Politics of Jersey

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States of Jersey

Êtats d'Jèrri (Jèrriais)
États de Jersey (France)
Coat of Arms of Jersey.svg
Coat of arms of Jersey
Polity typeUnitary parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy
Legislative branch
NameStates Assembly
TypeUnicameral
Meeting placeStates Chamber
Presiding officerTimothy Le Cocq, Bailiff
Executive branch
Head of State
TitleMonarch
CurrentlyQueen Elizabeth II
AppointerHereditary
Head of Government
TitleChief Minister
CurrentlySenator John Le Fondré
Cabinet
NameCouncil of Ministers
HeadquartersBroad Street Offices
Ministries9
Diagram of Jersey's political system

The Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown dependency, unitary state and parliamentary representative democracy and constitutional monarchy. The current monarch and head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, while the Chief Minister Senator John Le Fondré is the head of government.

Legislative and executive power is vested in the States of Jersey,[1] which is composed of the Assembly of States members (States Assembly, French: Assemblé des États). Elected States members appoint the Council of Ministers (including the Chief Minister and other Ministers), which is the decision-making body of the island's government, the Government of Jersey.[2] Other powers are exercised by the Connétable and Parish Assembly in each of the twelve parishes.

Politics of Jersey
Coat of Arms of Jersey.svg
The Crown
Executive
Government of Jersey
Legislature
Judiciary
Local government
Elections
External relations
Category

As one of the Crown dependencies, Jersey is sovereign territory of the Crown but is not part of the United Kingdom. Jersey can be best described as "neither a colony nor a conquest, but a peculiar and immediate dependency of the Crown."[3] The island is part of the British Islands, a political term encompassing the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies.[4] This island is for the most part self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.[5]

The link between the island and the monarchy, rather than through Parliament, has led to an effectively independent political development on the island. In medieval times, the island was treated as a possession of the King by the English government, rather than part of the English state.[6]

History[edit]

The political history of Jersey is a long standing one. In terms of its political geography, the island was initially part of the Duchy of Normandy for administrative purposes. The island came under the rule of the King of England, when in 1066, William the Conqueror invaded England. However, Jersey remained a part of Normandy, which was administered separately from what would become the island's parent state.

In 1204 when King John lost mainland Normandy to France, the Channel Islands remained loyal to the English crown due to the loyalties of its Seigneurs.

The existing Norman customs and laws were allowed to continue and there was no attempt to introduce English law. The formerly split administrative system was replaced with a centralised legal system (the basis of the "States"), of which the head was the King of England rather than the Duke of Normandy.[7]: 27–8 

The King allowed the Channel Islands to continue governance separate from his Kingdom and issued "The Constitutions of King John" - legislative power was vested in 12 jurats, the twelve "senior men" of the island. Along with the Bailiff, they would form the Royal Court, which determined all civil and criminal causes (except treason).[8] In medieval times, the island was treated as a possession of the King by the English government, rather than part of the English state.[6]

The role of the jurats when the King's court was mobile would have been preparatory work for the visit of the Justices in Eyre. It is unknown for how long the position of the jurats has existed, with some claiming the position dates to time immemorial. After the cessation of the visits of the Justices in Eyre (and with the frequent absence of the Warden), the Bailiff and jurats took on a much wider role, from jury to justice.[7]:28

Despite this establishment of self-governance, Jersey was still under the rule of the English monarchy. The King appointed a Warden (later to become Governor, and Lieutenant Governor). In 1253, the Warden appointed a Bailiff to aid in the island's governance.

Initially, the Royal Court was both the law-making and law enforcing body for the island. Laws would be made by an Order of the Privy Council after a petition from the Royal Court. The Royal Court created an assembly, known as the States of Jersey, to advise the court on legislative matters, formed of three estates (modelled on the French system), the Jurats, the Rectors and the Connétables, each representing one of the estates: the Crown, the Church and the people, respectively.

The French captured Mont Orgueil between 1461 and 1468.[9] It may well be during this occupation that the island saw the establishment of the States. Comte Maulevrier, who had led the invasion of the island, ordered the holding of an Assize in the island. Maulevrier confirmed the place of existing institutions, however created the requirement for Jurats to be chosen by Bailiffs, Jurats, Rectors and Constables.[10]

The earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524. The States are mentioned in a document of 1497 regarding the endowments of the grammar schools; by 1526 attendance by members at the assembly was evidently a requirement, as in that year the Rector of St Mary was fined for failure to attend.[11]

In 1541, the Privy Council, which had recently given a seat to Calais, intended to give two seats in Parliament to Jersey. Seymour, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, wrote to the Jurats, instructing them to send two Burgesses for the isle. However, no further steps seemed to have been taken since the letter did not arrive in front of the States Assembly until the day the elected persons were required to arrive in London.[7]:70

The Royal Court retained legislative functions until 1771. However, an Order-in-Council declared that only the States should hold legislative power.[8] The Royal Court and the States both legislated until with the fixing in 1771 of the Code des Lois it was established that the States had a legislative monopoly.[12]

The late 18th century was the first time political parties in some form came into existence on the island. Jean Dumaresq was an early Liberal who called for democratic reforms (that the States should be democratically elected Deputies and should have vested in them executive power). His supporters were known as Magots ("maggots", initially an insult from his opponents, which the Magots reclaimed as their own term) and his opponents as the Charlots (supporters of the Lieutenant Baliff Charles Lempière). Dumaresq is quoted as saying "we shall make these Seigneurs bite the dust". In 1776, he was elected as Connétable for St Peter.[7]:200

In 1856, democratic reform (albeit restricted democracy) began to come to the island's system. Although the Connétables were a form of democratic representation, this reform brought in 14 Deputies to represent islanders: 3 from St Helier and one from every other parish.

After liberation, in 1948 several reforms to the island's political system were introduced. Rectors and Jurats ceased to be States Members. The number of Deputies was increased and 12 Senators were introduced. The Church continued to have a seat in the States, through the Dean of Jersey, although this was a voteless seat.[8]

Constitution[edit]

Main article: Constitution of Jersey

Jersey has an unwritten constitution arising from the Treaty of Paris (1259). This peculiar political position has often been to the benefit of islanders. Until the 19th century, the island was generally able to be exempt from the harsher parts of Westminster legislation, while being included in favourable policies, such as protectionist economic policies. Over time, there have been calls for reforms to Jersey's constitution, such as the 2000 Clothier report.

Jersey has never been part of the United Kingdom or its predecessors, however it has been a dependency of the monarch of each of these states at their time of existence. The government in Westminster has played an important role in Jersey's lawmaking and political landscape. Since the island is linked with the monarch,[6] not the UK Parliament, there is dispute over the competency of Parliament to legislate for the island without the States' consent. The Crown retains residual responsibility for the "good government" of the island and the UK Government has a "non-interventionist policy" to supervising the Bailiwick.[13]

International relations[edit]

Main article: External relations of Jersey

The 1973 Kilbrandon Report stated that "In international law the United Kingdom Government is responsible for the Islands' international relations" and "also responsible for the defence of the Islands".[14] The United Kingdom is responsible for Jersey's international relations as an aspect of the island's status as a Crown dependency. It is now normal practice for the UK to consult the Jersey government and seek their consent before entering into treaty obligations affecting the island.

Since 2000, Jersey's "external personality" has developed, recognised in the preamble to the States of Jersey Law 2005 which refers to "an increasing need for Jersey to participate in matters of international affairs".[15] In 2007, the Chief Minister of Jersey and the UK government agreed an "International Identity Framework", setting out the modern relationship between the United Kingdom and Jersey. The United Kingdom now issues "Letters of Entrustment" to the Jersey government, which delegate power to Jersey to negotiate international agreements on its own behalf and sign treaties in Jersey's own name rather than through the United Kingdom. This development was "strongly supported" by the House of Commons Justice Committee in its March 2010 report on the Crown Dependencies.[5]: para 93  In January 2011 Senator Freddie Cohen was appointed as Assistant Chief Minister with responsibility for UK and International Relations (in effect, Jersey's first Foreign Minister).[16]

Jersey was neither a Member State nor an Associate Member of European Union. It did, however, have a relationship with the EU governed by Protocol 3 to the UK's Treaty of Accession in 1972.[17]

In relation to the Council of Europe, Jersey – as a territory the United Kingdom is responsible for in international law– has been bound by the European Convention on Human Rights since the UK acceded to the treaty in 1951. The Human Rights (Jersey) Law 2000 makes Convention rights part of Jersey law and is based closely on the United Kingdom's Human Rights Act 1998.

During the 1980s, the question of Jersey making an annual contribution towards the United Kingdom's costs of defence and international representation undertaken on behalf of Jersey was raised. In 1987, the States of Jersey made an interim payment of £8 million while the matter was discussed. The outcome of debates within the island was that the contribution should take the form of maintaining a Territorial Army unit in Jersey. The Jersey Field Squadron (Militia), attached to the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia), deploys individuals on operations in support of British Forces.[18]

The Crown[edit]

The Lieutenant Governor is the representative of head of state and the Bailiff is the civic head. Both are appointed by the Crown. Here the holders of the offices in 2011 are seen processing alongside on Liberation Day
Queen Elizabeth II

As a Crown dependency, the head of state of Jersey is the British monarch and Jersey is a self-governing possession of the Crown. The present monarch, whose traditional title in the Channel Islands is the Duke of Normandy, is Queen Elizabeth II.[19]

Present office holders
Position Holder Since
Monarch HM Queen Elizabeth II 1952
Bailiff Timothy Le Cocq[20] 2019
Deputy Bailiff Robert MacRae[21] 2019
Lieutenant Governor Sir Stephen Dalton GCB[22] 2017

"The Crown" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".[23] The Queen's representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, appointed for a five year term.[22] He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the United Kingdom government and carries out executive functions in relation to immigration control, deportation, naturalisation and the issue of passports.[24] Since 2017, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor has been Sir Stephen Dalton.[22]

The Crown (not the government or parliament of Jersey) appoints the Lieutenant Governor, the Bailiff, Deputy Bailiff, Attorney General and Solicitor General. In practice, the process of appointment involves a panel in Jersey which selects a preferred candidate whose name is communicated to the UK Ministry of Justice for approval before a formal recommendation is made to the Queen.

Legislature[edit]

Main article: States Assembly
The States building in St. Helier

The parliamentary body responsible for adopting legislation and scrutinising the Council of Ministers is the States Assembly. Forty-Nine elected members (8 Senators, 29 Deputies and 12 Connétables) sit in the unicameral assembly. There are also five non-elected, non-voting members appointed by the Crown (the Bailiff, the Lieutenant Governor, the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General).[15]

Elections for Senators and Deputies occur at fixed four-yearly intervals, historically in October.[25] From 2018, elections will be held in May every fourth year.[26]

At a local level, the Connétables (or 'constables') are elected for four years. Other posts in parish municipalities vary in length from one to three years and elections take place at a Parish Assembly on a majority basis. It has been some time since parties contested elections at this level, other than for the position of Connétable who uniquely has a role in both the national assembly and in local government.

Decisions in the States are taken by majority vote of the elected members present and voting. The States of Jersey Law 2005 removed the Bailiff's a casting vote and the Lieutenant Governor's power of veto.[27] Although formally organised party politics plays no role in the States of Jersey assembly, members often vote together in two main blocs – a minority of members, holding broadly progressive views and critical of the Council of Ministers versus a majority of members, of conservative ideology, who support the Council of Ministers.[28]

Scrutiny panels of backbench members of the assembly have been established to examine (i) economic affairs, (ii) environment, (iii) corporate services, (iv) education and home affairs and (v) health, social security and housing.[29] The real utility of the panels is said to be "that of independent critique which holds ministers to account and constructively engages with policy which is deficient".[28]

According to constitutional convention United Kingdom legislation may be extended to Jersey by Order in Council at the request of the Island's government. Whether an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament may expressly apply to the Island as regards matters of self-government, or whether this historic power is now in abeyance, is a matter of legal debate. The States of Jersey Law 2005 established that no United Kingdom Act or Order in Council may apply to the Bailiwick without being referred to the States of Jersey.[15]

Executive[edit]

Main article: Government of Jersey
John Le Fondré is the island's Chief Minister.

Previously, both executive and legislative powers were vested in a single body: the States of Jersey. A committee system managed government affairs and policy, with committees formed of States members.[28] A report of a review committee chaired by Sir Cecil Clothier criticised this system of government, finding it incapable of developing high-level strategy, efficient policy coordination or effective political leadership.

The States of Jersey Law 2005[15] introduced a ministerial system of government. Executive powers are now vested in the Council of Ministers - formed of the Chief Minister and other Ministers (all elected directly by the States). The Council is the leading decision-making body of the wider Government of Jersey.

The Chief Minister is elected from among the elected members of the States. Ministers are then proposed both by the Chief Minister and any other elected member, the final decision being made by the States assembly.

The overall direction of government as agreed by the Council of Ministers is published periodically as a "strategic plan", the current one being the Common Strategic Policy 2018 to 2022.[30] These plans are debated and approved by the States Assembly and translated into action by a series of business plans for each department.

Cabinet collective responsibility among members of the Council of Ministers is a feature of the 2015 Code of Conduct for Ministers.[31] However, ministers retain the right to present their own policy to the States in their capacity as a member of the assembly in domains not concerning Council policy.

In recent years, former Chief Executive Charlie Parker introduced a number of reforms to the government's administrative structure. Moving away from a system whereby each Minister heads a single department, the One Government structure focuses on more efficient governmental organisation. As of 2022, the Government departments are:

  • Office of the Chief Executive
  • Customer and Local Services
  • Children, Young People, Education and Skills
  • Health and Community Services
  • Infrastructure, Housing and Environment
  • Justice and Home Affairs
  • Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance
  • Treasury and Exchequer
  • Economy
  • Chief Operating Office

Political parties[edit]

Main article: Political parties in Jersey

Since the 1950s, politics in Jersey has been dominated by independent representatives. Historically, the island had two parties: the conservative Roses (Charlots) and the progressive Laurels (Magot). Due to the 2022 electoral reform, Jersey may be moving towards a politics dominated by parties. As of February 2022, there are four political parties in Jersey, which hold around a third of the States:

Criticism[edit]

Jersey's political system has often been criticised over the centuries, both within and without the island. The 'Jersey Way' is a term used in critiques to describe a political culture that enforces conformity, ignores perversion of the course of justice and suppresses political dissent. The Tax Justice Network states the Jersey Way allows for the island's political system to be abused by financial services sector companies.[32]

The Tax Justice Network criticises the political system for its absence of judicial independence (due to 'close relations between the legal and financial services' and 'the intimate relations between legal professionals who grew up together'); lack of second chamber in its parliament (for scrutiny purposes); no political parties; no formaised government and opposition and the lack of a wide range of independent news sources, or research capabilities.[32]

Criticism of the political system is no modern development. In the nineteenth century, Abraham Le Cras was an outspoken new resident of the island. A retired colonel, Le Cras was opposed to Jersey's historic self-government and represented a group of people who not only thought Jersey should be integrated into England fully, but disputed the right of the States to even make its own laws. He is noted as saying 'The States have no more power to make laws for Jersey than I have'. In 1840 he won a court case challenging the States' ability to naturalise people as citizens. The Privy Council determined that the long-standing precedent of the States doing so had been invalidated since Jersey had been ruled under civil law since 1771. In 1846, he persuaded the MP for Bath to push for a Parliamentary Committee to enquire into the law of Jersey, however HM Government instead promised a Royal Commission. The Commission advised the abolition of the Royal Court run by the Jurats and the replacement of it with three Crown-appointed judges and the introduction of a paid police force. Le Cras left the island to live in England in 1850.[7]: 247 

Local government[edit]

Main article: Parish Assembly (Jersey)

Jersey is divided into twelve administrative districts known as parishes. All have access to the sea and are named after the saints to whom their ancient parish churches are dedicated.

The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes), divisions which are historic and nowadays mostly used for purposes of electoral constituency in municipal elections. These elections are held to elect the members of the Parish municipality. Each parish has an Honorary Police force of elected, unpaid civilians who exercise police and prosecution powers.

Jersey politicians[edit]

Main article: List of politicians in Jersey

Separation debate[edit]

See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom and European microstates

The separation issue came up in the House of Commons in a debate on Jersey's constitution in 1969. According to Sir Cyril Black, Member of Parliament for Wimbledon, Jersey was on the verge of declaring independence from the British Government after the Queen's speech stated HM Government would examine the relationships with the Channel Islands. Jersey opposed its inclusion in the Royal Commission on the Constitution and the complete lack of consultation surrounding it. The Home Secretary later stated that there was no intention to change the relationship.[33]

The question of Jersey's independence has been discussed from time to time in the States Assembly. In 1999, a member of the government said that 'Independence is an option open to the Island if the circumstances should justify this' but the government 'does not believe independence is appropriate in the present circumstances and does not see the circumstances arising in the foreseeable future when it would be appropriate'.[34] In 2000, Senator Paul Le Claire called for a referendum on independence, a proposal which failed to win any significant support.[35][36][37]

The Policy and Resources Committee of the States of Jersey established the Constitutional Review Group in July 2005, chaired by Sir Philip Bailhache, with terms of reference 'to conduct a review and evaluation of the potential advantages and disadvantages for Jersey in seeking independence from the United Kingdom or other incremental change in the constitutional relationship, while retaining the Queen as Head of State'.

Proposals for Jersey independence have subsequently been discussed at an international conference held in Jersey, organised by the Jersey and Guernsey Law Review.[38] The former Bailiff, Sir Philip Bailhache has called for changes to the Channel Islands' relationship with the United Kingdom government, arguing that 'at the very least, we should be ready for independence if we are placed in a position where that course was the only sensible option'.[39]

In October 2012 the Council of Ministers issued a "Common policy for external relations"[40] that set out a number of principles for the conduct of external relations in accordance with existing undertakings and agreements. This document noted that Jersey "is a self-governing, democratic country with the power of self-determination" and "that it is not Government policy to seek independence from the United Kingdom, but rather to ensure that Jersey is prepared if it were in the best interests of Islanders to do so". On the basis of the established principles the Council of Ministers decided to "ensure that Jersey is prepared for external change that may affect the Island's formal relationship with the United Kingdom and/or European Union".

Constitutional Review Group report[edit]

The Group's Second Interim Report was presented to the States by the Council of Ministers in June 2008.[41] The report made a number of recommendations about Jersey independence, including the benefits and costs of independence and the social and cultural consequences. The island would need to be recognised as a sovereign state on a country by country basis. The report concluded that 'Jersey is equipped to face the challenges of independence' but 'whether those steps should be taken is not within the remit of this paper'.

At present the island is protected by the British Armed Forces. Upon independence the island would need to develop its own capacity to entirely handle defensive and security affairs. It established that Jersey could seek membership of a defensive alliance (e.g. NATO); negotiate a defence agreement with a sovereign state (e.g. the UK) - San Marino, for example have a defence agreement with Italy that cost 700,000 USD in 2000/01 - or establish an independent defence force (in a similar manner to Antingua and Barbuda, which spends around £2.5 million). Furthermore, it is unlikely that any major European power would allow the island to be invaded, but the island could not feasibly protect itself from a major external threat without securing defensive agreements.

Independence would require the establishment of a Foreign Affairs Department within the Government of Jersey, or other similar steps. At present, the island's international affairs are formally governed by the UK Government. The report recommended the island join 'essential' global organisations, such as the UN and IMF; the Commonwealth and the WTO. At the time, independence would have brought an end to Jersey's relationship with the EU, which was mediated through the UK's accession treaty protocol 3. The report suggests a minimum requirement of the establishment of three overseas missions: London, New York and Brussels (the Government has an office in London and shares an office in Brussels already), to provide contact with major organisations such as the Commonwealth, UN and EU, as well as the UK, US and EU, and also to allow use of them for tourism and trade-related purposes.

Consideration would need to be given to the questions of the internal organisation of Jersey's constitution, as well as citizenship and passports. The report assumes the Queen would continue to be the Head of State, appointing a Governor General on the advice of the British Government. The report recommended the need for a codified constitution, which should contain a basic human rights statement. The current States Assembly could be replaced by a States Parliament, which would need to replace the checks and balances provided by the Privy Council.

Political pressure groups[edit]

Jersey, as a polity predominated by independents has always had a number of pressure groups. Many ad-hoc lobby groups form in response to a single issue and then dissolve once the concerns have been dealt with. However, there are a number of pressure groups actively working to influence government decisions on a number of issues. For example, in 2012 the National Trust engaged in pressure campaign against development of the Plemont headland. The Trust was supported by the majority of the islands senior politicians, including the Chief Minister, but a proposition made in the States of Jersey for the States to compulsorily purchase the headland and sell it to the Trust was defeated in a vote on 13 December 2012. The outcome of the vote was 24 in favour of acquisition, 25 against, with one absent and one declaring an interest.

Interest Groups[edit]

The following groups are funded by their members.

Quangos[edit]

The following groups are, at least, partially funded by government. Appointments are made by the States Assembly.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "States of Jersey Law 2005". www.jerseylaw.je. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity" (Press release). States of Jersey. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  3. ^ Le Bailli, J. (1860) Jersey Chamber of Commerce, quoted in Kelleher, John D. (1991). The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey (Thesis). S.l.: typescript. p. 5
  4. ^ "Interpretation Act 1978 SCHEDULE 1". legislation.gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  5. ^ a b House of Commons Justice Committee (23 March 2010). Crown Dependencies (PDF). Vol. 8th Report of Session 2009–10. London, United Kingdom: The Stationery Office. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-215-55334-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  6. ^ a b c Kelleher, John D. (1991). The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey (Thesis). S.l.: typescript.
  7. ^ a b c d e Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. ISBN 978-1860776502.
  8. ^ a b c "History of the States Assembly". statesassembly.gov.je. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  9. ^ Watts (2004), pp. 16–17
  10. ^ Bisson, Mike. "Constitution - theislandwiki". www.theislandwiki.org. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  11. ^ Balleine's History of Jersey, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) ISBN 1-86077-065-7
  12. ^ "Jersey Law | Revised | Revised | Revised Edition – Showing the law at 1 January 2009 – Code of 1771 | 1 Jan 2009 | 1 Jan 2009". Jerseylaw.je. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  13. ^ House of Commons Justice Committee (23 March 2010). Crown Dependencies (PDF). Vol. 8th Report of Session 2009–10. London, United Kingdom: The Stationery Office. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-215-55334-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  14. ^ Royal Commission on the Constitution (1973). Report of the Royal Commission on the Constitution 1963–1973. Cmnd 5460. London, United Kingdom: HMSO.
  15. ^ a b c d "Jersey Law - STATES OF JERSEY LAW 2005". 3 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  16. ^ BBC (14 January 2011). "BBC News – Senator Freddie Cohen gets external relations role". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  17. ^ Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 355(5)(c) states "the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972".
  18. ^ "Territorial Army". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. 7 July 2009. col. WA148. Archived 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Royal Household at Buckingham Palace (4 June 2018). "Crown Dependencies". The official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  20. ^ "Members". statesassembly.gov.je. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  21. ^ "Jersey's new Deputy Bailiff is sworn in". ITV News. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  22. ^ a b c "Government House". Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  23. ^ "Public Hearing ― Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers ― Transcript of the 2nd of July 2010 interview of the Attorney General" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  24. ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor. "Role of the Lieutenant-Governor". Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  25. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. ^ "STATES OF JERSEY LAW 2005". Jerseylaw.je.
  27. ^ "States of Jersey Law 2005". Jerseylaw.je. 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  28. ^ a b c Morris, P.E. "The new systems of government in the Channel Islands". Public Law. London: Sweet and Maxwell. [2008] (Autumn): 430. ISSN 0033-3565.
  29. ^ States of Jersey. "The Scrutiny Website". Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  30. ^ Council of Ministers (2018). "Common Strategic Policy 2018 to 2022" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  31. ^ Council of Ministers (10 February 2015). "Code of Conduct and Practice for Ministers and Assistant Ministers" (PDF). Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  32. ^ a b "Portrait of a tax haven: Jersey". Tax Justice Network. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  33. ^ "Jersey (Constitution) - Friday 7 February 1969 - Hansard - UK Parliament". hansard.parliament.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  34. ^ [1][permanent dead link]
  35. ^ Kelso, Paul (1 September 2000). "Land of milk and money". The Guardian. London: GMG. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  36. ^ O'Connell, Joanne (7 September 2011). "Jersey institutions reject calls for independence". money marketing.
  37. ^ Waugh, Paul (28 August 2000). "Jersey may split from UK to save low-tax status". The Independent. London: INM. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  38. ^ Judge, Dan (2010). "Independence debate rears head in Channel Islands". international-adviser.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  39. ^ P Bailhache, 'One or two steps from sovereignty' [2009] Jersey and Guernsey Law Review "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  40. ^ "COMMON POLICY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS" (PDF). States of Jersey. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  41. ^ "Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group". Statesassembly.gov.je. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  42. ^ Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society Archived 9 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ "Home". Jersey Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  44. ^ [2][permanent dead link]
  45. ^ "Save Jersey's Heritage". Savejerseysheritage.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  46. ^ "Home". Jersey.attac.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  47. ^ "Home - Jersey Development Company". Jerseydevelopment.je. Retrieved 21 April 2019.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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