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Day of the year
December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years ) in the Gregorian calendar ; 10 days remain until the end of the year.
Pre-1600 [ edit ] 1601–1900 [ edit ] 1620 – Plymouth Colony : William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land on what is now known as Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts .1826 – American settlers in Nacogdoches , Mexican Texas , declare their independence, starting the Fredonian Rebellion .1832 – Egyptian–Ottoman War : Egyptian forces decisively defeat Ottoman troops at the Battle of Konya .1844 – The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers commences business at its cooperative in Rochdale , England, starting the Cooperative movement .1861 – Medal of Honor : Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln .1872 – Challenger expedition : HMS Challenger , commanded by Captain George Nares , sails from Portsmouth, England .1879 – World premiere of Henrik Ibsen 's A Doll's House Royal Theatre in Copenhagen , Denmark.1883 – The Royal Canadian Dragoons and The Royal Canadian Regiment , the first Permanent Force cavalry and infantry regiments of the Canadian Army , are formed.1901–present [ edit ] 1907 – The Chilean Army commits a massacre of at least 2,000 striking saltpeter miners in Iquique , Chile .[6] 1910 – An underground explosion at the Hulton Bank Colliery No. 3 Pit in Over Hulton , Westhoughton , England, kills 344 miners.1913 – Arthur Wynne 's "word-cross", the first crossword puzzle, is published in the New York World 1919 – American anarchist Emma Goldman is deported to Russia.1923 – United Kingdom and Nepal formally sign an agreement of friendship, called the Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923 , which superseded the Treaty of Sugauli signed in 1816.1934 – Lieutenant Kijé Sergei Prokofiev 's best-known works, premiered.[7] 1936 – First flight of the Junkers Ju 88 multi-role combat aircraft.1937 – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs animated feature, premieres at the Carthay Circle Theatre .1941 – World War II : A Thai-Japanese Pact of Alliance is signed.1946 – An 8.1 Mw earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Nankaidō , Japan, kills over 1,300 people and destroys over 38,000 homes.1963 – "Bloody Christmas" begins in Cyprus, ultimately resulting in the displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots and destruction of more than 100 villages.1965 – International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is adopted.1967 – Louis Washkansky , the first man to undergo a human-to-human heart transplant , dies in Cape Town , South Africa, having lived for 18 days after the transplant.1968 – Apollo program : Apollo 8 is launched from the Kennedy Space Center , placing its crew on a lunar trajectory for the first visit to another celestial body by humans.1970 – First flight of F-14 multi-role combat aircraft.1973 – The Geneva Conference on the Arab–Israeli conflict opens.1979 – Lancaster House Agreement : An independence agreement for Rhodesia is signed in London by Lord Carrington , Sir Ian Gilmour , Robert Mugabe , Joshua Nkomo , Bishop Abel Muzorewa and S.C. Mundawarara.1988 – A bomb explodes on board Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie , Dumfries and Galloway , Scotland, killing 270. This is to date the deadliest air disaster to occur on British soil.1988 – The first flight of Antonov An-225 Mriya , the largest aircraft in the world.
1992 – A Dutch DC-10 , flight Martinair MP 495 , crashes at Faro Airport , killing 56.1995 – The city of Bethlehem passes from Israeli to Palestinian control.1999 – The Spanish Civil Guard intercepts a van loaded with 950 kg of explosives that ETA intended to use to blow up Torre Picasso in Madrid , Spain.1999 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 1216 overshoots the runway at La Aurora International Airport , killing 18.[8]
2004 – Iraq War : A suicide bomber kills 22 at the forward operating base next to the main U.S. military airfield at Mosul , Iraq , the single deadliest suicide attack on American soldiers.2020 – A great conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn occurs, with the two planets separated in the sky by 0.1 degrees. This is the closest conjunction between the two planets since 1623.[9] Pre-1600 [ edit ] 968 – Minamoto no Yorinobu , Japanese samurai (d. 1048)1401 – Masaccio , Italian painter (d. 1428)[10] 1468 – William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers , English baron (d. 1524)1505 – Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton , English politician (d. 1550)[11] 1538 – Luigi d'Este , Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)1542 – Thomas Allen , English mathematician and astrologer (d. 1632)1550 – Man Singh I , Mughal noble (d. 1614)[12] 1596 – Peter Mohyla , Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan and saint (d. 1646)1601–1900 [ edit ] 1603 – Roger Williams , English minister, theologian, and politician, 9th President of the Colony of Rhode Island (d. 1684)1615 – Benedict Arnold , Rhode Island colonial governor (d. 1678)[13] 1672 – Benjamin Schmolck , German pastor and composer (d. 1737)1714 – John Bradstreet , Canadian-English general (d. 1774)1728 – Hermann Raupach , German harpsichord player and composer (d. 1778)1778 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted , Danish jurist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1860)1795 – Jack Russell , English priest, hunter, and dog breeder (d. 1883)1795 – Leopold von Ranke , German historian, author, and academic (d. 1886)[14]
1803 – Achille Vianelli , Italian painter and academic (d. 1894)1804 – Benjamin Disraeli , English lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1881)[15] 1805 – Thomas Graham , Scottish chemist and academic (d. 1869)1811 – Archibald Tait , Scottish-English archbishop (d. 1882)1815 – Thomas Couture , French painter and educator (d. 1879)1820 – William H. Osborn , American businessman (d. 1894)1830 – Bartolomé Masó , Cuban soldier and politician (d. 1907)1832 – John H. Ketcham , American general and politician (d. 1906)1840 – Namık Kemal , Turkish journalist, playwright, and activist (d. 1888)1843 – Thomas Bracken , Irish-New Zealander journalist, poet, and politician (d. 1898)1850 – Zdeněk Fibich , Czech composer and poet (d. 1900)1851 – Thomas Chipman McRae , American lawyer and politician, 26th Governor of Arkansas (d. 1929)1857 – Joseph Carruthers , Australian politician, 16th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1932)1859 – Gustave Kahn , French poet and critic (d. 1936)1866 – Maud Gonne , Irish nationalist and political activist (d. 1953)[16] 1868 – George W. Fuller , American chemist and engineer (d. 1934)1872 – Trevor Kincaid , Canadian-American zoologist and academic (d. 1970)1872 – Lorenzo Perosi , Italian priest and composer (d. 1956)
1872 – Albert Payson Terhune , American journalist and author (d. 1942)
1876 – Jack Lang , Australian lawyer and politician, 23rd Premier of New South Wales (d. 1975)1877 – Jaan Sarv , Estonian mathematician and scholar (d. 1954)1878 – Jan Łukasiewicz , Polish-Irish mathematician and philosopher (d. 1956)1884 – María Cadilla , Puerto Rican writer, educator, women's rights activist (d. 1951)[17] 1885 – Frank Patrick , Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1960)1888 – Jean Bouin , French runner and rugby player (d. 1914)1889 – Sewall Wright , American geneticist and biologist (d. 1988)1890 – Hermann Joseph Muller , American geneticist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)1891 – John William McCormack , American lawyer and politician, 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1980)1892 – Walter Hagen , American golfer (d. 1969)1892 – Rebecca West , English journalist and author (d. 1983)
1896 – Konstantin Rokossovsky , Marshal of the Soviet Union during World War II (d. 1968)1900 – Luis Arturo González López , Guatemalan supreme court judge and briefly acting president (d. 1965)1901–present [ edit ] 1905 – Anthony Powell , English author (d. 2000)[18] 1905 – Käte Fenchel , German mathematician (d. 1983)[19]
1909 – Seichō Matsumoto , Japanese journalist and author (d. 1992)1911 – Josh Gibson , American baseball player (d. 1947)1913 – Arnold Friberg , American illustrator and painter (d. 2010)1914 – Frank Fenner , Australian microbiologist and virologist (d. 2010)1915 – Werner von Trapp , Austrian-American singer (d. 2007)1917 – Heinrich Böll , German novelist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)1918 – Donald Regan , American colonel and politician, 11th White House Chief of Staff (d. 2003)1918 – Kurt Waldheim , Austrian colonel, war criminal , and politician; 9th President of Austria (d. 2007)
1919 – Doug Young , American voice actor (d. 2018)1920 – Alicia Alonso , Cuban ballerina and choreographer, founded the Cuban National Ballet (d. 2019)1920 – Adele Goldstine , American computer programmer (d. 1964)[20]
1922 – Itubwa Amram , Nauruan pastor and politician (d. 1989)1922 – Paul Winchell , American actor, voice artist, and ventriloquist (d. 2005)
1922 – Cécile DeWitt-Morette , French mathematician and physicist (d. 2017)[21]
1923 – Wataru Misaka , American basketball player (d. 2019)[22] 1926 – Arnošt Lustig , Czech author and playwright (d. 2011)1926 – Joe Paterno , American football player and coach (d. 2012)
1930 – Phil Roman , American animator[23] 1932 – U. R. Ananthamurthy , Indian author, poet, and critic (d. 2014)1932 – Edward Hoagland , American author and critic
1933 – Jackie Hendriks , Jamaican cricketer1933 – Robert Worcester , American businessman and academic, founded MORI
1934 – Giuseppina Leone , Italian sprinter1934 – Hanif Mohammad , Pakistani cricketer (d. 2016)
1935 – John G. Avildsen , American director, producer, and cinematographer (d. 2017)1935 – Lorenzo Bandini , Italian racing driver (d. 1967)
1935 – Phil Donahue , American talk show host and producer
1935 – Edward Schreyer , Canadian academic and politician, Governor General of Canada [24]
1935 – Stela Popescu , Romanian actress (d. 2017)
1937 – Jane Fonda , American actress and activist[25] 1939 – Lloyd Axworthy , Canadian academic and politician, 2nd Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1939 – Wafic Saïd , Syrian-Saudi Arabian financier, businessman and philanthropist
1940 – Frank Zappa , American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 1993)1942 – Hu Jintao , Chinese engineer and politician, 5th Paramount leader of China1943 – Albert Lee , English guitarist and songwriter1943 – Walter Spanghero , French rugby player
1944 – Michael Tilson Thomas , American pianist, composer, and conductor1944 – Zheng Xiaoyu , Chinese diplomat (d. 2007)
1945 – Doug Walters , Australian cricketer1946 – Roy Karch , American director, producer, and screenwriter1946 – Carl Wilson , American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1998)
1947 – Paco de Lucía , Spanish guitarist, songwriter, and producer (d. 2014)1948 – Barry Gordon , American actor and voice artist; longest-serving president of the Screen Actors Guild (1988–95)1948 – Samuel L. Jackson , American actor and producer
1948 – Dave Kingman , American baseball player
1949 – Thomas Sankara , Burkinabé captain and politician, 5th President of Burkina Faso (d. 1987)1949 – Nikolaos Sifounakis , Greek lawyer and politician
1950 – Jeffrey Katzenberg , American screenwriter and producer, co-founded DreamWorks Animation 1950 – Lillebjørn Nilsen , Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1950 – Max Maven , American magician and mentalist
1951 – Steve Perryman , English footballer and manager1952 – Joaquín Andújar , Dominican baseball player (d. 2015)1952 – Steve Furniss , American swimmer
1953 – András Schiff , Hungarian-English pianist and conductor1953 – Betty Wright , American singer-songwriter (d. 2020)[26]
1954 – Chris Evert , American tennis player and coach1955 – Jane Kaczmarek , American actress1955 – Kazuyuki Sekiguchi , Japanese singer-songwriter and bass player
1956 – Dave Laut , American shot putter (d. 2009)1957 – Ray Romano , American actor, producer, and screenwriter1958 – Tamara Bykova , Russian high jumper1959 – Florence Griffith Joyner , American sprinter and actress (d. 1998)1959 – Krishnamachari Srikkanth , Indian cricketer
1960 – Sherry Rehman , Pakistani journalist, politician, and diplomat, 25th Pakistan Ambassador to the United States 1961 – Ryuji Sasai , Japanese bass player and composer1963 – Govinda , Indian actor, singer, and politician1964 – Joe Kocur , Canadian ice hockey player and coach1964 – Kunihiko Ikuhara , Japanese director and illustrator
1965 – Glenn Coleman , Australian rugby league player1965 – Anke Engelke , Canadian-German actress, director, and screenwriter
1966 – William Ruto , Kenyan politician, Deputy President of Kenya1966 – Kiefer Sutherland , British-Canadian actor, director, and producer[27]
1967 – Terry Mills , American basketball player and coach1967 – Mikheil Saakashvili , Georgian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Georgia [28]
1969 – Julie Delpy , French model, actress, director, and screenwriter1969 – Mihails Zemļinskis , Latvian footballer, coach, and manager
1971 – Matthieu Chedid , French singer-songwriter and guitarist1972 – Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy , Indian Politician, 17th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh1973 – Irakli Alasania , Georgian colonel and politician, Georgian Minister of Defense 1973 – Matías Almeyda , Argentine footballer and manager
1974 – Karrie Webb , Australian golfer1975 – Paloma Herrera , Argentinian ballerina1977 – Emmanuel Macron , President of France [29] 1977 – Leon MacDonald , New Zealand rugby player
1978 – Emiliano Brembilla , Italian swimmer1978 – Charles Dera , American pornographic actor, dancer, model, and mixed martial arts fighter
1978 – Shaun Morgan , South African musician, singer, and guitarist
1979 – Steve Montador , Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)1981 – Cristian Zaccardo , Italian footballer1982 – Philip Humber , American baseball player1983 – Steven Yeun , American actor1985 – Tom Sturridge , English actor1988 – Perri Shakes-Drayton , English sprinter and hurdler1989 – Tamannaah , South Indian actress1991 – Riccardo Saponara , Italian footballer1995 – Ronnie Bassett Jr. , American race car driver[30] 1995 – Kelly Smith , English rugby union player[31] Pre-1600 [ edit ] AD 72 – Thomas the Apostle , Roman martyr and saint (b. 1 AD)882 – Hincmar , French archbishop and historian (b. 806)956 – Sun Sheng , Chinese chancellor975 – Al-Mu'izz , Fatimid caliph (b. 932)1001 – Hugh of Tuscany , Italian margrave (b. 950)1215 – Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid , Dāʿī al-Muṭlaq Tayyibi Isma'ilism (b. c. 1128)[32] 1308 – Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1244)1338 – Thomas Hemenhale , bishop of Worcester1362 – Constantine III , king of Armenia (b. 1313)1375 – Giovanni Boccaccio , Italian author and poet (b. 1313)1504 – Berthold von Henneberg , German archbishop (b. 1442)1536 – John Seymour , English courtier (b. 1474)1549 – Marguerite de Navarre , queen of Henry II of Navarre (b. 1492)1581 – Jean de la Cassière , 51st Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1502)1597 – Peter Canisius , Dutch priest and saint (b. 1521)1601–1900 [ edit ] 1901–present [ edit ] 1920 – Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , leader of the Dervish movement (b. 1856)1929 – I. L. Patterson , American politician, 18th Governor of Oregon (b. 1859)1933 – Knud Rasmussen , Greenlandic anthropologist and explorer (b. 1879)1935 – Ted Birnie , English footballer and manager (b. 1878)1935 – Kurt Tucholsky , German-Swedish journalist and author (b. 1890)
1937 – Violette Neatley Anderson , American judge (b. 1882)[33] 1937 – Ted Healy , American comedian and actor (b. 1896)
1937 – Frank B. Kellogg , American lawyer and politician, 45th United States Secretary of State , Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)
1940 – F. Scott Fitzgerald , American novelist and short story writer (b. 1896)1945 – George S. Patton , American general (b. 1885)1948 – Władysław Witwicki , Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator, historian (of philosophy and art) and artist (b. 1878)[34] 1952 – Kenneth Edwards , American golfer (b. 1886)1953 – Kaarlo Koskelo , Finnish-American wrestler and businessman (b. 1888)1957 – Eric Coates , English-American viola player and composer (b. 1886)1958 – H.B. Warner , English actor (b. 1875)1958 – Lion Feuchtwanger , German-American author and playwright (b. 1884)
1959 – Rosanjin , Japanese calligrapher, engraver, and painter (b. 1883)1963 – Jack Hobbs , English cricketer and journalist (b. 1882)1964 – Carl Van Vechten , American author and photographer (b. 1880)1965 – Claude Champagne , Canadian violinist, pianist, and composer (b. 1891)1968 – Vittorio Pozzo , Italian footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1886)1974 – Richard Long , American actor and director (b. 1927)1982 – Abu Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri , Pakistani poet and composer (b. 1900)1983 – Paul de Man , Belgian-born philosopher, literary critic and theorist (b. 1919)1988 – Nikolaas Tinbergen , Dutch-English ethologist and ornithologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)1992 – Stella Adler , American actress and educator (b. 1901)1992 – Albert King , American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1924)
1992 – Nathan Milstein , Russian-American violinist and composer (b. 1903)
1998 – Ernst-Günther Schenck , German colonel and physician (b. 1904)2004 – Autar Singh Paintal , Indian physiologist and neurologist (b. 1925)2006 – Saparmurat Niyazov , Turkmen engineer and politician, 1st President of Turkmenistan (b. 1940)2009 – Edwin G. Krebs , American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)2009 – Christos Lambrakis , Greek journalist and businessman (b. 1934)
2010 – Enzo Bearzot , Italian footballer and manager (b. 1927)2013 – Edgar Bronfman, Sr. , Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1929)2013 – John Eisenhower , American historian, general, and diplomat, 45th United States Ambassador to Belgium (b. 1922)
2014 – Udo Jürgens , Austrian-Swiss singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1934)2014 – Sitor Situmorang , Indonesian poet and author (b. 1923)
2014 – Billie Whitelaw , English actress (b. 1932)[35]
2017 – Bruce McCandless II , US astronaut who conducted the first untethered spacewalk (b. 1937)Holidays and observances [ edit ] References [ edit ]
^ Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5 ^ Levillain, Philippe (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2 ^ Toynbee, Paget Jackson (1910). Dante Alighieri: His Life and Works ISBN 9780827438156 OCLC 8059335 Hüsken, Wim (2021). "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall... History in Late Medieval Drama From the Low Countries". In Happé, Peter; Hüsken, Wim N.M. (eds.). Staging History: Essays in Late Medieval and Humanist Drama ISBN 9789004449497 ^ Rachewiltz, Igor de; Wang, May (1993). In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300) ISBN 978-3-447-03339-8 ^ Prieto Pastén, Andrés I. (2021). "Empathy with the Mapuche: Rosales's Manifiesto apologético and Pineda y Bascuñán's Cautiverio feliz". In López-Calvo, Ignacio (ed.). A History of Chilean Literature ISBN 9781108487375 ^ Hoehn, Marek (2007). "Una visión comparativa sobre la huelga de Santa María de Iquique y el legado de los movimientos obreros de la época". In Vásquez, David (ed.). La Masacre de la Escuela Santa María de Iquique: Mirada Histórica desde la Cámara de Diputados (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. p. 110. ISBN 978-956-7629-04-6 Ya es sabido que dicha huelga culminó en la masacre de más de dos mil obreros en la escuela Santa María ^ MacDonald, Laurence E. (2013). The Invisible Art of Film Music: A Comprehensive History ISBN 978-0-8108-8397-0 ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 F-GTDI Guatemala City-La Aurora Airport (GUA)" . aviation-safety.net . Retrieved 2019-09-20 . ^ "See the Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, 21 December 2020" . BBC Sky at Night Magazine . Retrieved 2020-11-29 .^ Bruce Cole (1980). Masaccio and the art of early Renaissance Florence 108 . ISBN 978-0-253-12298-8 ^ Ann Hoffmann (1977). Lives of the Tudor Age, 1485-1603 476 . ISBN 978-0-06-494331-4 ^ Rajiva Nain Prasad (1966). Raja Mān Singh of Amber ISBN 9780842614733 ^ The American Quarterly Register ^ Andreas D Boldt (29 March 2019). Leopold Von Ranke: A Biography ISBN 978-1-351-04272-7 ^ Jonathan Parry (23 April 2007). Benjamin Disraeli ISBN 978-0-19-164751-2 ^ Cardozo, Nancy (2000). Maud Gonne . New York: Amsterdam Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-9415-3395-9 ^ Sicherman, Barbara; Hurd Green, Carol (1983). Notable American Women: The Modern Period 129 . ISBN 978-0-6746-2733-8 ^ Buncombe, Andrew (28 March 2000). "Anthony Powell, chronicler of Time, dies at 94" . The Independent . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Grinstein, Louise S.; Campbell, Paul J. (1987). Women of Mathematics : a Biobibliographic Sourcebook 30 . ISBN 978-0-3132-4849-8 ^ Henderson, Harry (2003). A to Z of Computer Scientists 99 . ISBN 978-0-8160-4531-0 ^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists 179 . ISBN 978-0-8160-6158-7 ^ Goldstein, Richard (November 21, 2019). "Wat Misaka, First Nonwhite in Modern Pro Basketball, Dies at 95" . The New York Times the original . Retrieved November 22, 2019 . ^ Renteria, Ramon (January 29, 1998). "Art creates a life-come-true". El Paso Times ^ Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 ISBN 978-1-134-26490-2 ^ "Jane Fonda" . Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers . 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021 .^ Fuster, Jeremy (May 10, 2020). "Betty Wright, Grammy-Winning R&B Singer, Dies at 66" . The Wrap . Retrieved May 10, 2020 . ^ Maxine Block; Anna Herthe Rothe; Marjorie Dent Candee; Charles Moritz (2002). Current Biography Yearbook ^ B. Turner (12 January 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2008: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World ISBN 978-1-349-74024-6 ^ Sophie Pedder (21 June 2018). Revolution Française: Emmanuel Macron and the quest to reinvent a nation ISBN 978-1-4729-4861-8 ^ "Ronnie Bassett, Jr" . racing-reference.info . Retrieved 2019-11-17 .^ "Kelly Smith" . www.ultimaterugby.com . Retrieved 24 June 2020 .^ Poonawala, Ismail K. (2009). "ʿAlī b. al-Walīd" . In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE . Brill Online. doi :10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932 . ISSN 1873-9830 . ^ Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelps, Shirelle (1996). Notable Black American Women ISBN 978-0-8103-9177-2 ^ Nowicki, Andrzej (1982). Witwicki (in Polish). Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. p. 120. ISBN 83-214-0301-8 ^ Coveney, Michael (22 December 2014). "Billie Whitelaw obituary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2020 .
External links [ edit ]
