ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ
ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ (ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߘߐ߫: ߓߙߋߛߌߟ߸ ߓߟߏߡߊߞߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߞߙߎߝߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲)߸ (ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߘߐ߫: ߙߋߔߐߓߟߌߞߊ߬ ߝߋߘߙߊߕߌߝ߭ߊ߬ ߘߏ ߓߙߋߛߌߟ) ߦߋ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߘߍ߰ߜߍ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ ߣߌ߫ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߟߊ߬ߕߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߘߌ߫.
| ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫ | ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߟߊ߬ߕߍ߲, Ibero-America, Southern Cone, South America  |
|---|---|
| ߟߊߝߟߐߕߎߡߊ | ߇ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ 1822 |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ ߕߐ߮ | Brasil, République fédérative du Brésil, Federative Republic of Brazil |
| ߕߐ߮ ߓߊߖߎ | República Federativa do Brasil |
| ߕߐ߯ ߛߎߘߎ߲ | 🇧🇷, BRA |
| ߊ߬ ߕߐ߮ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߝߍ߬ | Caesalpinia echinata |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ߟߌ߬ ߞߊ߲ | ߔߕߏߞߌߞߊ߲ |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߘߐ߲ߞߟߌ | Brazilian National Anthem |
| ߟߐ߲ߠߌ߲ߧߊ | culture of Brazil |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߘߐ | Order and Progress |
| ߜߙߋ | South America |
| ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ | ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ |
| ߞߎߓߋߘߊ | Brasília |
| ߛߌ߬ߢߊ߫ | South American Plate |
| ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߓߍ ߛߌ߰ߝߏ߲ | ߁߄°߀′߀″S ߅߃°߀′߀″W |
| ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߞߐߞߘߐߟߊ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߖߟߎ | ߇°߉′߂߀″S ߃߄°߄߇′߃߅″W |
| ߞߐߘߎ | ߅°߁߆′߁߂″N ߆߀°߁߂′߁߅″W |
| ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ ߞߐߞߘߐߟߊ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߖߟߎ | ߃߃°߄߅′߀″S ߅߃°߂߃′߂߅″W |
| Coordinates of westernmost point | ߇°߃߂′߅″S ߇߃°߅߈′߅߈″W |
| ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߓߍ ߘߎ߰ߛߎߡߊ߲ | Data:Brazil.map |
| ߦߙߐ߫ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߣߍ߲ | Pico da Neblina |
| ߦߙߐ߫ ߡߊߖߌ߰ߣߍ߲ | ߟߌ߲ߓߊ߲߫ ߡߊ߲ߞߊ߲ |
| Basic form of government | ߞߙߎߝߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲, representative democracy, presidential system |
| ߞߊ߲ߕߌ߮ ߟߊ߫ ߓߙߊ߫ | President of Brazil |
| ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߮ | Jair Bolsonaro |
| ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߞߏߕߌ߯ ߛߓߍߘߊ | President of Brazil |
| ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߌ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߮ | Jair Bolsonaro |
| ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߟߊߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߓߊ߮ | Federal Government of Brazil |
| ߥߛߊ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ | National Congress of Brasil |
| ߞߕߌߦߊ ߛߊ߲ߘߐߕߊ | Supreme Federal Court |
| ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߜߍߓߏ߲ | Central Bank of Brazil |
| ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߙߋ߲ | UTC−02:00 |
| Currency | Brazilian real |
| ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߊ߲ | ߓߘߍ߫ |
| ߧߎߡߍߓߎߦߌ ߛߎ | Europlug, IEC 60906-1 |
| ߛߌߦߊ | White Brazilians, Pardo Brazilians, African Brazilian, Asian Brazilian, indigenous peoples in Brazil |
| ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ߒ߬ߘߐ߬ߟߌ ߟߎ߫ | South American dreadnought race, BASIC countries, G4 nations, Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries, Group of Five |
| ߢߍߓߌߟߊ | Empire of Brazil, Colonial Brazil |
| ߣߘߐߓߌߟߊ | Empire of Brazil, Republic of the United States of Brazil |
| ߛߓߍߛߎ߲߫ ߞߊ߲ߡߊߛߙߋߡߊ ߖߊ߯ߓߡߊ ߓߊߦߟߍߡߊ߲ | bɾaˈziw |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߞߊ߬ߓߊ߮ ߥߟߊ߫ ߛߌ߲ߘߌߓߊ߮ | Pedro Álvares Cabral |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߠߞߊ߬ߟߌ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߥߟߊ߫ ߛߌ߲ߘߟߌ | ߂߂ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߘߌ߬ߓߌ 1500 |
| ߓߟߐߟߐ | https://www.gov.br |
| Described at URL | https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html |
| External data available at | http://dados.gov.br |
| Hashtag | Brazil |
| ߓߟߐߟߐߛߙߋ | .br |
| Main regulatory text | Constitution of Brazil |
| ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߖߏ߲߬ߖߏ߲ | flag of Brazil |
| Coat of arms | coat of arms of Brazil |
| ߊ߬ ߘߎ߲߬ߘߎ߲߬ߡߦߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ | free country |
| Patron saint | Our Lady of Aparecida |
| ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߓߍ | geography of Brazil |
| ߘߐ߬ߝߐ | history of Brazil |
| Open data portal | DataViva |
| Economy of topic | economy of Brazil |
| Demographics of topic | demographics of Brazil |
| ߕߎ߲ߞߊ߲ ߞߟߌߟߌߛߙߋ ߂ | 724 |
| ߕߎ߲ߞߊ߲ ߞߟߌߟߌߛߙߋ ߁ | +55 |
| Trunk prefix | no value |
| ߜߍ߬ߘߍ߲߬ߘߐ߬ ߞߟߌߟߌ ߝߙߍߕߍ | 190, 192, 193 |
| GS1 country code | 789-790 |
| Licence plate code | BR |
| Maritime identification digits | 710 |
| Unicode character | 🇧🇷 |
| ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߓߍ ߔߊ߬ߔߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߦߌߟߡߊ | Category:Maps of Brazil |
ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߎߘߍ߫ ߝߘߎ߬ߓߍ߲ ߞߋ߲߬ߥߟߎ߬ ߈.߅ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߥߟߊ߫ (ߡߟߌ ߝߘߎ߬ߓߍ߲߫ ߞߋ߲߬ߥߟߎ߫ ߃.߂) ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ߓߊ߮ ߝߣߊ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߡߐ߱ ߞߋ߲߬ߥߟߎ߫ ߂߁߁ ߣߌ߫ ߞߐ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߞߎ߲ߓߊ ߟߏ߯ߟߎߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߞߣߍ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߌ߰ߓߊ߮ ߛߌߦߊߦߊ ߥߐ߯ߙߐߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߎߓߋߘߊ ߦߋ߫ ߓߙߊߛߟߌߦߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߴߊ߬ ߛߏ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߓߊ߬ߕߌ߮ ߦߋ߫ ߛߊߏ߫ ߔߟߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߂߆ ߞߙߎߝߊߣߍ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߓߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ ߞߙߎߝߊߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬. ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߬ ߘߴߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߜߙߋ ߞߊ߲߬ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߝߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߲ ߏ߬ ߝߐ߫ ߖߡߊߣߊ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߓߟߋ߬ߓߟߋ ߝߣߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߊ߲ߥߙߍ߫ ߝߐ߫ ߣߌ߫ ߛߌߦߊ߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲ߢߐ߲߯ߡߊ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߢߍߕߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲߫ ߦߙߌߞߡߊ ߟߎ߬߸ ߞߵߏ߬ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߝߎ߲ߘߎߟߌ ߝߍ߬ ߝߊ߯ߘߐߞߍ ߞߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߞߌߢߍ߲߫ ߝߊ߲߭ ߓߍ߯ ߘߏ߫ ߘߐ߫߸ ߒ߬ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߦߋ߫ ߙߏߡߊ߲ ߝߓߊ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫. ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߟߌ߲ߓߊ߲߫ ߡߊ߲ߞߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߎߘߍ߫ ߇,߄߉߁ ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߓߟߏ߫ ߞߐ߰ߖߌ߬ߘߊ ߟߊ߫ (ߡߟߌ߫ ߄,߆߅߅), ߓߐߕߏ߲ ߦߴߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߟߎ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߕߍ߫ ߝߏ߫ ߋߞߎߊߕߍߙ ߣߌ߫ ߛ߭ߟߌ߫ ߟߎ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߦߴߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߜߙߋ ߘߎ߰ߞߟߏ ٪߄߇.߃ ߘߌ߫. ߊߡߊߖ߭ߏߣߌ߫ ߖߌߛߏ߮ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߎߞߊߓߊ߲߫ ߘߍ߰ߜߍ ߦߴߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߛߓߏ߬ ߓߐߣߍ߲ߢߐ߲߰ߡߊ ߟߎ߬ ߓߘߊ ߦߋ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߡߍ߲ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߓߐ߰ߝߍ߬ߞߊ߲ߞߋ ߛߎ߯ߦߊ ߟߎ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߎ߲ߞߎ߲ ߓߐߛߎ߲ ߡߍ߲ ߥߊ߲߬ߥߊ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߍ߬ߦߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߥߙߍߓߊߓߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߞߊ߲ߘߊ߫ ߟߊ߫. ߓߐ߰ߝߍ ߘߊߞߎ߲߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߞߋߟߋ߲ ߡߍ߲ ߣߊ߬ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߓߐ߰ߝߍ߬ ߞߏߟߏ߲ߛߏߣߍ߲ ߓߟߋ߬ߓߟߋ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߁߇߲ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߦߙߐ߫ ߢߊ߬ߕߣߐ߬ߡߊ߫ ߟߊߞߙߐ߬ߛߌ߬ߣߍ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߡߊߞߕߌߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߕߎ ߟߊ߲ߝߊ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߓߐ߰ߝߍ ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ ߡߊ߬ߘߎ߮ ߘߐ߫. ߛߌߦߊ߫ ߥߙߍߓߊ ߟߎ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߛߌ߰ߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߘߌ߲߬ߞߌߙߊ ߘߐ߫ ߦߊ߬ߣߌ߲߫ ߓߍ߬ߙߍ߲߬ߓߍ߬ߙߍ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ߠߊ ߔߋߘߙߏ ߊߟߑߝ߭ߊߙߍߛ ߞߊߓߙߊߟ ߖߌ߰ ߕߍ߫ ߞߎߟߎ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߁߅߀߀ ߟߊ߫ ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ ߦߋ߫. ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߥߙߎߣߍ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߝߴߊ߬ ߞߎߓߋߘߊ ߟߊߦߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ ߡߍ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߁߈߀߈ ߠߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߟߌߛߑߓߐߣ ߞߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߙߌ߬ߦߏ ߘߋ߬ ߗ߭ߣߊߙߌߦߏ߫. ߥߙߎߣߍ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߖߙߎߡߎ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߣߌ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߣߌ߫ ߊߟߑߝ߭ߊߙߍߛ ߟߎ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߘߍ߲ߖߘߍߟߦߊ ߞߎ߲߭ߝߊ߰ ߘߊ߫ ߁߈߂߂ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ ߛߌ߲ߘߌ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߒ߬ߞߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ ߛߌ߰ߞߊ߲ ߞߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߎߡߊߓߏ߲ ߞߊ߲ߞߋ ߞߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ߞߊ߲ ߘߊߘߐߓߍ߲߭ ߡߍ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߁߈߂߄ ߠߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߓߌߞߊߡߋߙߊߟ ߞߎ߬ߙߎ߲߬ߘߎ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߌ ߕߐ߮ ߟߋ߬ ߞߘߐ߫߸ ߒ߬ߞߵߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߟߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߓߌ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ ߞߎ߲߬ߜߙߊ. ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲߫ ߞߊ߲ߕߌ߯ߡߊ ߘߌ߫ ߁߈߈߉ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߖߊߛߏ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߞߐ߫. ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ߟߊ߬ߞߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߟߊ߫ ߁߉߆߄ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߡߊ߬ߙߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߴߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߁߉߈߅ ߟߊ߫, ߒ߬ߓߊ߬ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߐ߫ ߛߊ߫ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߊ߲߬ ߞߎ߲ߠߊߛߌ߮ ߞߊ߬ ߡߙߊ߬ߟߌ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߫. ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߕߋ߲߭ߕߋ߲߭ ߛߌ߰ߞߊ߲ ߛߏ߯ߙߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߈߈ ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߓߍ߯ߦߊ ߞߙߎߝߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߊ߬ ߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ ߡߊ߬ ߟߐ߲ߠߌߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߬ ߁߃߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡ.ߟ.ߛ.ߟ.ߟ.ߟ ߟߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߝߘߏ߬ߓߊ߬ߗߍ߮ ߘߐ߫. ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߛߙߊߛߌ߰ߣߍ߲߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߕߍߡߊߞߊ߲ߞߋ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߜߍߓߏ߲ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߝߊ߲ߓߏ߲ߦߊߣߍ߲߫ ߞߎߘߊ߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊߡߋߙߞߌ߫ ߟߊߕߍ߲ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߘߊ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߓߟߋ߬ߓߟߋ. ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߖߘߍ߬ߡߊ߬ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߖߊ߬ߝߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߘߐ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߐ߬ߣߐ߲߬ߘߐ߬ߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߞߣߐߟߊ ߥߟߏߒߘߐ ߢߊ߲ߞߌߛߊ߲ (PIB/GDP) ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߋ߯ߦߌ߲ߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ (PPP) ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߛߎ߬ߡߊ߲߬ߞߌ߬ߛߍ߬ ߟߊ߬ߥߟߏ߬ ߖߡߊߣߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߢߍߕߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߞߊߝߋ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߟߊߥߟߏ ߖߡߊߣߊ ߘߌ߫ ߛߊ߲߭ ߁߅߀߀ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߞߘߐ߫. ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߦߋ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ߡߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ ߕߟߊߒߕߍ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߞߊߓߋ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߡߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲߬ߕߍ߬ߦߊ ߡߊ߬ߟߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߣߌ߬ߣߌ߬ߟߌ ߟߊ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߛߙߊߛߌ߰ߣߍ߲߬ ߦߋ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ߫ ߖߘߍ߬ߡߊ߬ߛߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߞߋߟߋ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߫ ߘߐ߫. ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߜߘߌ ߛߌ߰ ߘߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞ߂߀ (G20) ߘߐ߫߸ (BRICS), (MERCOSUL)߸ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߟߎ߬ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߔߐߙߑߕߐ߬ߜ߭ߍ߰ߛߌ߬ ߞߊ߲ ߝߐ߫ ߖߡߊߣߊ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ ߘߐ߫.
ߝߐߓߏߟߏ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ[ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ | ߊ߬ ߛߎ߲ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬]
ߦߌߟߡߊ ߓߊߖߎߡߊ: ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߕߐ߮ ߊ߬ ߞߍߣߍ߲߫ ߦߏ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߕߐ߮ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߦߙߌ ߟߋ߬ ߝߍ߬ ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߦߙߌ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߝߍߘߍ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߞߐ߰ߖߌ߬ߘߊ ߘߐߙߐ߲߫ ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߘߐ߫. ߦߙߌ ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߟߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߘߐ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߔߏ߫-ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ߸ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߞߎߡߊߘߋ߲ ߝߣߊ߫ ߡߊߟߐ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߝߘߏ߬ߓߊ߬ ߓߟߏߡߊ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߊ߬ ߥߎ߬ߟߋ߲߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߦߏ߫ ߞߟߏߞߟߏ߸ ߏ߬ ߛߏ߯ߙߏߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߓߙߊߛߊ (ember) ߣߌ߫ ߞߐߣߙߊ ߌߟ ߝߘߊߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ (iculum ߥߟߊ߫ ilium) ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߦߙߌ ߛߏ߯ߙߏߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߥߎ߬ߟߋ߲߬ ߞߐ߯ߣߍ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߛߟߏߟߏ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߡߐ߬ߟߐ߲߬ ߘߌ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߖߛߋ߬ߘߊ߲߬ ߝߊ߲ߓߏ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߡߊ߬ ߞߏߛߓߍ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߖߎ߬ߟߦߊ߬ߝߋ߲߫ ߘߐߖߊ߬ߥߏ߬ߕߊ߬ ߝߟߐ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߊߥߟߏߣߍ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߘߎ߰ߞߟߏ ߞߊ߲߬. ߝߊ߯ߘߐߞߍ߫ ߁߆߲ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߦߙߌ ߓߏ߲߬ߓߊ߬ߓߊ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߐߓߍ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߟߊ߲߬ߔߊ߰ߛߌ߬ ߡߌߙߌ߲ߘߌ ߟߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫ (ߡߍ߲ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߕߎߔߌ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߫) ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߞߐ߰ߖߌ߬ߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߝߍ߬߸ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߦߙߌ ߏ߬ ߝߋ߰ߙߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߖߎ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߡߊ߬ (ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߓߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ ߟߎ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߘߐ߫)߸ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߐߛߊߦߌ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߡߍ߬ߡߍ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫ ߓߍ߬ߘߍ ߘߌ߫. ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߛߓߍߘߟߊߡߐ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߦߋ߲߬ ߕߐ߯ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߞߏ߫ "ߓߊߙߊ߲ߕߏ߲߫ ߓߛߍ߫ ߘߎ߯" (ߕߍߙߊ߫ ߘߊ ߛߊ߲ߕߊ߫ ߞߑߙߐߖ߭)߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߛߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ߠߊ ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߙߋ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߟߌߢߊ ߟߊߣߐ߰ߦߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ "ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߘߎ߯"߸ (ߕߍߙߊ߫ ߘߏ ߓߙߋߛߌߟ) ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߦߙߌ ߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ߦߊ ߡߊ߬. ߖߊ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫ ߝߐߟߌ ߏ߬ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߘߵߊ߬ ߥߊ߲߬ߥߊ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ߬ ߛߓߍߘߟߊߡߐ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߕߊ߫ ߕߐ߮ ߏ߬ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ ߤߊ߲߯ ߞߊ߬ ߥߵߊ߬ ߞߴߊ߬ ߕߐ߮ ߘߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߊߙߌߒߠߊ߫ ߓߟߏߡߊ߬. ߖߎ߬ߟߊ ߞߎ߲߬ߝߟߐ ߘߏ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߝߣߊ߫ ߕߍ߬ߘߵߊ߬ ߞߟߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߞߏ߫ "ߔߊߙߏߘߎ߯". ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߟߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߜ߭ߎߙߊߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߞߏ߫ "ߔߌ߲ߘߏߙߡߊ߫"߸ ߔߙߊߜ߭ߎߥߋ߫ ߛߓߍߘߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ ߞߊ߬ߣߌ߲߬. ߟߊ߲߬ߔߊ߰ߛߌ߬ ߡߌߙߌ߲ߘߌ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߕߐ߮ ߏ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߟߴߊ߬ ߡߊ߬߸ [ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߞߘߐ ߦߋ߫ ߕߌ߲߬ߖߎ߬ߘߎ߯ ߘߌ߫].
ߘߐ߬ߝߐ[ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ | ߊ߬ ߛߎ߲ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬]
ߦߌߟߡߊ ߓߊߖߎߡߊ: ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ ߣߌ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߕߎ߬ߡߘߊ߬ߟߐ߲߬ߘߐ߬ߦߊ
ߞߊߓߙߊߟߌߣ ߣߊ߬ߟߌ ߢߍ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ[ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ | ߊ߬ ߛߎ߲ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬]
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ߡߐ߱ ߡߊߞߍ߫ ߦߙߐ߫ ߝߟߐ ߟߎ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߘߴߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߜߙߋ ߞߊ߲߬߸ ߟߎߖ߭ߌߦߊ߫ ߡߛߏ, ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߔߋߘߙߏ߫ ߟߋߏߔߏߟߑߘߏ߫ ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߡߣߌߦߊ߫ ߗ߭ߋߙߌߦߊ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߘߊߘߐߡߌߘߊߞߎ߲ߧߊ ߡߊߛߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߡߐ߱ ߞߵߊ߬ ߡߊߞߍ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ߦߌ߯ ߛߊ߲߬ ߁߁ ߀߀߀ ߝߊ߲߭ ߝߍ߬. ߘߊ߰ ߞߘߐ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߘߎ߰ߘߟߊߕߍ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߡߊߖ߭ߏߣߌ߫ ߝߏ߲ߝߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߞߣߐ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ߸ ߡߍ߲ ߡߊߝߟߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߥߎߢߊ߲ߛߏߘߌ߲ (radiocarbone) ߠߊ߫ ߏ߬ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߊ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ ߈߀߀߀ ߘߌ߫ (ߛߊ߲߬ ߆߀߀߀ ߌ.ߡ). ߘߊ߱ ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߛߊ߲ߕߊߙߍߡ ߘߊߝߍ߬ ߟߋ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ ߢߍߟߊ ߟߐ߲ߠߌ߲ߦߊ߫ ߢߣߊߓߊ߬ߛߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߕߟߋ߬ߜߍ߬ߞߘߐ߬ ߕߎ ߟߎ߬ ߞߘߐ߫. ߡߙߊߖߏߊߙߊ߫ ߟߐ߲ߠߌ߲ߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߡߙߊߖߐ߫ ߊߡߊߖ߭ߏߣߌ߫ ߓߌߟߊ ߘߐ߫ ߄߀߀ ߞߵߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߈߀߀߀ ߌ.ߡ߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߘߊ߰ ߘߊߘߐߓߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߫ ߦߋ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߘߍ߬ߘߐ߬ߞߏ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߸ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ ߛߌߦߊߦߊ߸ ߓߏ߲߫ ߞߘߐߕߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߘߍ߬ߟߐ߲߬ߘߐ߬ߦߊ߫ ߢߣߊߓߊ߬ߛߊ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ [ߦߏ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߰ߦߊ ߛߏ߯ߙߏߟߌ]. ߔߐߙߑߕߐ߬ߜ߭ߍ߰ߛߌ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߞߎ߲߬ߓߐ߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊߡߌߣߌ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߛߌ߰ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߘߎ߰ߞߟߏ ߡߍ߲ ߞߊ߲߬ ߕߋ߲߬߸ ߟߊ߲߬ߔߊ߰ߛߌ߬ ߡߌߙߌ߲ߘߌ ߡߐ߱ ߞߋ߲߬ߥߟߎ߫ ߇ ߟߋ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߏ߬ ߞߊ߲߬ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߛߎ߬ߓߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߝߎ߲ߘߟߌ߫ ߓߛߌߞߌ ߟߋ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߐ߲߬߸ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߏ߲߬ߛߏ߬ߦߊ ߛߘߊߘߐ߫߸ ߘߏߟߋ߲ߓߌߟߊ߸ ߘߟߊߘߍ߯ߟߌ߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߎ߲ߘߌ߫ ߛߣߍߞߍ ߟߎ߫. ߟߊ߲߬ߔߊ߰ߛߌ߬ ߡߌߙߌ߲ߘߌ ߛߌߦߊ߫ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ߸ (ߦߏ߫ ߕߎߔߌ ߟߎ߬߸ ߜ߭ߎߊߙߊ߲ߣߌ߫ ߟߎ߫߸ ߜ߭ߍߛ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊߙߊߥߊߞ ߟߎ߫). ߕߎߔߌ ߟߎ߬ ߕߟߊߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߎ߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߕߎߔߣߌߞߍ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߕߎߔߌߣߊ߲ߓߊ ߟߎ߬߸ ߞߙߎ ߕߐ߭ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߕߟߊߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߙߎ߫ ߦߙߌߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߌ߫. ߞߙߎ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߐߕߏ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߣߊ߬ߟߌ ߢߍ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߟߎ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߟߐ߲ߣߌ߲ߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߲߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲ߢߐ߲߯ߡߊ ߟߎ߬ ߕߍ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߖߏ߯ߦߊߟߌ ߟߎ߬. ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߞߟߍ߫ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߎ߱ ߣߌ߫ ߖߌ ߟߎ߬ ߝߍ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߎߓߊ߯ߦߊߞߏ (ߞߊ߬ ߡߐ߱ ߘߊߥߎ߲߫) ߟߎ߬ ߟߐ߬ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߡߊ߬. ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߡߍ߲ ߗߍߕߊߟߌ ߟߋ߬ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߓߏ߲߬ߓߊ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫߸ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߰ߦߊ ߟߋ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߏ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߫ ߢߐ߲߯ ߣߘߐߓߌߟߊ ߢߊ߰ߢߊ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߞߊ߲߫. ߞߘߐ߫ ߜߘߍ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߖߐ߲߬ߧߊ ߟߊ߫ ߌ߲ߘߌߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߓߘߊ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߕߊ ߡߊ߬߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߘߍ߭ ߘߐ߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ ߡߊ߬߸ ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߣߌ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߕߊ߰ߦߊ߬ߓߊߟߌߦߊ (ߘߐߞߢߊߟߌ߫ ߓߊߟߌߦߊ) ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߝߛߊ߬ߙߌ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߊ߬ߓߏ߲ (ߞߊ߬ߓߌߟߊ) ߘߌ߫.
ߔߐߙߑߕߏߜ߭ߍ߯ߛߌ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߐ߲ߛߐ߲ߧߊ[ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ | ߊ߬ ߛߎ߲ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬]
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ߦߌߟߡߊ ߓߊߖߎߡߊ: ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ ߞߐ߲ߛߐ߲ߧߊ߸ ߊ߲ߓߏߓߊ ߟߎ߬ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߔߋߘߙߏ߫ ߊߟߑߝ߭ߊߙߍߛ ߞߊߓߙߊߟ ߖߌ߰ ߕߎߡߊ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ ߔߐߙߑߕߏ߫ ߛߋߜ߭ߎߙߏ߫߸ ߁߅߀߀ ߟߊ߫, ߊ߬ ߓߐߙߐ߲ߜߍߣߍ߲ ߁߉߂߂ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫.