Federal Hall

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Federal Hall National Memorial
New York City Landmark No. 0047, 0887
Federal Hall (48126566178).jpg
View of Federal Hall in 2019
Location of Federal Hall in New York City
Location26 Wall Street, Financial District, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40°42′26″N 74°0′37″W / 40.70722°N 74.01028°W / 40.70722; -74.01028Coordinates: 40°42′26″N 74°0′37″W / 40.70722°N 74.01028°W / 40.70722; -74.01028
Area0.45 acres (0.18 ha)
BuiltMay 26, 1842
ArchitectTown and Davis; John Frazee (Interior Rotunda)
Architectural styleGreek Revival
Visitation156,707 (2004)
WebsiteFederal Hall National Memorial
Part ofWall Street Historic District (ID07000063)
NRHP reference No.66000095[1]
NYCL No.0047, 0887
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[4]
Designated NMEMAugust 11, 1955
Designated NYCLDecember 21, 1965 (exterior)[2]
May 27, 1975 (interior)[3]

Federal Hall is a historic building at 26 Wall Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. The name refers to two structures on the site: a Federal style building completed in 1703, and the current Greek Revival–style building completed in 1842. While only the first building was officially called "Federal Hall", the current structure is operated by the National Park Service as a national memorial called the Federal Hall National Memorial.

The original building served as New York's first City Hall. It was the site where the colonial Stamp Act Congress met to draft its message to King George III claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting "taxation without representation". After the American Revolution, in 1785, the building served as meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation, the nation's first central government under the Articles of Confederation. With the establishment of the United States federal government in 1789, it was renamed Federal Hall, as it hosted the 1st Congress and was the place where George Washington was sworn in as the nation’s first president. It was demolished in 1812.

The current structure, one of the best surviving examples of Greek Revival architecture in New York City, was built as the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[5] Later it served as a sub-Treasury building. The current national memorial commemorates the historic events that occurred at the previous structure. The building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1966. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district created in 2007.

First structure[edit]

Federal Hall, Seat of Congress, 1790 hand-colored engraving by Amos Doolittle, depicting Washington's April 30, 1789, inauguration

In the 17th century, the area north of Wall Street was occupied by John Damen's farm. Damen sold the land in 1685 to captain John Knight, an officer of Thomas Dongan's administration. Knight resold the land to Dongan, and Dongan resold it in 1689 to Abraham de Peyster and Nicholas Bayard. Both de Peyster and Bayard served as Mayors of New York.[6]

City Hall[edit]

The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall from 1699 to 1703, on Wall Street, in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[7][8] This structure had been designed by James Evetts to replace Stadt Huys, the city's first administrative center.[9] The stones from Wall Street's old fortifications were used for City Hall.[8] In 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there.[8][9] His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was later defined in the Bill of Rights.[8][10]

Archibald Robertson's View up Wall Street with City Hall (Federal Hall) and Trinity Church, New York City, from around 1798

In October 1765, delegates from nine of the 13 colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. Drawn together for the first time in organized opposition to British policy, the attendees drafted a message to King George III, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting the colonies' "taxation without representation".[8][9] The Sons of Liberty took over the building from the British during the American Revolutionary War in 1775. Afterward, City Hall served as the meeting place for the Continental Congress.[9]

After the American Revolution, City Hall was home to the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 until 1789. Acts adopted here included the Northwest Ordinance, which set up what would later become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, but more fundamentally prohibited slavery in these future states.

Federal Hall[edit]

After the Revolutionary War, the Patriots felt that the building should be remodeled in a distinctively American architectural style while also preserving the pre-colonial structure. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French architect who had helped the Americans during the Revolutionary War, was selected to remodel the structure.[9] L'Enfant's expansion was characteristic of Georgian-style designs, although he used larger proportions, and added American motifs.[11] An arched promenade was built through the street-level basement, with four heavy Tuscan columns supporting a balcony. On balcony level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a pediment that depicted an American eagle with thirteen arrows (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies).[11][12] L'Enfant also created a recessed gallery behind the columns, and he placed decorative swags above the second-story windows.[11] His design influenced the development of what later became the Federal style.[13]

The building was renamed Federal Hall in 1789 when New York was chosen as the nation’s first seat of government under the Constitution. The 1st Congress met there beginning on March 4, 1789.[14] The first inauguration of George Washington, the first-ever inauguration of a President of the United States, occurred on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789.[15][16][17] Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall. Foremost was the proposal and initial ratification of the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution; twelve amendments to the Constitution were initially drafted (eleven were later adopted), and on September 25, 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was proposed in Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the 1765 Stamp Act Congress.[16][18] The Judiciary Act of 1789 was also enacted in the building, setting up the United States federal court system.[16]

In 1790, the United States capital moved to Philadelphia.[19][20] What had been Federal Hall was turned into quarters for the state assembly and courts.[21] In 1812, the building was razed with the opening of the current New York City Hall.[20][22][23] Part of the original railing and balcony floor where Washington was inaugurated are on display in the memorial.[24] Nassau Street, which historically curved around City Hall, was straightened after the demolition of the second City Hall.[6]

Second structure[edit]

The current Greek Revival structure was built as the first purpose-built U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[5] The Custom House's previous location was described as "ordinary and inconvenient"; in 1831, overcrowding had necessitated that the federal government lease additional space. Samuel Swartwout, the Customs Collector for the Port of New York, advocated in 1832 for "spacious, safe, secure" accommodations.[25]

Custom House[edit]

George Washington, 1882, by John Quincy Adams Ward, in front of Federal Hall National Memorial

The firm of Town and Davis, composed of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, won an architectural design competition for the new Custom House building and was awarded the contract for the building's design in August 1833.[3][25] Town estimated that the plans would cost $250,000 if the Custom House building was made of granite, or $320,000 to $350,000 if it was of masonry, brick, and marble.[25] The original design called for a colonnade of eight columns facing Wall and Pine Streets, square pilasters on Nassau Street, a massive coffered dome protruding above the roof, and a cruciform floor plan.[26] Town suggested that Samuel Thomson, architect of the Administration Building at Sailors' Snug Harbor, be named the construction superintendent. Thomson made numerous changes to the plans before he resigned in 1835, taking the plans with him. Sculptor John Frazee was named the superintendent in Thomson's stead; he worked to piece together Town and Davis's original plans.[27][28] Frazee got into a dispute with building commissioner Walter Bowne and was dismissed in 1840, although he was rehired in 1841.[28]

The Custom House building opened in 1842[28][29] at a cost of $928,312 (equivalent to $20 million in 2020).[28] Importers would perform their business at a counter in the building's central rotunda.[30] The building came to be associated with political patronage. "The Seven Stages of the Office Seeker", an 1852 print by Edward Williams Clay, satirized how Democratic Party patronage under New York governor Martin Van Buren was centered around the Custom House.[30][31]

By 1861, the structure had become too small to accommodate all of the customs duties of the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[32] The custom house decided to move one block to 55 Wall Street, then occupied by the Merchants' Exchange.[33] The federal government of the United States signed a lease with the Merchants' Exchange in February 1862, intending to move into the building that May.[34] The custom house moved to 55 Wall Street starting in August 1862.[35]

Sub-Treasury[edit]

After the relocation of the Custom House, 26 Wall Street was transformed into a building for the United States Sub-Treasury.[29][35][36] The Sub-Treasury desks were arranged around the rotunda of the building.[37] Gold and coin storage vaults were placed along a passage near the north side of the rotunda. Bars were stored to the west, or left, and gold certificates and coins were stored to the east, or right. A vault for small change was also provided. A coin division was on the east side of the building, on the floor of the rotunda, toward Pine Street. Silver was stored in the northwest corner of the building, in the basement. An armory was placed on the upper stories, and various fortifications were mounted at the top of the building to protect the money.[38] Adjoining the Sub-Treasury to the east was the United States Assay Office, a branch of the United States Mint that performed all Mint functions except creating the coinage.[39] At its peak, the Sub-Treasury building held seventy percent of the federal government's money.[23]

In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, Federal Hall received no damage.

In 1883, John Quincy Adams Ward‘s bronze statue of George Washington was put up on the Sub-Treasury’s ceremonial front steps.[40] The statue "mark[ed] the exact height Washington stood when taking the oath of office on the balcony” of the eighteenth-century edifice, overlooking the crowds filling Broad Street up to Wall Street.[41] In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, a bomb was detonated across from Federal Hall at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as The Corner. Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured, and 23 Wall Street was visibly damaged,[42][43][44] but Federal Hall received no damage.

By 1917, the Sub-Treasury building held $519 million worth of gold and several million dollars more in coins.[45] The Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Sub-Treasury system in 1920, and the Sub-Treasury office closed on December 7 of that year.[46] The old Sub-Treasury was used as a passport office for a short time afterward.[30] The Sub-Treasury building was closed by 1925.[29]

Federal Hall National Memorial[edit]

20th century[edit]

By the late 1930s, the Sub-Treasury building was planned to be torn down. Consequently, a group called Federal Hall Memorial Associates was formed in 1939, raising money to prevent the building's demolition.[23] The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26, 1939.[47] The monument commemorated the first building on the site, rather than the extant Sub-Treasury building.[30] After several months of negotiations, Federal Hall Memorial Associates was allowed to operate the interior as a museum.[48][49]

Federal Hall was re-designated a national memorial on August 11, 1955, and the National Park Service started to administer the national memorial. The following year, the federal government drafted a $1.621 million plan for restoration of Federal Hall. At the time, the interior had become dilapidated.[50] A memorial to the Bill of Rights was dedicated in 1964 at Federal Hall. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in its own right on October 15, 1966,[51] and designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on December 21, 1965.[2] The building opened to the public in 1972 as a museum.[23]

During the mid-1980s, Richard Jenrette—the chairman of banking house Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, which was headquartered nearby—started soliciting $500,000 in private donations to renovate Federal Hall, in conjunction with Federal Hall Memorial Associates.[52] Although the group planned to make the rotunda into a reception area with contemporary furnishings, by 1985, only $73.000 had been raised and no contemporary furnishings had been acquired.[53] Federal officials announced in 1986 that Federal Hall would be renovated; the spaces would be cleaned and painted, and mechanical systems would be replaced. As part of the project, an exhibit to the Constitution of the United States would be opened.[54]

21st century[edit]

Congress convenes for a special session at Federal Hall National Memorial on September 6, 2002

Federal Hall was closed for one month following the September 11, 2001, attacks, which caused the nearby collapse of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers.[55] On September 6, 2002, approximately 300 members of the United States Congress traveled from Washington, D.C. to New York to convene in Federal Hall National Memorial as a symbolic show of support for the city, still recovering from the September 11 attacks. The meeting was the first by Congress in New York since 1790.[22]

The site closed on December 3, 2004, for an extensive $16 million renovation, mostly to its foundation, after cracks threatening the structure were greatly aggravated by the collapse of the World Trade Center. Federal Hall National Memorial reopened two years later.[56] In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District,[57] a NRHP district.[58] It was reported on June 8, 2008, that New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited 2008 United States presidential candidates John McCain and Barack Obama to a town hall forum at Federal Hall.[59] Both candidates declined the offer "because they do not want it limited to one television network."[60]

Architecture[edit]

Main hall of the memorial

Designed by architects Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis of Town and Davis, with a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee, it was constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Two prominent American ideals are reflected in the current building's Greek Revival architecture. Town and Davis's Doric columns on the facade resemble those of the Parthenon and serve as a tribute to the democracy of the Greeks. Frazee's domed rotunda echoes the Pantheon and is evocative of the republican ideals of the ancient Romans.[30][4]

The building contains two basement levels, three full above-ground stories, and an attic.[51] The primary rotunda, above ground level, is reached by a set of eighteen granite steps.[37]

Rotunda[edit]

The main rotunda of Federal Hall is 60 feet (18 m) in diameter.[37] The rotunda is designed as an amphiprostyle: it has balconies on four sides, but it lacks columns between each balcony.[29] The wall of the rotunda contains four sections of colonnade, each containing four columns.[37][27] The columns each measure 32 feet (9.8 m) high and 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m) across.[29] The southern colonnade leads to the main entrance, while the northern colonnade leads to the primary hallway of the building. The outer walls of the eastern and western colonnades contain plainly designed windows. There are gilded-iron balconies behind each colonnade. Between the colonnades are short sections of flat wall, situated between flat pilasters.[27] Above the balconies are barrel vaulted ceilings.[61]

The rotunda is topped by a self-supporting masonry saucer dome with a skylight at its center. The dome contains narrow panels with curved bottoms, as well as anthemion motifs at their top and bottom ends. The skylight is surrounded by raised rosettes.[62][63] The decorations were originally in a gold, blue, and white color scheme.[63] The floor of the rotunda contains gray and cream marble blocks in concentric circles. At the center of the floor is a stone slab, where George Washington once stood.[61]

Activities[edit]

The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial. As a national memorial, the site is open free to the public from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays. It has tourist information about the New York Harbor area's federal monuments and parks, and a New York City tourism information center. The gift shop has colonial and early American items for sale. Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily, except national holidays, and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day.

The memorial has several exhibits.[20] These include George Washington’s Inauguration Gallery, including the Bible used to swear his oath of office; Freedom of the Press, the imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger; and New York: An American Capital, preview exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration.[64] Among the items displayed are a piece of the balcony upon which Washington stood in his first inauguration.[20][65]

Access[edit]

Federal Hall is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Mondays through Fridays, and is closed on Sundays and Saturdays. The monument is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 via a ramp at its rear. The M55 bus stops nearby on Broadway, while the M15 and M15 SBS stop nearby on Water Street. In addition, the Broad Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the J and ​Z trains, is directly under Federal Hall.[66]

On U.S. postage[edit]

Issue of 1957

Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear twice on U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the 150th anniversary of President Washington's inauguration, where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office.

The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of Alexander Hamilton's birth. This issue depicts Alexander Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall.[67][68]

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]

Notes

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "Federal Hall National Memorial" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 21, 1965. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  3. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, p. 1.
  4. ^ a b "Federal Hall National Memorial". National Park Service. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Federal Hall -- U.S. Custom House". FEDERAL HALL. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  6. ^ a b "New Bankers' Trust Company Tower Sets Building and Realty Records" (PDF). The New York Times. April 10, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  7. ^ "History & Culture". Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). May 30, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e Kobbe 1891, p. 100.
  9. ^ a b c d e Reynolds 1994, p. 48.
  10. ^ "The Trial of John Peter Zenger". nps.gov.
  11. ^ a b c Reynolds 1994, p. 51.
  12. ^ Kobbe 1891, p. 101.
  13. ^ Reynolds 1994, p. 52.
  14. ^ Smith, T.E.V. (1889). The City of New York in the Year of Washington's Inauguration, 1789. A. D. F. Randolph. p. 48.
  15. ^ George Washington the President: 1789-1797. George Washington the President, 1789-1797. United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. 1931. p. 9.
  16. ^ a b c United States. Congress (1964). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 21451.
  17. ^ Kobbe 1891, pp. 101, 103.
  18. ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1980). Roots of the Bill of Rights. Roots of the Bill of Rights. Chelsea House. p. 894. ISBN 978-0-87754-207-0.
  19. ^ Seymour, Whitney North, Jr. (May 1964). "Dedication of the Bill of Rights Memorial". ABA Journal. American Bar Association. p. 469.
  20. ^ a b c d Reynolds 1994, p. 53.
  21. ^ Kobbe 1891, pp. 103–104.
  22. ^ a b "Inside Politics: Symbolic Site for Congress to Meet". cnn.com. September 5, 2002. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  23. ^ a b c d Carmody, Deirdre (October 21, 1972). "Federal Hall Memorial Is Reopened as Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ "Inaugural Balcony". nps.gov.
  25. ^ a b c Lee 2000, p. 18.
  26. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, pp. 1–2.
  27. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, p. 2.
  28. ^ a b c d Lee 2000, p. 19.
  29. ^ a b c d e Reynolds 1994, p. 80.
  30. ^ a b c d e Gray, Christopher (September 24, 2006). "A Landmark Will Reveal Its Treasures Once More". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  31. ^ "The seven stages of the office seeker". Library of Congress. 1852. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  32. ^ "The New Custom-house; Delay in the Preparations for Removal from the present Custom-house". The New York Times. April 27, 1862. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  33. ^ "United States Custom House Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. January 9, 1979. p. 2. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ "The New Custom-house Building". The New York Times. February 8, 1862. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  35. ^ a b Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915). The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 (PDF). Vol. 5. p. 1901. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  36. ^ "The Removal of the Custom-house; The Merchants' Exchange Occupied as the Custom-house Removal of the Warehouse Department". The New York Times. August 20, 1862. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  37. ^ a b c d Kobbe 1891, p. 104.
  38. ^ Kobbe 1891, pp. 105–106.
  39. ^ Kobbe 1891, p. 107.
  40. ^ Kobbe 1891, p. 103.
  41. ^ "History Timeline". Federal Hall. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  42. ^ Baily, Thomas A; Kennedy, David M. (1994). The American Pageant (10th ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-33892-3.
  43. ^ Barron, James (September 17, 2003). "After 1920 Blast, The Opposite Of 'Never Forget'; No Memorials on Wall St. For Attack That Killed 30". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  44. ^ "Terrific Explosion Outside Morgan's Office". Wall Street Journal. September 17, 1920. p. 3. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via newspapers.com open access.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ "U.S. Vaults Here Filled with Gold". The New York Times. January 21, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  46. ^ "N. Y. Sub-Treasury Closed as Reserve Bank Takes Duties: Martin Vogel Complimented by Bankers on Last Day in Office: Huge Sum Handled in Last Seven Years". New-York Tribune. December 7, 1920. p. 15. ProQuest 576286045. Retrieved February 15, 2021 – via ProQuest.
  47. ^ United States Congress (May 26, 1939). "Order Designating the Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site, New York, N. Y." (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 97–98. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ "Wall Street Scene". Wall Street Journal. January 24, 1940. p. 4. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 131279932. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via ProQuest.
  49. ^ "Museum to Show Historic Scenes; Paintings of House and Senate Chambers in Old Federal Hall to Go on View". The New York Times. January 10, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (April 30, 1956). "U.S. Aid Pledged on Federal Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  51. ^ a b "Historic Structures Report: Federal Hall National Memorial" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. October 15, 1966. p. 2. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  52. ^ Dunlap, David W. (November 2, 1984). "Grand Plans for 'Temple' on Wall Street". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ^ Haitch, Richard (June 9, 1985). "Follow Up on the News; Wall St. Rescue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  54. ^ Blau, Eleanor (September 30, 1986). "Landmark Will Add a Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. ^ "Federal Hall Reopens". The New York Times. October 16, 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  56. ^ "National Archives Announces Major Venue in New York City". National Archives. December 14, 2006. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  57. ^ "Wall Street Historic District" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. February 20, 2007. pp. 4–5. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  58. ^ "National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists" (PDF). National Park Service. 2007. p. 65. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  59. ^ ABC News. "New York Mayor, ABC News Invite Obama, McCain to Historic Town Hall". ABC News.
  60. ^ "McCain, Obama reject NYC offer on town hall - Yahoo! News". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008.
  61. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, p. 3.
  62. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, pp. 2–3.
  63. ^ a b Reynolds 1994, p. 82.
  64. ^ "Washington Inaugural Gallery Museum". National Park Planner. May 28, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  65. ^ "Inaugural Balcony". Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). May 28, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  66. ^ "Basic Information - Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  67. ^ "The Presidents". The White House. February 13, 2015.
  68. ^ Postage Stamps of the United States: An Illustrated Description of All United States Postage and Special Service Stamps Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847 to December 31, 1965. P.O.D. publication. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. p. 157. Retrieved February 6, 2021.

Sources

External links[edit]

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