Elu
Eḷu | |
---|---|
Helu | |
Region | Sri Lanka |
Era | Evolved into Sinhalese and Dhivehi |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
Eḷu, also Hela or Helu, is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of the 3rd century BCE. It is ancestral to the Sinhalese and Dhivehi languages.
R. C. Childers, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, states:
[Elu] is the name by which is known an ancient form of the Sinhala language from which the modern vernacular of Ceylon is immediately received, and to which the latter bears is of the same relation that the English of today bears to Anglo-Saxon...The name Elu is no other than Sinhala much succeeded, standing for an older form, Hĕla or Hĕlu, which occurs in some ancient works, and this again for a still older, Sĕla, which brings us back to the Pali Sîhala.[1]
The Pali scholar Thomas William Rhys Davids refers to Eḷu as "the Prakrit of Ceylon".[2]
The Hela Havula are a modern Sri Lankan literary organization that advocate the use of Eḷu terms over Sanskritisms. Eḷu is often referred to by modern Sinhalese as amisra, Sanskrit and Sinhalese term for "unmixed".
A feature of Eḷu is its preference for short vowels, loss of aspiration and the reduction of compound consonants found frequently in other Prakrits such as Pali.
Eḷu in comparison with Pali and Sanskrit[edit]
Being a Prakrit, Eḷu is closely related to other Prakrits such as Pali. Indeed, a very large proportion of Eḷu word-stems are identical in form to Pali. The connections were sufficiently well known that technical terms from Pali and Sanskrit were easily converted into Eḷu by a set of conventional phonological transformations. Because of the prevalence of these transformations, it is not always possible to tell whether a given Eḷu word is a part of the old Prakrit lexicon, or a transformed borrowing from Sanskrit.
Vowels and diphthongs[edit]
- Sanskrit ai and au always monophthongize to Eḷu e and o, respectively
- Examples: maitrī → met, auṣadha → osada
- Sanskrit avi becomes Eḷu e (i.e. avi → ai → e)
- Example: sthavira → thera
Sound changes[edit]
- Initial ca in Sanskrit and Pali becomes s or h
- Examples: canda → sanda, handa
- P if not omitted becomes v
- Examples: rūpa → ruva, dīpa → diva
- The Sanskrit sibilants ś, ṣ, and s merge as Eḷu s
- Examples: śaraṇa → saraṇa, doṣa → dosa
- The Sanskrit kti becomes ti or vi
- Examples: bhakti → bätiya, shakti → saviya
Compound consonants[edit]
At the beginning of a word only a single consonant can remain
- Examples: dharma → dahama
- Examples: prāna → pana
In the middle of a word no group may exceed one consonant
- Examples: artha → aruta
- Examples: danta → data
List of Elu words with their Sanskrit and Pali equivalents[edit]
Elu | Sanskrit | Pali | English |
---|---|---|---|
äsa | akṣi | akkhi | eye |
adara | ādara | respect | |
aga | agra | agga | end, chief, principal |
ahasa | ākāśa | ākāsa | sky |
akosa | ākrōśa | akkosa | insult, abuse |
akmana | ākramana | akkamana | attack |
aksuma | akṣama | intolerance, impatience | |
akura | akṣara | akkhara | letter of the alphabet |
anada | ānanda | ānanda | bliss |
aruta | artha | attha | meaning |
asuna | āsana | āsana | seat |
ata | hasta | hatta | hand |
atuna | antra | anta | intestine |
bambu | brahma | brahma | Brahma |
bamburā | barbara | barbarian | |
bamunā | brāhmaṇa | babhana | Brahman |
basa | bhāṣā | bhāsā | language |
bima | bhūmi | bhūmi | land |
bubula | budbuda | bubbula | bubble |
boduna | bhōjana | bhojana | food |
bodu | bauddha | bauddha | Buddhist |
bōsat | bōdhisattva | bōdhisatta | Bodhisattva |
dahama, dam | dharma | dhamma | Dharma |
data | danta | danta | tooth |
däla | jāla | jāla | Net (device) |
devola | devālaya | devālaya | temple |
diga, digu | dīrgha | dīgha | long |
diva | jihvā | jivhā | tongue |
diviya | jīvita | jīvita | life |
dudana, dujana | durjana | dujjana | wicked, malicious |
dujanā | durjanayā | wicked person | |
dukata | duṣkṛta | wicked deed | |
dulaba | durlabha | dullabha | rare |
duma | dhūma | dhūma | smoke |
dupa | dhūpa | dhūpa | incense |
gama | grāma | gāma | village |
gata | gātra | gatta | body |
gatakura | gātrākṣara | consonant | |
kana | karṇa | kanna | ear |
karuvā | kāra | person | |
keta | kṣetra | khetta | field |
kiḍa | krīḍā | sport | |
kila | kīlā | kīlā | sport |
kinu | kṛṣṇa | dark | |
kilu | kliṣṭa | kiliṭṭha | dirty |
kiluTu | kliṣṭa | kiliṭṭha | dirty |
kiri | kṣīra | khīra | milk |
kumarā | kumāraka | kumāra | son, prince |
kumari | kumāri | kumāri | girl, princess |
kuriru | krūra | kurūra | cruel |
laka | laṅkā | lanka | Sri Lanka |
lassana | lakṣaṇa | lakkhana | beautiful |
lova | lōka | lōka | world |
maga | mārga | magga | way |
magula | maṅgala | maṅgala | marriage |
matura | mantra | manta | incantation |
mäda | madhyama, madhya | majjha | middle |
miturā | mitra | mitta | friend |
mugalan | moggallana | mogallana | |
mudu | mṛdu | mudu | soft |
muwa | mukha | mukha | mouth |
mädura | mandira | mandira | palace |
mula | mūla | mūla | origin |
näba | nābhi | nābhi | navel |
näva | naukā | nāvā | ship |
nētra | netta | eye | |
nidana | nidhāna | nidhāna | treasure |
nimala | nirmala | nimmala | pure |
nipana | niṣpanna | production | |
nivana | nirvāṇa | nibbana | Nirvana |
nuvara | nagara | nagara | city |
pabala | prabala | pabala | mighty |
pamana | pramāna | pamāna | amount |
parapura | paramparā | generation | |
pänaya | praśna | panha | problem, question |
pava | pāpa | pāpa | sin |
pavasa | pipāsa | pipāsam | thirst |
parana | purāṇa | purāna | old |
parusa | paruṣa | pharusa | harsh |
pasana | prasanna | pasanna | pleasant |
pāsala | pāṭhaśālā | pāṭasālā | school |
pavaruna | prakaraṇa | treatise | |
pätuma | prārthanā | wish, hope | |
pedesa | pradēśa | country | |
pema | prēma | pema | love |
piduma | pūjā | pūjā | offering |
pina | punya | punya | merit |
pokuna | puṣkariṇī | pokkhariṇī | pond |
poson | pūrva-śravaṇa | pubba-savana | (name of a month) |
pota | pustaka | pottaka | book |
pun | pūra, pūrṇa | punna | full |
pupa | puṣpa | puppha | flower |
putā | putra | putta | son |
puva | pūrva | pubba | former, prior |
puvata | pravṛtti | pavatti | news |
rada | rājan | rājā | king |
rakusā | rākṣasa | rakkhasa | demon |
ratu, rat | raktaka | ratta | red |
räsa | raśmi | rasmi | ray |
räya | rātri | ratti | night |
ruka | vṛkṣa | rukkha | tree |
ruva | rūpa | rūpa | shape, form |
sangamit | sanghamitra | sangamitta | |
sanda | candra | canda | moon |
sämuni | śākyamuni | sakyamuni | |
sena | sena | army | |
sidura | chidr | chidda | hole, gap, space |
sirura | śarīra | sarīra | body |
soyurā, sohowurā | sahōdara | sodariya | brother |
sonduru | sundara | sundara | beautiful |
supina | svapna | supina | dream |
supun | sampūrṇa | sampunna | complete |
teda | teja | magnificence | |
tavasā | tāpasa | hermit | |
tisula | triśūla | Trishula (trident) | |
utura | uttara | uttarā | north |
väkiya | vākya | Sentence | |
vesak | vaiṣākha | Visakha | Vesak |
veses | viśeṣa | visesa | special |
viyarana | vyākarana | grammar | |
yakā | yakṣa | yakkha | yaksha |
yatura | yantra | yanta | machine |
yiva | jīva | jīva | life |
References[edit]
- ^ Henry Yule; A. C. Burnell; William Crooke (2006), A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, Asian Educational Services, p. 344, ISBN 0-7007-0321-7
- ^ Rhys Davids, Thomas William (2007). Buddhist India. T. W. Press. ISBN 978-1406756326.