69]

Economic evaluation mechanisms[edit]

2021
  • A review finds that the pace of cost-decline of renewables has been underestimated and that an "open cost-database would greatly benefit the energy scenario community".[70][71]

Feasibility studies and energy system models[edit]

2020
  • A study suggests that All sector defossilisation can be achieved worldwide even for nations with severe conditions. The study suggests that integration impacts depend on "demand profiles, flexibility and storage cost".[72][73]
2021

See also[edit]

2022 in science
Fields
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Other/related
Not yet included
Timelines of related areas

References[edit]

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