Paramilitary
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A paramilitary organization is a semi-militarized force whose organizational structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but is not part of a country's armed forces.[1] Paramilitary units carry out duties that a country's military or police forces are unable, or sometimes unwilling, to handle.
Legality[edit]
Under the law of war, a state may incorporate a paramilitary organization or armed agency (such as a national police or a private volunteer militia) into its combatant armed forces. The other parties to a conflict have to be notified thereof.[2]
Military compared to paramilitary[edit]
Though a paramilitary is not a military force, it is usually equivalent to a military's light infantry force in terms of intensity, firepower, and organizational structure. A paramilitary may also commonly fall under the command of a military, even despite not being part of the military or play an assisting role for the military in times of war. Paramilitary forces can also include private military company missions.
Types[edit]
Depending on the definition adopted, "paramilitaries" may include:
Irregular military[edit]
- Irregular military forces: militias, resistance fighters, guerrillas, insurgents, terrorists, etc.
Auxiliary forces[edit]
- The auxiliary forces of a state's military: national guard, presidential guard, republican guard, state defense force, civil air patrol, home guard, royal guard, and imperial guard.
- Some police forces or auxiliary police: Indonesia's Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob), Detachment 88, India's Assam Rifles, Central Reserve Police Force, Border Security Force, Hong Kong Police Force, Bangladesh's Border Guards Bangladesh etc.
Political[edit]
- Armed, semi-militarized wings of existing political parties:
- the Italian Fascist Party's Voluntary Militia for National Security
- those of the Weimar Republic; which was very common during this period, when every political party in strife-torn Germany had their own; examples include:
- the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung and Schutzstaffel.
- the Monarchist German National People's Party's Der Stahlhelm.
- the Communist Party of Germany's Parteiselbstschutz.
- Sinn Féin's Irish Republican Army.
- Hamas's Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.
- the African National Congress's Umkhonto we Sizwe.
- the Hindu nationalist group Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Law enforcement[edit]
- Police departments of many countries are organized in a manner similar to military forces.
- Semi-militarized law enforcement personnel within normal police forces, such as SWAT teams in the United States and various police tactical units in other countries.
- Gendarmeries, such as Egyptian Central Security Forces and .
- Border guards, such as Australian Border Force, India's Border Security Force, Bangladesh's Border Guards Bangladesh and Turkey's Village guards.
- The United States' Federal Protective Forces and NASA's Emergency Response Teams.
- Security forces of ambiguous military status: internal troops, railroad guards, or railway troops.
Government agencies[edit]
- CIA - Special Activities Center (SAC) (specifically the Special Operations Group (SOG), staffed by Paramilitary Operations Officers)
- CIA - Global Response Staff
Home guards[edit]
- Volunteer Defence Corps, such as Volunteer Defence Corps in Thailand, Volunteer Defence Corps in Australia, Shanghai Volunteer Corps, and Royal Hong Kong Regiment.
Civil defense[edit]
- The fire departments of many countries are often organized in a manner similar to military or police forces despite being unarmed.
- The Belgian Civiele Bescherming and Singapore Civil Defence Force.
- The Australian State Emergency Service.
- The Lithuanian Riflemen's Union.
Examples of paramilitary units[edit]
Paramilitary uniforms and equipment[edit]
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Due to status and legal reasons, Paramilitary forces tend to be issued similar/capable equipment etc but not issued to the Armed Forces as they have a completely different function and role.[citation needed]
Commercially manufactured non-government issue "tactical gear" sold to the civilian market can be also classed as Paramilitary gear.
See also[edit]
- Category:Rebel militia groups
- Internal Troops
- Security forces
- Weimar paramilitary groups
- List of Serbian paramilitary formations
- Paramilitarization
- Militarization of police
- Gendarmerie
- Panamanian Public Forces
- Fourth-generation warfare
- Private army
- Private Military Companies
- Death squad
- Violent non-state actor
- Military urbanism
- Urban guerrilla warfare
- List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
References[edit]
- ^ "paramilitary". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. June 2011 [online edition; original published in June 2005]. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
Designating, of, or relating to a force or unit whose function and organization are analogous or ancillary to those of a professional military force, but which is not D regarded as having professional or legitimate status.
- ^ "Customary IHL - Section B. Incorporation of paramilitary or armed law enforcement agencies into armed forces". Icrc.org. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
Further reading[edit]
- Golkar, Saeid. (2012) Paramilitarization of the Economy: the Case of Iran's Basij Militia, Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 38, No. 4
- Golkar, Saeid. (2012). Organization of the Oppressed or Organization for Oppressing: Analysing the Role of the Basij Militia of Iran. Politics, Religion & Ideology, Dec., 37–41. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.725661
- Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2020). Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882524-1.
External links[edit]
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Look up paramilitary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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