Hoxhaism
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Hoxhaism (English: /ˈhɒdʒə.ɪzəm/) is a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revision movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the Chinese Communist Party and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.[1] The ideology is named after Enver Hoxha, a notable Albanian communist leader, who served as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour.
Overview[edit]
Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin, the organization of the Soviet Union under Stalinism,[2] and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist—it defines currents such as Eurocommunism as anti-communist movements.[3]
Critical of the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and Yugoslavia, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three "social imperialist" and condemned the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the Warsaw Pact in response.[4] Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue socialism by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries,[5] although Hoxha personally held the view that Titoism was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice.[6][7]
The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in Latin America (such as the Popular Liberation Army and the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil), but they also had a significant international following in general.
Following the fall of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991, the Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an international conference founded in 1994 and the publication Unity and Struggle.
List of Hoxhaist parties[edit]
Active[edit]
- Albania: Communist Party of Albania, Reorganised Party of Labour of Albania
- Bangladesh: Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist)
- Benin: Communist Party of Benin, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Benin
- Bolivia: Revolutionary Communist Party
- Brazil: Revolutionary Communist Party
- Burkina Faso: Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party
- Chile: Chilean Revolutionary Communist Party
- Colombia: Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist), Popular Liberation Army (guerrilla group)
- Côte d'Ivoire: Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'Ivoire
- Denmark: Workers' Communist Party
- Dominican Republic: Communist Party of Labour
- Ecuador: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador (Group of Popular Combatants)
- France: Workers' Communist Party of France
- Greece: Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955
- Iran: Labour Party of Iran
- Italy: Communist Platform
- Mali: Malian Party of Labour
- Mexico: Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)
- Nicaragua: Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement
- Peru: Communist Party of Peru (Marxist-Leninist)
- Serbia: Revolutionary Alliance of Labour of Serbia
- Spain: Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist), Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction)
- Togo: Communist Party of Togo
- Tunisia: Workers' Party
- Turkey: Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party
- United Kingdom: Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
- United States: American Party of Labor
- Uruguay: Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Uruguay
- Venezuela: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela
Historical[edit]
- Albania: Party of Labour of Albania
- Bolivia: Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Bolivia
- Denmark: Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists
- Ethiopia: Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray, Tigray People's Liberation Front, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
- Faroe Islands: Advancement for the Islands (Marxist–Leninist)
- Germany: Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists, Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen)
- Greece: Organisation of Communists Marxists–Leninists of Greece
- Iceland: Communist Unity (Marxist–Leninist)
- Ireland: Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)
- Italy: Organization for the Communist Party of the Proletariat of Italy
- Japan: Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction)
- Netherlands: Workers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation)
- New Zealand: Communist Party of New Zealand
- Norway: Communist Workers League, Marxist–Leninist League, Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution
- Portugal: Communist Party (Reconstructed)
- Spain: Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist)
- Suriname: Communist Party of Suriname
- Sweden: Communist Party in Sweden
- Trinidad and Tobago: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago
- Turkey: Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist – Movement
- United Kingdom: Communist League of Great Britain
- United States: Revolutionary Organization of Labor, Marxist–Leninist Party, USA
- Venezuela: Red Flag Party
See also[edit]
- Enver Hoxha
- International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)
- Party of Labour of Albania
- People's Socialist Republic of Albania
- Sino-Albanian split
References[edit]
- ^ Communism for Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. 2008. p. 23.
- ^ Pridham, Geoffrey (2000). The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comparative Approach. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 9780826450388.
- ^ Hoxha, Enver (August 1979). "The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism". Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania.
- ^ Hoxha, Enver (1978). "I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism". Imperialism and the Revolution. Tirana, Albnaia.
- ^ "A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism". The Red Star Vanguard. 11 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ Hoxha, Enver. "Enver Hoxha: Eurocommunism is Anticommunism". Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ Hoxha, Enver (1960). "Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Krushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism!". Naim Frasheri Publishing House.