120×570mm NATO

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120×570mm NATO tank ammunition
IMI120shells.jpg
120×570mm ammunition manufactured by IMI.
Typetank gun
Place of originFederal Republic of Germany
Service history
In service1979–present
Used byWestern Bloc and developing nations.
Production history
Designedearly 1970s
Specifications
Bullet diameter120 mm (4.7 in)
Base diameter160 mm (6.3 in)
Rim diameter169 mm (6.7 in)
Case length570 mm (22 in)
Overall length984 mm (38.7 in)
Rifling twistnone
Primer typeelectric

120×570mm NATO tank ammunition (4.7 inch) also known as 120×570 R is a common, NATO-standard (STANAG 4385), tank gun semi-combustible cartridge used by 120mm smoothbore guns.

History[edit]

The 120×570 R cartridge was originally intended for the German Rh-120 smoothbore gun but an interoperability agreement signed between West Germany and France in April 1979, followed in September 1981 by a project to install the M256 120 mm smoothbore gun on future M1A1 Abrams tanks made it a NATO standard.[1][2]

Characteristics[edit]

The 120×570mm are one-piece ammunition with semi-combustible cartridge cases. These incorporate a short, metallic stub case with an elastomeric sealing ring which allows the use of a normal sliding wedge type of breech and at the same time significantly reduces the weight of the rounds. Thus, a round of 120 mm Rheinmetall APFSDS ammunition has a mass of 19.8 kg, which is little more than the 18 kg mass of a typical 105 mm APFSDS round with the traditional metallic cartridge case.[3]

120×570mm ammunition[edit]

Armour-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding sabot (APFSDS)[edit]

There are different ways to measure APFSDS penetration value. NATO uses the 50% (This means that 50% of the shell had to go through the plate), while the Soviet/Russian standard is higher (80% had to go through). According to authorities like Paul Lakowski, the difference in performance can reach as much as 8%[4]

Designation Origin Designer & producer Year Sub-projectile length Penetrator dimension L/D ratio (sub-projectile / penetrator only) Penetrator material & weight Sub-projectile weight with sabot / without sabot Propellant type & weight Chamber pressure Muzzle velocity Velocity drop Perforation at normal and oblique incidences Notes
DM13  Germany Rheinmetall 1979 457.7 mm (18.02 in) ⌀ 38-26 × 315 mm 8:1 Tungsten alloy 7.22 kg / 4.64 kg 7.3 kg 510 MPa 1650 m/s[5] 75 m/s (at 1000 m)
OFL 120 G1  France GIAT 1981 ⌀ 26 mm 18 density Tungsten alloy 6.2 kg / 3.8 kg 7.45 kg of B19T 1630 m/s (1981)
1650 m/s (upgraded, 1987)
1780 m/s[i] (all L/52) 		420 mm at 1000 m,[6] defeat the NATO Single heavy target at 8000 m and the Triple heavy target at 7000 m or 8400 m Utilize the same penetrator as the OFL 105 F1 105 mm APFSDS in a larger sabot. Upgraded with Israeli-style steel fins instead of aluminium in 1987.[7]
DM23  Germany Rheinmetall 1981 or 1983 457.7 mm (18.02 in) ⌀ 32 × 360 mm 12:1 Tungsten alloy 7.2 kg / 4.3 kg 1650 m/s[5] 420 mm at 2000 m Produced under licence by Switzerland as PfeilPat 87
M829  USA Alliant Techsystems 1984 616 mm (24.3 in)[8] ⌀ 27 × 460 mm 23:1 / 17:1 Depleted Uranium alloy, 3.94 kg[9] 7.1 kg[10] / 4.27 kg 8.1 kg of JA-2 509 MPa 1670 m/s[11] (M256) 62 m/s (at 1000 m)

123 m/s (at 2000 m)

525 mm[12] to 540 mm at 2000 m (LoS 60°)[13] First service APFSDS ammunition used for the US M256 Gun on the M1A1 Abrams. Actual average diameter is around 24.2mm, 27mm is the Max diameter of the Buttress Threads.
DM33  Germany Rheinmetall 1987 ⌀ 28[14] × 510 mm 20:1 / 19:1[14] Tungsten alloy 7.3 kg / 4.6 kg[15] 7.6 kg of 7-hole grain-type 1650 m/s[5] (L/44) 75 m/s (at 1000 m)[14]
120 m/s (at 2000 m) 		480 mm at 2000 m Produced under licence by Japan as JM33
M829A1  USA Alliant Techsystems 1988 778 mm (30.6 in) ⌀ 21.6 × 680[16] mm 35:1 / 31:1 Depleted Uranium alloy, 4.64 kg[9] 9 kg / 4.88 kg 7.9 kg of JA-2 661 MPa 1575 m/s[17] (M256) 69 m/s (at 1000 m)

135 m/s (at 2000 m)

650 mm[12] at 2000 m (LoS at 60°) Nicknamed the "silver bullet" by US tank crews in Operation Desert Storm.
KE-T  USA Alliant Techsystems 1988 658 mm (25.9 in) Tungsten alloy 9.67 kg 8.1 kg of RPD-380 or SCDB 1562 m/s[18] Developed by Alliant Techsystems, NWM de Kruithoorn of the Netherlands for the penetrator and Chamberlain Manufacturing Company of the USA who provided the sabots, fins and projectile assembly facility.
DM43A1  France and  Germany Giat Industries and Rheinmetall 1996 ⌀ 26 × 600 mm 27:1 Tungsten alloy 7.3 kg / 4 kg 7.6 kg of L1/M2400 1740 m/s[5] (L/44) 100 m/s (at 2000 m) 630 mm[dubious – discuss] at 2000 m[ii] French-German development, never adopted by the Bundeswehr and used in the French Army under the OFL 120 F1 designation.
OFL 120 F1  France and  Germany Giat Industries and Rheinmetall 1992 or 1994 ⌀ 26 × 600 mm 27:1 Tungsten alloy 7.3 kg / 4 kg 1790 m/s[19] (L/52) 100 m/s (at 2000 m) 650 mm[dubious – discuss] at 2000 m [iii] Feature the same penetrator as the DM43 but use a French propellant, later redesignated as 120 OFLE F1A.
OFL 120 F2  France Giat Industries 1996[20] ⌀ 27 × 594 mm 22:1 (penetrator) Depleted Uranium alloy 7.78 kg / 4.5 kg 560 MPa 1740 m/s[20] (L/52) 640 mm at 2000 m[21] Has superior penetration performance compared to the OFL 120 F1.[22]
M1080  Belgium MECAR 1990s Tungsten alloy 7.2 kg / 1675 m/s (L/44)[citation needed] 540 mm of RHA at 0°[23] Features an advanced-design tungsten penetrator. In 1995, the firm began development of an enhanced version of the M1080 which became available in 1999.[24]
M321  Israel Elbit Systems Tungsten alloy approx. 8 kg of M26[25] 1650 m/s (L/44)[citation needed]
M322  Israel Elbit Systems 1990s Tungsten alloy 8 kg / 5.6 kg[26] 8 kg of NC-NG 1705 m/s[27] (L/44) 130 m/s (at 2000 m) 630 mm at 2000 m[iv][speculation?] Also known as CL-3143 (Italy) and SLPPRJ95[28] (Sweden) on the export market.
M829A2  USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 1994 780 mm (31 in) ⌀ 21.6 × 695 mm 35:1 / 32:1 Depleted Uranium alloy, 4.74 kg 7.9 kg[29] / 4.92 kg 8.7 kg of JA-2 565 MPa[29] 1680 m/s[29] (M256) 60 m/s (at 1000 m)
120 m/s (at 2000 m) 		Estimated to be 710 mm of RHA (LoS at 60° at 2000 m)[speculation?] Improvements over M829A1 include a stepped tip increasing the working length by about 15mm, and use of a new lightweight composite Sabot, which allowed for increased muzzle velocity.
KE-W Terminator  USA Olin Defense System Groups
General Dynamics Ordnanceand Tactical System (later) 		1996 778 mm (30.6 in)[30] ⌀ 21.6 × 680 mm 35:1 / 31:1 C2 Tungsten alloy

4.37 kg

8.2 kg[30] / 4.6 kg 7.9 kg of JA-2[30] 496.6 MPa[30] 1585 m/s[30] (M256) US Export version of M829A1, features a Tungsten alloy penetrator instead of Depleted Uranium.
K276  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 1997 703.6 mm (27.70 in)[31] 600 mm[32] 25:1 Tungsten alloy 7.35 kg[31] / K683 (Triple-base)[32] 85,000 psi (586 MPa)[33] 1700 m/s[31] (L/44) 600 mm to 650 mm at 2000 m Penetrators are manufactured by Cyclic Heat-Treatment and a Double-Cycle Sintering process. This causes a phenomenon similar to the self-sharpening effect of the depleted uranium penetrator.[34][35]
DM53  Germany Rheinmetall 1999 760 mm (29.92 in) ⌀ 26 × 685 [36] 26:1 WSM 4-1 Tungsten alloy 8.35 kg / ~5 kg 1670 m/s (L/44) and 1750 m/s (L/55)[5] 55 m/s (at 1000 m)
110 m/s (at 2000 m) 		Estimated ~720mm of penetration at 2.000m[speculation?] The DM53A1 version differs from the original DM53 by its SCDB propellant firstly introduced with the DM63.
KE-W A1  USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 2000 Tungsten alloy /4 kg 8.4 kg of L1/M2400 580 MPa 1740 m/s[37] (L/44) 100 m/s (at 2000 m) US export variant of the French-German DM43
M338  Israel Elbit Systems Tungsten alloy 8 kg of LOVA 1680 m/s[27] (L/44) 3rd generation Israeli APFSDS
M829A3  USA Alliant Techsystems (ATK) and Northrop Grumman 2003 924 mm (36.4 in)[38] Main Rod

⌀ 25 x 670 mm

Tip Section

⌀25 x 100 mm[39]

37:1 / 31:1 Depleted Uranium alloy Main Rod with Tungsten Alloy Tip Section[40] 10 kg[38] / 7.2 kg 8.1 kg[41] or 8.15 kg[38] of RPD-380 sticks 1555 m/s[38][41] (M256) Features an improved penetrator using a special tip assembly to overcome newer types of Heavy ERA.
KEW-A2  USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 2003 780 mm (31 in) ⌀ 21.6 × 695 mm 35:1 / 32:1 Tungsten alloy 7.6 kg[29] 8.6 kg of JA-2 1700 m/s[37] (L/44) Export version of the M829A2 round, it features a tungsten penetrator
K279  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2008 761.6 mm (29.98 in)[31] 27:1 Tungsten alloy 8.27 kg[31] / 5 kg 8.6 kg of L15190 (SCDB)[42][43] 1760 m/s[31] (CN08) 120 m/s (at 2000 m) 700 mm at 2000 m The penetrator is manufactured of a composite material consisting of 91.39% W, 4.07% Ni, 2.225% Fe, and 2.315% Mo.[34]
Type 10  Japan DAIKIN, CHUGOKU-KAYAKU 2010 ⌀ 24 mm × 630 mm 26:1 Tungsten alloy, 4.2 kg 1780 m/s (L/44)[citation needed] 110 m/s (at 2000 m) 680 mm at 2000 m[v][speculation?]
Pz-531  Poland WITU 2015 Tungsten alloy 6.6 kg / 8.2 kg 490 MPa 1650 m/s[44] (L/44) ≥500 mm at 2000 m[45] Features a segmented penetrator made of two rods.
K279 Improved  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2016 761.6 mm (29.98 in)[31] 27:1 Tungsten alloy 8.27 kg[31] / 5 kg 8.6 kg of 19-hole cylinder-type (SCDB)[46] 690 MPa[46] 1800 m/s[46][vi] (CN08) 122 m/s (at 2000 m) Produced with a new SCDB propellant based on Solventless powder coated with polyester developed by Poongsan Corporation.[47][48][49]
M829A4  USA General Dynamics Ordnance & Tactical Systems and Alliant Techsystems 2016 Depleted Uranium alloy 1650 m/s[50] (M256) The M829A4 subprojectile has comparable characteristics to its predecessor, the M829A3, in length, weight, and center of

gravity.[51] The visible difference between the two cartridges is the Ammunition Data Link (ADL) interface rings on the base of the M829A4.

AKE-T  USA 2021 Main Rod

⌀ 25 x 670 mm

Tip Section

⌀25 x >100 mm[39]

Tungsten alloy Main rod with a Steel Tip Section Consist of the in-service M829A4 and the new Advanced Kinetic Energy - Tungsten round replacing the A4's depleted uranium penetrator[52]
SHARD Mk. 1  France Nexter Munitions 2022[53] tungsten alloy Said to have 20% performance increase over OFL 120 F1
DM73  Germany Rheinmetall 760 mm (29.92 in) ⌀ 26 × 685 [36] 26:1 WSM 4-1 tungsten alloy 8.35 kg / ~5 kg 1860 m/s [vii][speculation?] 55 m/s (at 1000 m) 767 mm at 2000 m[viii][speculation?] The DM73 reuse the same penetrator of the DM53 but achieves a 8%[54] uplift in performance regarding the combat range[55] through the use of a more powerful propellant.

HEAT (High Explosive Anti-Tank)[edit]

Designation Origin Designer & producer Year Weight, complete round (kg) Projectile weight (kg) Explosive filling (kg) Propellant type & weight Muzzle velocity Perforation at normal and oblique incidences Notes
DM12 MZ  Germany 23.2 kg 13.5 kg 1.62 kg 1140 m/s
DM12A1 MZ  Germany 23.2 kg 14.1 kg 1.62 kg 1140 m/s 480 mm or 220 mm @ 60° at all ranges DM12 fitted with a fragmentation sleeve. Produced under licence by the US as M830 with exception of the fuze and the explosive
Produced under licence by Japan as JM12A1
OCC 120 G1  France 1981 28.5 kg 14.2 kg 5.7 kg of B19T 1050 or 1080 m/s Defeat the Triple heavy NATO target significant anti-personnel effects
OECC 120 F1  France early 1990s 24.3 kg 14.4 kg RDX-TNT 1100 m/s 450 mm[56] Defeat the Single heavy and Triple heavy NATO targets[57] improved anti-personnel effects over the OCC 120 G1
M830 HEAT-MP-T  USA General Dynamics 1985 24.2 kg 13.5 kg 1.662 kg 5.5 of DIGL-RP sticks 1140 m/s technology transfer from the German DM12A1 except for the M764 fuze, double safety, and propellant containment bag[58]
M830A1 HEAT-MP-T (a.k.a MPAT)  USA 1994 24.68 kg 11.4 kg Comp-B 7.1 kg of 19 Perf JA-2 1410 m/s 20% performance increase against bunkers and a 30% performance increase against light armored vehicles.[59] 80 mm sub-caliber warhead fitted with a multifunction fuzing system with airburst capability[59]
K277 HEAT-MP-T  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 1997 24.5 kg 14.31 kg Comp-B K682 (Triple-base) 1130 m/s (L/44) 600 mm
K280 HEAT-MP-T  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2008 23 kg 11.38 kg 2.1 kg of Comp-B K684 (Double-base) 1400 m/s (CN08) It was developed for use in the K2 Black Panther with the K279 APFSDS-T
M325 HEAT-MP-T  Israel Elbit Systems 25 kg 1.8 kg of Comp-B 5.6 kg of M26/M30 1078 m/s (L/44)

High Explosive (HE) and anti-personnel[edit]

Designation Origin Designer & producer Year Weight, complete round (kg) Projectile weight (kg) Propellant type & weight Muzzle velocity Explosive filling (kg) Fuzing Effects Notes
M908 HE-OR-T  USA General Dynamics-OTS 2003 22.7 kg 11.4 kg 7.1 kg 19 Perf Hex JA-2 1400 m/s 3.2 kg[60] Composition A3 Type II[61] Base detonating, delay fuze did as well as, if not better than, the 15.8 kg 165 mm HEP warhead at reducing obstacles[62] Converted M830A1 HEAT-MP-T with a steel nosecone and a delay fuze, used to destroy concrete obstacles.
IM HE-T  Norway Nammo 26.7 kg 15.9 kg 1030 m/s Dual-mode: Superquick and delay[63] Produced under license by GD-OTS Canada[64]
OE 120 F1  France Nexter 2005 25.5 kg 15.5 kg 1050 m/s PD fuze
120 EXPL F1  France Nexter 2011 27 kg 16.8 kg 1000 m/s 3 kg HE-frag programmable
DM11 HE temp  Germany Rheinmetall 2009 29 kg 19 kg 950 m/s (L/44) or 1100 m/s (L/55) 2.17 kg HE with 600 tungsten balls[65] 3 modes: PD, PDwD and AB 80 m cone-shaped fragmentation pattern In service with the US Marine Corps under the Mk. 324 designation[66]
M339 HE-MP-T  Israel Elbit Systems 27 kg 17 kg 4.5 kg of NC-NG 900 m/s 2.3 kg of CLX663 3 modes: PDD, PD and AB capable of penetrating 200 mm double reinforced concrete walls[67]
RH31 HE SQ  Germany Rheinmetall 2012 impact function with or without delay low-cost variant of the DM11, the cartridge can be fired with no need for modifying existing systems.[68]
Pz-511  Poland 2015 28.65 kg[69] 19 kg 5.7 kg 950 m/s 2.3 kg of TNT
120 mm HE M3M  France Nexter 2016 28 kg 18 kg 1050 m/s 3 modes: SQ, AB and delay[70]

Close Combat[edit]

Designation Type Origin Designer & producer Year Weight, complete round (kg) Projectile weight (kg) Propellant type & weight Muzzle velocity Filling Fuzing Effects Notes
M1028 canister  USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 22.9 kg 15.9 kg 1410 m/s 1100 tungsten balls no 500 m effective range Produced under license by Nexter as OEFC 120 F1 and Nammo as 120 mm IM Canister.
M337 STUN less-than-lethal ammunition  Israel Elbit Systems 13.5 kg 3.5 kg 6 kg of M30 plastic flakes no creates a flash, bang and blast effect and also disperses plastic flakes in the vicinity of the tank[71]

TP-T (Target Practice Tracer)[edit]

Designation Type Origin Designer & producer Year Weight, complete round (kg) Length, complete round (mm) Propellant type & weight Muzzle velocity Filling Fuzing Notes
M865 TPCSDS-T  USA General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems 2002 17.2 kg 881 mm M14 1700 m/s
K282 TP-T (HEAT)  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2004 24.5 kg 989 mm K682 1130 m/s K611 (Electric) Developed based on K277 HEAT-MP-T.
K287 TP-T (HEAT)  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2013 22.9 kg 980 mm KM30 1130 m/s Fe Powder Sintered K604 (Electric) Designed to minimize damage from fragments after the explosion.
DM38 TPCSDS-T  Germany Rheinmetall 1690 m/s
DM48 TPCSDS-T  Germany Rheinmetall 17.5 kg
M324 TPCSDS-T  Israel Elbit Systems 18.3 kg 7.8 kg of M26 1730 m/s (L/44) Steel M45112 (Electric)
M340 TP-T (HE-MP)  Israel Elbit Systems 27 kg 4.5 kg 900 m/s (L/44) Inert
M326 TP-T (HEAT)  Israel Elbit Systems 27 kg 5.6kg of M30/M26 1078 m/s (L/44) Inert
120 mm IM TP-T TP-T  Norway Nammo 26.7 kg 1030 m/s Qualified in Leopard 2 and M1. The round is in service in several countries.
120 mm KE-TP KE-TP  Norway Nammo 18.3 kg 1700 m/s Qualified in Leopard 2 and M1. The round is in service in several countries.

Guided munition[edit]

Designation Type Guidance Origin Designer & producer Year Weight, complete round (kg) Weight (kg) Warhead Muzzle velocity Cruise speed Maximum range Effects Notes
LAHAT GLATGM semi-active laser-guided  Israel IAI 1992-1999 16 kg 13 kg tandem HEAT 300 m/s 280 m/s 6000 m (8000 m in indirect fire) not in service
XM943 STAFF beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition inertial + millimeter wave radar  USA Alliant Techsystems 1990-1998 downward-firing EFP 4000 m program was terminated in FY 98 with final close-out in FY00
POLYNEGE beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition Fire-and-forget  France Nexter Systems early 2000s 28 kg 20 kg downward-firing EFP/Hollow Charge 600 to 700 m/s from 2500 m to 8000 m not in service
KSTAM-I beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition Terminal guidance  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2004 tandem HEAT 750 m/s from 2500 m to 5000 m not in service
KSTAM-II beyond line of sight, top-attack smart munition Fire-and-forget  South Korea Poongsan Corporation 2005 21.5 kg 9.03 kg downward-firing EFP from 2000 m to 8000 m It was developed for use in K2 Black Panther's CN08 120 mm gun
Falarick GLATGM semi-automatic by laser beam  Belgium and  Ukraine CMI Defence and Luch 2013 28 kg tandem HEAT 300 m/s beyond 5000 m 700 mm RHA behind ERA spin-off version of the Konus GLATGM, proposed on the export market

120 mm smoothbore guns using 120x570mm ammunition[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ According to the markings (v0 1780) written on the cartridge of an OFL 120 G1 displayed at the Saumur Armored Museum.
  2. ^ Estimated according to the Lanz-Odermatt equation vs 260BHN. https://i.ibb.co/pWgm3vg/9410095-D-0-AE9-4590-BAF7-A06-FBC7-F2833.jpg
  3. ^ Estimated according to the Lanz-Odermatt equation vs 260BHN. Basically a DM43 from L/52 gun
  4. ^ Estimated according to the Lanz-Odermatt equation vs 260BHN.
  5. ^ Estimated according to the Lanz-Odermatt equation vs 260BHN.
  6. ^ When the round reaches the end of the barrel, the Muzzle Velocity is 1,794.7 m/s.
  7. ^ Estimated Based on 8% Kinetic Energy Increase.
  8. ^ Estimated according to the Lanz-Odermatt equation vs 260BHN.

References[edit]

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  4. ^ Pokonać pancerz! Część III – dane amunicji APFSDS-T Archived 2018-07-02 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish)
  5. ^ a b c d e Stefan Kotsch. "Munition der deutschen 120 mm Panzerkanone Rheinmetall". Main Battle Tanks in Details. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  6. ^ Hilmes, Rolf (1988). Kampfpanzer - Die Entwicklungen der Nachkriegszeit. Frankfurt am Main Bonn: Report Verlag GmbH. p. 38.
  7. ^ "Satory XI - collaborative programs show through". International Defense Review. 20 (9): 1244. 1987.
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  10. ^ Department of the Army, Technical Bulletin. "TB 9-2350-320-14 Operator/Maintenance Information on Cartridge 120mm M829, M830, M831, and M865". Google Books.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ "120 mm M829 APFSDS-T cartridge (United States), Tank and anti-tank guns". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  12. ^ a b Infantry, Magazine. "Infantry Magazine Mar-Apr 1990, Page 39" (PDF). benning.army.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2017.
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  14. ^ a b c "AUSA '86 anti-armour, air-defense and small-arms development dominate a good show". International Defense Review. 19 (12): 1809. 1986.
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  20. ^ a b Obsarm (October 2000). "La production des armes à l'uranium appauvri" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
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  22. ^ Ferrard, Stéphane (1992). Le Système Leclerc (in French). Editions Bosquet.
  23. ^ Foss, Christopher (June 1993). Jane's Armoured Fighting Vehicle Retrofit Systems 1993-94. Jane's Information Group. p. 72. ISBN 978-0710610799.
  24. ^ "Tank Gun Ammunition (Europe)". docplayer.net. Forecast International. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
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  26. ^ "AmmunitionskatalogData och bild" (PDF). hemvarnet.se. FMV. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  28. ^ Alexandersson, Anders. "Today's explosive reactive armour –is it possible to defeat it with the Swedish tank ammunition?" (PDF). diva-portal.se. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  30. ^ a b c d e "KE-W APFSDS-T 120MM TUNGSTEN TACTICAL CARTRIDGE" (PDF). alternatewars.com. General Dynamics Ordnanceand Tactical System. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h Security Management Institute (25 May 2018). "화기별·탄종별 사격장 안전기준 정립 연구". Republic of Korea Army Headquarters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. p. 118
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  33. ^ "Korea Defense Products Guide". Korea Defense Industry Trade Support Center. 13 December 2019. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022. p. 46
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