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Nezak Huns

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Nezak Huns
𐭭𐭩𐭰𐭪𐭩 nycky
484–665 CE
Royal Bull's-head crown of the Nezak kings of Nezak Huns
Royal Bull's-head crown of the Nezak kings
Location of the Nezak Huns circa 500-530 CE, with neighbouring polities.
CapitalGhazna
Kapisa
Common languagesPahlavi script (written)[1]
Middle Persian (common)[1]
Religion
Buddhism
Zoroastrianism
GovernmentNomadic empire
Nezak Shah 
• 653 - 665
Ghar-ilchi
Historical eraLate Antiquity
• Established
484
• Disestablished
665 CE
CurrencyHunnic Drachm
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Sasanian Empire
Alchon Huns
Turk Shahis
Zunbils
Today part ofAfghanistan
Pakistan

The Nezak Huns (Pahlavi: 𐭭𐭩𐭰𐭪𐭩 nycky),[2] also Nezak Shahs,[1] were the last of the four Hunnic states in the area of the Hindu Kush, active from circa 484 to 665 CE. They ruled over Zabulistan (from Ghazni) and Kabulistan (from Kapisa) for about two centuries, spanning twelve generations. While their history remains obscured, the Nezaks left behind significant coinage—with a characteristic water-buffalo-head crown—documenting their polity's prosperity.

In the wake of Sassanian defeat at the hands of Hephthalites, the Nezaks rose to power. The founder, Khingal, might have been a Huna ally or an indigenous ruler, who accepted tributary status. Nothing particular is known about the next ten rulers; they received regular diplomatic missions from the Tang Dynasty throughout, and probably coexisted with the Alchon Hunas c. mid sixth century. The polity disintegrated in mid seventh century, faced with increasing invasions from the Arab frontier and the throne was usurped by Barha Tegin, a vassal, who established the Turk Shahis.

Etymology[edit]

In contemporary sources, the word "Nezak" either appears as the Arabic nīzak or the Pahlavi nyčky.[3] The former was used only in describing the Nezak Tarkhans, while the latter was used in the coinage of the Nezak Huns.[3] The etymology remains disputed: Frantz Grenet sees a possible—yet not firmly established—connection with Middle Persian nēzag ("spear")[4] while János Harmatta traces back to the unattested Saka *näjsuka- "fighter, warrior" from *näjs- "to fight".[3]

Two Middle Chinese words have also been proposed as probable transcriptions of Nezak: Nasai (捺塞) and Nishu (泥孰), but they have phonetic dissimilarities.[5] From a review of Chinese chronicles, Minoru Inaba, a historian of medieval Central Asia at Kyoto University, concludes Nishu to have been both a personal name and titular epithet across multiple Turkic tribes.[6]

Territories[edit]

Nezak Huns ruler, circa 460-560 CE.

The Nezak Huns ruled over the State of Jibin, commanding thirty principalities of unknown names. Jibin has been also referred to as Kapisi in Chinese sources; however, it does not appear that the regions were absolutely synonymous.[7] Cao seem to have been the erstwhile name of Kapisi; however some scholars disagree with this identification.[8] It is also assumed to correspond to Kabul of Arabic sources, which is also the modern name.[5]

Sources[edit]

The dynasty (or royal house) of the Nezak Huns is assumed to have existed primarily on the basis of a distinct coin series. They were the last of the four major "Hunic" states known collectively as Xionites or "Hunas", their predecessors being, in chronological order, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, and the Alchons.[9] The entire Hunnic period remains poorly understood and is a subject of frequent revision in scholarship.[10]

Literature[edit]

Literature from Nezak courts does not survive, and the only mentions are recorded in Chinese chronicles. The end of the dynasty is also recorded by Arabic historians. No epigraphic inscriptions are known apart from coinage.

Thirteen missions from Jibin to the Tang Court are recorded in the Cefu Yuangui and Old Book of Tang from 619 till 665;[a] though the specific name "Nezak Hun" is not used, historians assume them to be referring to the Nezak Huns.[11][12] The most comprehensive source among them, dated to 658 CE, comes from the Chinese record of the thirteenth mission, which declared Jibin as the "Xiuxian Area Command" and gave an account of a local dynasty of twelve rulers, starting from Xinnie ("Khingal") and ending with Hexiezi ("Ghar-ilchi"):[13][14]

In the third year of the Xianqing reign [658 CE], when [Tang envoys] investigated the customs of this state [Jibin], people said: "From Xinnie, the founder of the royal house, up to the present [King] Hexiezi, the throne has been passed from father to son, [and by now] there have been twelve generations." In the same year, the city was established as Xiuxian Area Command.

— Old Book of Tang, 198.[15][16][17]

The other significant description comes from the Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang who had visited the king of Jibin in 643 CE.[18][b] He met him in Udabhandapura and then travelled with him to Ghazni, and then to Kabul.[18] Xuanzang described the king as belonging to the shali (刹利) / suli (窣利) race,[c] and as a fierce and intelligent warrior commanding rude subjects.[20] Besides, miscellaneous compilations of the Tang Dynasty mention the Kings of Jibin to wear a Bull-head crown.[21][d] The last mention of the dynasty is believed to be in 661-662 CE, when the chronicles record that the king of Jibin received a formal investiture from the Chinese court, as Military Administrator and Commander-in-Chief of the Xiuxian Area and eleven prefectures.[15][16][23]

Coinage[edit]

Pahlavi legend: 𐭭𐭩𐭰𐭪𐭩𐭬𐭫𐭪, nycky MLK "Malik/ King of the Nezak", from right to left, on the obverse of Nezak coinage.[1][24]

The Nezaks started to mint their own coins on the model of Sasanian coinage, but also incorporated Alkhon iconography, as well as their own unique styles.[25] There were four types of drachms and obols in circulation.[25]

The symmetrically-winged crown of Sasanian ruler Peroz I was adopted on the obverse,[e] but was supplemented on top with a water buffalo-head,[25][f] which went on to become the defining characteristic of the Nezaks.[26][g] The vegetal appendage beneath the bust was certainly borrowed from Alchon coinage.[29] Similarly, the Sasanian-type reverse, consisting in the Zoroastrian fire-altar with two attendants carrying barsom-bundles, was adopted, but unique "sun-wheels" were added above their heads.[30] A Pahlavi legend, meaning "King of the Nezak", was also introduced.[1][h] This legend was always completed by an "ā" (Pahlavi: 𐭠) or a "š" (Pahlavi: 𐭮), which has led to suggestions that they might correspond to the mints of Ghazni and Kabul respectively or vice versa.[31]

Coins exhibit progressive debasement, as silver decreased in favour of alloys incorporating more and more copper.[28]

History[edit]

Origins and Establishment (484 CE)[edit]

The Nezak Huns managed to take control of Zabulistan sometime after the defeat and eventual death of Sassanian Emperor Peroz I (r. 459–484) against the Hephthalites.[26][32] The name of their founder is only recorded by the Chinese chronicles of the thirteenth diplomatic mission (658 CE) as Xinnie , reconstructible as "Khingal", who may have been identical with the Khingila (430-495 CE) of the Alchon Huns, thereby pointing to a possible connection between the two groups.[28] The presence of Nezak bull's head[i] in some Alchon coins minted at Gandhara supports such a linkage, too.[29]

In contrary, Shōshin Kuwayama—primarily depending on Xuanzang's recording the rulers of Kapisi as Kshatriya, about two centuries hence and absence of Hunnic identifiers in coinage—ascribes an indigenous origin to the dynasty, naming it after "Khingal".[33] Vondrovec finds his arguments to be unpersuasive in light of coinage records prominently bearing "Nezak Shah"[34] while Inaba proposes a reading that fits to both evidence: the Nezaks were indeed indigenous but being a tributary state of the Hephthalites, had to accept Turkish titles.[10]

Chinese chronicles notes the Nezaks (specifically the "House of Khingal") to have ruled for twelve generations; the names of the ten intermediary rulers remain unknown.[28]

Overlap with Alchons (mid-late 6th century onward)[edit]

Alchon-Nezak crossover coinage: Nezak-style bust on the obverse, and Alchon tamga (Alchon tamgha) within double border on the reverse.[35] Alram believes the "double border" design to have been borrowed from Khosrow II (r. 590-628 CE) or later Sassanians.[35][36] However, the design was only reintroduced by Khosrow II; it was first used by Balash (r. 484-488 CE).[36] Coin type 231; copper.[37]

Around 528/532 CE, the Alchons underwent a reversal in fortunes and had to withdraw from mainland India into Kashmir and Gandhara under Mihirakula.[34] Göbl proposes that a few decades hence, they migrated via the Khyber pass into Kabulistan either merging with the Nezak Huns or nominally subduing them or submitting to them; Vondrovec as well as Alram agree.[34][j]

Hoards exclusively containing Alchon overstrikes against Nezak flans have been discovered around Kabul.[38] A class of drachms and coppers of unprecedented denomination—since termed the Alchon-Nezak crossover and assumed to have been minted around these times—have their obverse featuring Nezak busts adorned in Alchon-styled crowns alongside a corrupted version of the Pahlavi legend and a small Alchon tamgha (Alchon tamgha).[39][40] However, classical Nezak coinage, even if temporally interrupted, did not fall out of fashion and influenced coinage throughout the seventh century and later.[41]

Conflict with the Sassanians[edit]

Around 560 CE, the Sasanian Empire under Khosrow I allied with the Western Turks to defeat the Hepthalites, and took control of Bactria.[42] They may also have usurped control of Zabulistan from the Nezaks on the same occasion, as suggested by the creation of Sasanian coin mints in the area of Kandahar during the reign of Ohrmazd IV (578-590 CE).[42] The Alchon-Nezaks probably took back Zabulistan from the Sasanians by the end of the 6th century CE.[35]

Decline: Rashidun and Umayyad invasions[edit]

class=notpageimage|
Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura invaded the territory of Zamindawar in 653, and captured Kabul in 665 CE.

In 653 CE, a Tang diplomatic mission recorded that the crown-prince of Jibin had become the new king; this prince is assumed to be Ghar-ilchi, who would be recorded as the twelfth Nezak ruler in the thirteenth diplomatic mission, five years hence.[16] He was also likely to be the unnamed ruler who was confirmed as Governor of Jibin under the newly formed Chinese Anxi Protectorate, in 661 CE.[15][33]

In 664-665 CE, Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura launched a new expedition to reconquer[k] Arachosia and Zabulistan, capturing Bost and other cities. Kabul was occupied in 665 CE after a siege of a few months but soon revolted, only to be reoccupied after another year-long siege.[l] These events mortally weakened the Nezaks though their ruler, not named in sources, was spared upon converting to Islam.[47]

Replacement by the Turk Shahis (c. 666 CE)[edit]

Eventually, the Nezak-Alchons were replaced by the Turk Shahis, first in Zabulistan and then in Kabulistan and Gandhara.[48] According to Hyecho, who visited the region about 50 years after the events, the first Turk Shahi ruler of Kapisi—named Barha Tegin by Al-Biruni[48]—was an usurper, who used to be a vassal in the service of the last Nezak King.[49][16][50][m]

Early coin of Turk Shahi ruler Barha Tegin, in the style of the Nezak Huns, whom he displaced. On the obverse, new legend in the Bactrian script: σριο Þανιο (Srio Shaho, "Lord King") with tamgha. Late 7th century CE.[35]

Despite, the Nezaks might have survived as a local chieftaincy in or around Kapisi for a few more decades.[7] With the rise of the Turk Shahis, the coinage of the region started to incorporate a new legend, using the Indian honorific "Shri" ("Perfection") with the royal title "Shahi" in the Bactrian language (σριο ϸανιο, Srio šauoi) and in Sanskrit (Śri Sāhi), but the bull's head crown of the Nezaks persisted well into the 8th century CE.[28][35]

Link with Nezak Tarkhans[edit]

"Nezak Tarkhan" was used as an appellation by at least two rulers in Western Tokharistan;[3] Tarkhan was a popular title (like Shah) in Central Asia.[54] One of them played an important role in leading a revolt against the Arab commander Qutayba ibn Muslim circa 709/710 CE.[28][3] Historians have speculated about possible relations with the eponymous Hunas, but they operated in areas quite remote from the usual Huna realms, and may have been unrelated.[1]

Society[edit]

Location of the Nezak Huns, and political fragmentation of South Asia circa 600 CE, after the retreat of the Alchon Huns to the northwest and the fall of the Gupta Empire.[55]

Xuanzang noted the polity to exhibit religious pluralism.[56] Buddhism was the dominant religion with over a hundred monasteries yet there were also "ten temples of the Devas [Brahmins -?]", and many devoted to heretic ascetics who wore animal bones and roamed about smeared with ashes.[57][n] Xuanzang also alluded to a conflict between two heretic sects—those who worshipped "Zhuna" and those who worshipped Sun—resulting in the migration of former to Zabul, southward.[59][o]

See also[edit]

Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan
"Interior of the palace of Shauh Shujah Ool Moolk, Late King of Cabul"
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Ancient
Indus Valley Civilisation 2200–1800 BC
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Indo-Greek Kingdom 180–130 BC
Indo-Scythian Kingdom 155–80? BC
Kushan Empire 135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian Kingdom 20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire 230–651
Kidarite Kingdom 320–465
Alchon Huns 380–560
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  • Xionites
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    • Notes[edit]

    1. ^ These missions were in the years 619, 629, 637, 640, 642, 647, 648, 651, 652, 653, 654, 658, and 665.
    2. ^ Dharmagupta, a South-Indian Buddhist monk, visited the kingdom in his travels; however, his biography by Yan Cong is now lost.[19]
    3. ^ The former term has been extensively used in Buddhist Sutras to mean "Kshatriya". Some manuscripts use the latter, which can either be a corrupted reading or refer to inhabitants of Sogdia.[20]
    4. ^ Mentioned to be worn by the King of Cao in the chapter on Western Regions in the Běishǐ (659 CE); repeated in the section on Jibin in the Tongdian (766-776 CE).[22] Both the descriptions were likely borrowed from the chapter on Western Regions in the Suishu (629-630 CE); however, extant editions replace bull-head with fish-head.[21] This scribal error was also carried into the Cefu Yuangui, edited c. 11th century.[21]
    5. ^ Göbl emphasizes that the wings were attached to the diadem in Nezak coinage. Despite, both Vondrovec and Alram consider the feature to be an adoption from the third crown of Peroz and imposes a terminus post quem of about 474 CE.[26]
    6. ^ The animal was a water-buffalo given the ribbed appearance of the horns; not a bull or zebu. This buffalo-head was also mentioned in Chinese sources as an attribute of the Nisai (phonetic for "Nezak") king of Kabul.[27]
    7. ^ Such coins appear well into the 8th century, the design continuing more or less unchanged for a period of about 150 years.[28]
    8. ^ This legend was misread by some historians as "Napki Malka", who was assumed to be a Nezak King. The use of Pahlavi may reflect the importance of Middle Persian as the primary language of their territories at that time rather than origins.[1]
    9. ^ However, there remained stylistic differences: there was no neck and the ribbed nature of horns is unclear.
    10. ^ This interaction happened under Toramana himself or a Toramana II. Alram's Narendra has been since accepted as the result of misreading a Brahmi legend, that actually referred to the latter.
    11. ^ In 653-4 CE, an army of around 6,000 Arabs led by Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura of the Rashidun caliphate had seized Rukhkhaj and Zamindawar. In the shrine of Zoon in Zamindawar, it is reported that Samura "broke off a hand of the idol and plucked out the rubies which were its eyes in order to persuade the marzbān of Sīstān of the god's worthlessness."[43][44] Bost and Zabulistan submitted to the Arab invader by a treaty of capitulation in 656 CE.[43] However, the Muslims soon lost control of these territories during the First Civil War (656-661), which led to the replacement of the Rashidun caliphate by the Umayyad Caliphate in 661.[43]
    12. ^ Ibn A'tham al-Kufi notes the ruler of Kabul to have mounted periodic resistances against Samura before retreating into the city.[45] This ruler is unfavorably compared to Samura, who had persisted in the seize despite difficulties.[46]
    13. ^
      Account of Gandhara by Hyecho (first three lines given here).

      From Kashmir I travelled further nortwest. After one month's journey across the mountains I arrived at the country of Gandhara. The king and military personnel are all Turks. The natives are Hu people; there are Brahmins. The country was formerly under the influence of the king of Kapisa. A-yeh [alternatively read as "The father", than a personal name, referring to Barha Tegin, father of then-King Tegin Shah[51]] of the Turkish King took a defeated cavalry [alternatively "led an army and a tribe" or "led troops of his entire tribe"[51]] and allied himself to the king of Kapisa. Later, when the Turkish force was strong, the prince assassinated the king of Kapisa [possibly Ghar-ilchi] and declared himself king. Thereafter, the territory from this country to the north was all ruled by the Turkish king, who also resided in the country.

      — Hyecho on Gandhara, "An account of travel to the five Indian kingdoms", c. 726 CE.[52][53]
    14. ^ Beal interpreted these ascetics variously as Kāpālikas, Digambara Jains, and Pashupatas. Kuwayama as well as Lorenzen do not take exception.[58]
    15. ^ Kuwayama suspects the original shrine of Zhuna (then, Sun/Aruna) to have been at Khair Khaneh.[60]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ a b c d e f g Rezakhani 2017, p. 159.
    2. ^ Alram, Michael (1 February 2021). Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. p. 9. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
    3. ^ a b c d e Inaba 2010, p. 191.
    4. ^ Grenet 2002, p. 159.
    5. ^ a b Inaba 2010, p. 192.
    6. ^ Inaba 2010, p. 196-197.
    7. ^ a b Kuwayama 2000, p. 60.
    8. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 30-32.
    9. ^ Rezakhani 2017, p. 158.
    10. ^ a b Inaba 2010, p. 200.
    11. ^ Kuwayama 1991, p. 115.
    12. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 41.
    13. ^ 稲葉穣, Inaba Minoru (2015). "From Caojuzha to Ghazna/Ghaznīn: Early Medieval Chinese and Muslim Descriptions of Eastern Afghanistan". Journal of Asian History. 49 (1–2): 97–117, especially p. 108 Table 2. doi:10.13173/jasiahist.49.1-2.0097. ISSN 0021-910X.
    14. ^ Rezakhani 2017, p. 164.
    15. ^ a b c Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. p. 104. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.
    16. ^ a b c d Rahman 2002a, p. 37.
    17. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Chinese original: 显庆三年，访其国俗，云“王始祖馨孽，至今曷撷支，父子传位，已十二代。”其年，改其城为修鲜都督府。龙朔初，授其王修鲜等十一州诸军事兼修鲜都督。"旧唐书/卷198 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Simplified Chinese).
    18. ^ a b Alram, Michael (1 February 2021). "The Numismatic Legacy of the Sasanians in the East" in "Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford". BRILL. p. 15. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
    19. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 47.
    20. ^ a b Inaba 2010, p. 193.
    21. ^ a b c Kuwayama 2000, p. 45-46.
    22. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 45.
    23. ^ "At the beginning of the Lonshuo reign [661-662], the king [of Jibin] was invested with the title Military Administrator of Xiuxian and eleven prefectures, and Xiuxian Commander-in-Chief" Original Chinese: "龙朔初，授其王修鲜等十一州诸军事兼修鲜都督。" in Old Book of Tang: "国学原典·史部·二十四史系列·旧唐书·卷二百一十". www.guoxue.com., translation by Balogh, p.104
    24. ^ Alram, Michael (1 February 2021). Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. p. 25. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
    25. ^ a b c Vondrovec 2010, p. 169.
    26. ^ a b c Alram 2014, p. 280.
    27. ^ Rezakhani 2017, p. 159-160.
    28. ^ a b c d e f Alram 2014, p. 280-281.
    29. ^ a b Vondrovec 2010, p. 179.
    30. ^ Vondrovec 2010, p. 170.
    31. ^ Rezakhani 2017, p. 160-162.
    32. ^ Vondrovec 2010, p. 173.
    33. ^ a b Kuwayama 2000, p. 43.
    34. ^ a b c Vondrovec 2010, p. 174.
    35. ^ a b c d e Alram 2014, p. 282.
    36. ^ a b Gariboldi, Andrea (2004). "Astral Symbology on Iranian Coinage". East and West. 54 (1/4): 44. ISSN 0012-8376.
    37. ^ Vondrovec 2010, p. 182-183.
    38. ^ Vondrovec 2010, p. 177-178.
    39. ^ Vondrovec 2010, p. 182.
    40. ^ Rezakhani 2017, p. 162.
    41. ^ Vondrovec 2010, p. 182, 184-187.
    42. ^ a b Alram 2014, p. 278.
    43. ^ a b c Daryaee, Touraj; Daryāyī, Tūraǧ (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9.
    44. ^ André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990. p 120
    45. ^ Rehman 1976, pp. 58–59.
    46. ^ Rehman 1976, pp. 59.
    47. ^ Rehman 1976, pp. 59, 64.
    48. ^ a b Alram, Michael (1 February 2021). Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. p. 12. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
    49. ^ Rahman 2002a, p. 39.
    50. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 59.
    51. ^ a b Kuwayama, Shōshin (桑山正進) (1993b). "6-8 世紀 Kapisi-Kabul-Zabul の貨幣と發行者 (6-8 seiki Kapisi-Kabul-Zabul no kahei to hakkōsha "Coins and Rulers in the 6th-8th Century Kapisi-Kabul-Ghazni Regions, Afghanistan"" (PDF). 東方學報 (in Japanese). 65: 405 (26).
    52. ^ Ch'o, Hye; Ch'ao, Hui; Yang, Han-sŭng (1984). The Hye Ch'o Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India. Jain Publishing Company. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-89581-024-3Also published by the Asian Humanities Press, 1986, Issue 2 of Religions of Asia series Unesco collection of representative works [1] {{cite book}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
    53. ^ Original Chinese: 又從迦葉彌羅國西北隔山一月程至建馱羅。此王及兵馬。總是突厥。土人是胡。兼有婆羅門。此國舊是罽賓王王化。為此突厥王阿耶領一部落兵馬。投彼罽賓王。於後突厥兵盛。便殺彼罽賓王。自為國主。因茲國境突厥覇王此國已北。並住中。 in "遊方記抄 第1卷 CBETA 漢文大藏經". tripitaka.cbeta.org.
    54. ^ Vondrovec 2010, p. 199.
    55. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (i). ISBN 0226742210.
    56. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 29.
    57. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 27.
    58. ^ David N. Lorenzen (1972). The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects. University of California Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-520-01842-6.
    59. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 27-30.
    60. ^ Kuwayama 2000, p. 33-36.

    Sources[edit]

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