Eos

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For other uses, see Eos (disambiguation).
Eos
Personification of the Dawn
Herbert James Draper, The Gates of Dawn, 1900.jpg
The Gates of Dawn, by Herbert James Draper
AbodeSky
SymbolSaffron, Cloak, Roses, Tiara, Cicada, Horse
MountA chariot drawn by two horses
Personal information
ParentsHyperion and Theia
SiblingsHelios and Selene
ConsortAstraeus, Orion, Cephalus, Cleitus, Ares, Tithonus
ChildrenThe Winds (Boreas, Eurus, Notus and Zephyrus), the Stars (Eosphorus/Hesperus, Pyroeis, Stilbon, Phaethon, and Phaenon), Memnon, Emathion, and Astraea
Equivalents
Roman equivalentAurora
Slavic equivalentZorya
Hinduism equivalentUshas[2]
Japanese equivalentAme-no-Uzume[1]

In Greek mythology and religion, Eos (/ˈiːɒs/; Ionic and Homeric Greek Ἠώς Ēṓs, Attic Ἕως Héōs, "dawn", pronounced [ɛːɔ̌ːs] or [héɔːs]; Aeolic Αὔως Aúōs, Doric Ἀώς Āṓs)[3] is the goddess[a] of the dawn, who rose each morning from her home at the edge of the river Oceanus. Like Roman Aurora and Rigvedic Ushas, Eos continues the name of an earlier Indo-European dawn goddess, Hausos. Eos, or her earlier Proto-Indo-European (PIE) ancestor, also shares several elements with the love goddess Aphrodite, perhaps signifying Eos's influence on her or otherwise a common origin for the two goddesses. In surviving tradition, Aphrodite is the cause behind Eos' numerous love affairs, having cursed the goddess with insatiable lust for mortal men.

In Greek literature, Eos is presented as a daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia, the sister of the sun god Helios and the moon goddess Selene. In rarer traditions, she is the daughter of the Titan Pallas. Each day she drives her two-horse chariot, heralding the breaking of the new day and her brother's arrival. Thus, her most common epithet of the goddess in the Homeric epics is Rhododactylos, or "rosy-fingered", a reference to the sky's colours at dawn, and Erigeneia, "early-born".

Eos fell in love with mortal men several times, and would abduct them in similar manner to how male gods did mortal women. Her most notable mortal lover is the Trojan prince Tithonus, for whom she ensured the gift of immortality, but not eternal youth, leading to him aging without dying for an eternity.

Despite her Proto-Indo-European origins, there's little evidence of Eos having received any cult or worship during classical times.

Etymology[edit]

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The Proto-Greek form of Ἠώς / Ēṓs has been reconstructed as *ἀυhώς / auhṓs, and in Mycenaean Greek as *hāwōs.[3][6] According to Robert S. P. Beekes, the loss of the initial aspiration could be due to metathesis.[3] It is cognate to the Vedic goddess Ushas, Lithuanian goddess Aušrinė, and Roman goddess Aurora (Old Latin Ausosa), all three of whom are also goddesses of the dawn.[2]

In Mycenaean Greek her name is also attested as a-wo-i-jo (Āw(ʰ)oʰios; Ἀϝohιος),[b][8] found in a tablet from Pylos; it has been interpreted as a shepherd's personal name related to "dawn",[9][10][11][12] or dative form Āwōiōi.[13]

Origins[edit]

Proto-Indo-European goddess[edit]

Eos by Evelyn De Morgan (1895)
Main article: h2éwsōs

All four of the aforementioned goddesses sharing a linguistic connection with Eos are considered derivatives of the Proto-Indo-European stem *h₂ewsṓs (later *Ausṓs), "dawn". The root also gave rise to Proto-Germanic *Austrō, Old High German *Ōstara and Old English Ēostre / Ēastre. These cognates led to the reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess, Hausos (*H₂éwsōs).[2][3] In the Greek pantheon, Eos, Helios and Zeus are the three gods that are of impeccable Indo-European lineage in both etymology and status, although the former two were sidelined in the pantheon by non-PIE newcomers.[14] A common epithet associated with this dawn goddess is *Diwós Dhuǵh2tḗr, the 'Daughter of Dyēus', the sky god.[15] In Homeric tradition however, Eos is never stated to be the daughter of Zeus (Διὸς θυγάτηρ, Diòs thugátēr), rather a commonly occurring epithet of hers is δῖα, dîa, meaning "divine", from earlier *díw-ya, which would have translated into "belonging to Zeus" or "heavenly".[16]

This probably of Proto-Indo-European origin goddess of the dawn was often conflated and equated with Hemera, the goddess of the day and daylight.[17] Eos might have also played a role in Proto-Indo-European poetry.[14]

Connection to Aphrodite[edit]

Eos also shares some characteristics with the love goddess Aphrodite connoting perhaps a semi-shared origin or influence of Eos/*Haéusōs on Aphrodite, who otherwise has a Near Eastern origin;[18] both goddesses were known for their erotic beauty and aggressive sexuality, both had relationships with mortal lovers and both were associated with the colors red, white, and gold.[19] Michael Janda etymologizes Aphrodite's name as an epithet of Eos meaning "she who rises from the foam [of the ocean]"[20] and points to Hesiod's Theogony account of Aphrodite's birth as an archaic reflex of Indo-European myth.[20] Evidence is also provided by an Italic red-figure krater in which Aphrodite is shown holding a mirror beneath a solar disc while the Theban hero Cadmus slays the dragon, with a female figure nearly identical to Aphrodite being depicted on another krater labelled "ΑΩΣ", or Aṓs, the dawn; this shows that although Aphrodite is assimilated to Astarte/Inanna, in Greek artistic tradition she is sometimes presented in a similar matter to Eos.[21]

Aphrodite, like Eos, is predator and not prey, as no tales of men assaulting Aphrodite exist, but there are many where she abducts mortal men reversing the traditional theme of gods and men pursuing maidens, in the same fashion as Eos.[22] Not only does Aphrodite abduct or seduce mortal men as Eos does, but even cites Eos' own adventures with Tithonus when she seduces Anchises.[23] The two goddesses are presented as both maleficent and beneficent abductors, as they confer both death (maleficent) and preservation (beneficent) to their mortal lovers.[24]

Family[edit]

Parents[edit]

Eos was the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia: Hyperion, a bringer of light, the One Above, Who Travels High Above the Earth and Theia, The Divine,[25] also called Euryphaessa, "wide-shining"[26] and Aethra, "bright sky".[27] Eos was the sister of Helios, god of the sun, and Selene, goddess of the moon, "who shine upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless gods who live in the wide heaven".[28] Of the four authors that give her and her siblings a birth order, two make her the oldest child, the other two the youngest.[c] In some accounts, Eos's father was called Pallas.[29][30] Mesomedes made her the daughter of Helios, who is usually her brother, by an unnamed mother.[31]

Offspring[edit]

Eos married the Titan Astraeus ("of the Stars") and became the mother of the Anemoi ("winds") namely Zephyrus, Boreas, Notus and Eurus;[27][32] of the Morning Star, Eosphoros (Venus);[33] the Astra ("stars")[34] and of the virgin goddess of justice, Astraea ("starry one").[35] Her other notable offspring were Memnon[36] and Emathion[37] by the Trojan prince, Tithonus. Sometimes, Hesperus,[38] Phaethon[39] and Tithonus[40] (different from her lover) were called the children of Eos by the Athenian prince, Cephalus.

Mythology [edit]

Goddess of the dawn[edit]

Aurora Taking Leave of Tithonus by Francesco Solimena, oil on canvas, 1704, J. Paul Getty Museum.

The dawn goddess Eos was almost always described with rosy fingers or rosy forearms as she opened the gates of heaven for the Sun to rise.[41] In Homer,[42] her saffron-colored robe is embroidered or woven with flowers;[43] rosy-fingered and with golden arms, she is pictured on Attic vases as a beautiful woman, crowned with a tiara or diadem and with the large white-feathered wings of a bird.

Homer and Hesiod[edit]

From The Iliad:

Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams of Oceanus, to bring light to mortals and immortals, Thetis reached the ships with the armor that the god had given her.[44]
But soon as early Dawn appeared, the rosy-fingered, then gathered the folk about the pyre of glorious Hector.[45]

She is most often associated with her Homeric epithet "rosy-fingered" Eos Rhododactylos (Ancient Greek: Ἠὼς Ῥοδοδάκτυλος), but Homer also calls her Eos Erigeneia:

That brightest of stars appeared, Eosphoros, that most often heralds the light of early-rising Dawn (Eos Erigeneia).[46]

Near the end of the Odyssey, Athena, wanting to buy Odysseus some time with his wife Penelope after they have reunited with each other, orders Eos not to yoke her two horses, thus delaying the coming of the new day:

And rose-fingered Dawn would have shone for the weepers had not bright-eyed goddess Athena thought of other things. She checked the long night in its passage, and further, held golden-throned Dawn over Ocean and didn't let her yoke her swift-footed horses, that bring daylight to men, Lampus and Phaethon, the colts that carry Dawn.[47]

Hesiod wrote:

And after these Erigeneia ["Early-born"] bore the star Eosphoros ("Dawn-bringer"), and the gleaming stars with which heaven is crowned.[48]

Thus Eos, preceded by the Morning Star, is seen as the genetrix of all the stars and planets; her tears are considered to have created the morning dew, personified as Ersa or Herse,[49] who is otherwise the daughter of her sister Selene by Zeus.[50]

Eos pouring the morning dew dressed in a starsprinkled robe, from an antique vase

Orphic literature[edit]

Cephalus and Aurora, John Flaxman, 1789-90, Lady Lever Art Gallery.

Eos is addressed by the singer in one of the Orphic Hymns, as the bringer of the new day:

Hear, O goddess, you bring the light of day to mortals
resplendent Dawn, you blush throughout the world
messenger of the great, the illustrious Titan.

— Orphic Hymn 78 to the Dawn.[51]

Divine horses[edit]

Eos's team of horses pull her chariot across the sky and are named in the Odyssey as "Firebright" and "Daybright". Quintus described her exulting in her heart over the radiant horses (Lampus and Phaëton) that drew her chariot, amidst the bright-haired Horae, the feminine Hours, the daughters of Zeus and Themis who are responsible for the changing of the seasons, climbing the arc of heaven and scattering sparks of fire.[52]

Role in wars[edit]

Eos and the slain Memnon on an Attic red-figure cup, ca. 490–480 BCE, the so-called "Memnon Pietà" found at Capua (Louvre).

Eos played a small role in the battle of the giants against the gods, known as the Gigantomachy. When the earth goddess Gaia learned of a prophecy that the giants would perish at the hand of a mortal, Gaia sought to find a herb that would protect them; thus Zeus ordered Eos, as well as her siblings Selene (Moon) and Helios (Sun) not to shine, and harvested all of the plant for himself, denying Gaia the chance to make the giants indestructible.[53] Moreover, Eos is seen fighting against the Giants in the south frieze of the Pergamon Altar,[54] where she rides on a horse right ahead of Helios, swinging herself on the back of her mount; a robe wound around her hips serves as her saddle-cloth.[55]

Eos riding sidesaddle, detail of the Gigantomachy frieze, Pergamon Altar, Pergamon museum, Berlin

According to Hesiod, by her lover Tithonus, Eos had two sons, Memnon and Emathion.[37] Memnon, king of Aethiopia, joined the Trojans in the Trojan War and fought against Achilles in battle. Pausanias mentions images of Thetis, the mother of Achilles, and Eos begging Zeus on behalf of their sons.[56] In the end, it was Achilles who triumphed and slew Memnon in battle. Mourning greatly over the death of her son, Eos made the light of her brother, Helios the god of the sun, to fade, and begged Nyx, the goddess of the night, to come out earlier, so she could be able to freely steal her son's body undetected by the armies.[57] After his death, Eos, perhaps with the help of Hypnos and Thanatos, transported Memnon's dead body back to Aethiopia;[58] she also asked Zeus to make her son immortal, and he granted her wish.[59] Eos' role in the Trojan War saga mirrors that of Thetis herself; both are goddesses married to aging old men, both see their mortal sons die in the battlefield, and both arrange an afterlife of sorts for said sons.[60]

Lovers[edit]

Eos is presented as a goddess who fell in love several times. According to Pseudo-Apollodorus, it was the jealous Aphrodite who cursed her to be perpetually in love and have an insatiable sexual desire because Eos had once lain with Aphrodite's lover Ares, the god of war.[61] This caused her to abduct a number of handsome young men.

In the Odyssey, Calypso complains to Hermes about the male gods taking many mortal women as lovers, but not allowing goddesses to do the same. She brings up as example Eos’s love for the hunter Orion, who was killed by Artemis in Ortygia.[62] Apollodorus also mentions Eos’s love for Orion, and adds that she brought him to Delos, where he met Artemis.[61] The good-looking Cleitus was snatched and made immortal by her.[63]

Eos abducts Tithonus, Archaeological Museum of Florence.

Eos fell in love with and abducted Tithonus, a handsome prince from Troy.[64] She went with a request to Zeus, asking him to make Tithonus immortal for her sake. Zeus agreed and granted her wish, but Eos forgot to ask for eternal youth as well for her beloved. For a while, they two lived happily, until Tithonus’ hair started turning grey, and Eos ceased to visit him in bed. But he kept aging, and was soon unable to even move. In the end, Eos locked him up in a chamber, where he withered away, forever a helpless old man.[65] Out of pity, she turned him into a cicada.[66] In the account of Hieronymus of Rhodes from the third century BC, the blame is shifted from Eos onto Tithonus, who asked for immortality but not agelessness from his lover, who was then unable to help him otherwise and turned him into a cicada.[67] Propertius wrote that Eos did not forsake Tithonus, old and aged as he was, and would still embrace him and hold him in her arms rather than leaving him deserted in his cold chamber, while cursing the gods for his cruel fate.[68] This myth might have been used to explain why cicadas were particularly noisy during the early hours of the morning, when the dawn appears in the sky.[69]

The abduction of Cephalus had special appeal for an Athenian audience because Cephalus was a local boy,[70] and so this myth element appeared frequently in Attic vase-paintings and was exported with them. In the literary myths, Eos snatched Cephalus against his will when he was hunting and took him to Syria.[71] Although Cephalus was already married to Procris, Eos bore him three sons, including Phaethon and Hesperus, but he then began pining for Procris, causing a disgruntled Eos to return him to Procris, but not before sowing the seeds of doubt in his mind, telling him that it was highly unlikely that Procris had stayed faithful to him this entire time. Cephalus, troubled by her words, asked Eos to change his form into that of a stranger, in order to secretly test Procris’s love for him. Cephalus, disguised, propositioned Procris, who at first declined but eventually gave in. He was hurt by her betrayal, and she left him in shame, but eventually they got back together. This time however it was Procris’s turn to doubt her husband’s fidelity; while hunting, he would often call upon the breeze ('Aura' in Latin, sounding similar to Eos’s Roman equivalent Aurora) to refresh his body. Upon hearing that, Procris followed and spied on him. Cephalus, mistaking her for some wild animal, threw his spear at her, killing his wife.[72] The second-century CE traveller Pausanias knew of the story of Cephalus’s abduction too, though he calls Eos by the name of Hemera, goddess of day.[73]

Iconography[edit]

Eos in her chariot, red-figure pot

Eos was imagined as a woman wearing a saffron mantle as she spread dew from an upturned urn, or with a torch in hand, riding a chariot.[74] Greek and Italian vases show Eos/Aurora on a chariot preceding Helios, as Eosphorus flies with her; she is winged, wearing a fine pleated tunic and mantle.[75] Eos is not an uncommon figure, especially on red-figure vases; as a single figure she appears rising from the sea in, or driving, a four-horse chariot like her brother Helios.[76]

Although the romantic adventures of Eos is a common subject in pottery, so far as it is known, no vase depicts her with Orion or Cleitus, known lovers of hers, instead those vases fall into groups; those that depict Eos with a young hunter identified as Cephalus, and those that depict Eos with a youth holding a lyre, identified as Tithonus.[77] Sometimes those vases bear inscriptions, and on a few the hunter is identified as Tithonus, while the lyre-player is Cephalus.[77] The image of Eos pursuing Tithonus was eerily repetitive in ancient art, as was that of erotic pursuit in general; Tithonus was drawn running off to the right in terror, or trying to clobber with a lyre or a spear the pursuing Eos, indicating the terrifying aspect of a mortal man being taken by a goddess.[78] The image of Zeus, the active erastes, pursuing Ganymede, the passive eromenos, was also common, but in the case of Eos, the female figure was put in the dominant position.[79]

Cult and temples[edit]

Eos, along with her brother and sister, is a Proto-Indo-European deity, that was side-lined by the non-PIE newcomers to the pantheon;[14][80] seemingly, persisting on the sidelines was a primary function for them, to be the minor gods that the major gods were juxtaposed to, thus helping to keep the Greek religion Greek.[80] Thus there are no known temples, shrines, or altars to Eos. However, Ovid seems to allude to the existence of at least two shrines of Eos, as he describes them in plural, albeit few, in the lines:

‘Least I may be of all the goddesses the golden heavens hold – in all the world my shrines are rarest.’

— Aurora to Jupiter.[81]

Ovid may therefore have known of at least two such shrines.

Traces of the goddess's worship can be found at Athens, where wineless offerings (or nephalia) were made to Eos, along with other celestial gods and goddesses, including Eos's siblings Helios and Selene, as well as Aphrodite Urania.[82]

Interpretations[edit]

Eos in her chariot flying over the sea, red-figure krater from Southern Italy, 430–420 BC, Staatliche Antikensammlungen

Etruscan[edit]

Among the Etruscans, the generative dawn-goddess was Thesan. Depictions of the dawn-goddess with a young lover became popular in Etruria in the fifth century, probably inspired by imported Greek vase-painting.[83] Though Etruscans preferred to show the goddess as a nurturer (Kourotrophos) rather than an abductor of young men, the late Archaic sculptural acroterion from Etruscan Cære, now in Berlin, showing the goddess in archaic running pose adapted from the Greeks, and bearing a boy in her arms, has commonly been identified as Eos and Cephalus.[84] On an Etruscan mirror Thesan is shown carrying off a young man, whose name is inscribed as Tinthu.[85]

Roman[edit]

The Roman equivalent of Eos is Aurora, also a cognate showing the characteristic Latin rhotacism. Dawn became associated in Roman cult with Matuta, later known as Mater Matuta. She was also associated with the sea harbors and ports, and had a temple on the Forum Boarium. On June 11, the Matralia was celebrated at that temple in honor of Mater Matuta; this festival was only for women during their first marriage.

Genealogy[edit]

Eos's family tree[86]
UranusGaiaPontus
OceanusTethysHyperionTheiaCriusEurybia
The RiversThe OceanidsHeliosSelene[87]EOSAstraeusPallasPerses
CronusRheaCoeusPhoebe
HestiaHeraHadesZeusLetoAsteria
DemeterPoseidon
IapetusClymene (or Asia)[88]Mnemosyne(Zeus)Themis
Atlas[89]MenoetiusPrometheus[90]EpimetheusThe MusesThe Horae

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Lycophron calls her by an archaic name, Tito, meaning "day"[4] and perhaps etymologically linked to "Titan". Kerenyi observes that Tito shares a linguistic origin with Eos's lover Tithonus, which belonged to an older, pre-Greek language.[5]
  2. ^ Foreign scholars interpret this name as "matinal", "matutino", "mañanero", meaning "of the early morning", "of the dawn".[7]
  3. ^ Hesiod and Hyginus both give their birth order as first Helios/Sol, then Selene/Luna and lastly Eos/Aurora.[28][27] Pseudo-Apollodorus makes her the oldest child (with Selene as the youngest)[25] as does the author of Helios' Homeric Hymn (with Helios as the youngest).[26]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Witzel, Michael (2005). Vala and Iwato: The Myth of the Hidden Sun in India, Japan, and beyond (PDF).
  2. ^ a b c Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2.
  3. ^ a b c d R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 492.
  4. ^ See "τιτώ" on A Greek-English Lexicon.
  5. ^ Kerenyi 1951:199 note 637.
  6. ^ West, Martin L. (2007-05-24). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199280759.
  7. ^ Bernabé, Alberto; Luján, Eugenio R. Introducción al Griego Micénico: Gramática, selección de textos y glosario. Monografías de Filología Grega Vol. 30. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. 2020. p. 234.
  8. ^ Luján, Eugénio R. "Los temas en -s en micénico". In: Donum Mycenologicum: Mycenaean Studies in Honour of Francisco Aura Jorro. Edited by Alberto Bernabé and Eugenio R. Luján. Bibliothèque des cahiers de L'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain Vol. 131. Louvain-la-Neuve; Walpole, MA: Peeters. 2014. p. 68.
  9. ^ Lejeune, Michel. "Une présentation du Mycénien". In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 69, 1967, n° 3–4. p. 281. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1967.3800]; www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1967_num_69_3_3800
  10. ^ Nakassis, Dimitri. "Labor and Individuals in Late Bronze Age Pylos". In: Labor in the Ancient World. Edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson. Dresden: ISLET-Verlag. 2015 [2005]. p. 605. ISBN 978-3-9814842-3-6.
  11. ^ Davies, Anna Morpurgo (1972). "Greek and Indo-European semiconsonants: Mycenaean u and w". In: Acta Mycenaea, vol. 2 (M.S. Ruipérez, ed.). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. p. 93.
  12. ^ Jorro, Francisco Aura. "Reflexiones sobre el léxico micénico" In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017, pp. 307. ISBN 978-84-697-8214-9.
  13. ^ Chadwick, John, and Lydia Baumbach. "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". In: Glotta 41, no. 3/4 (1963): 198. Accessed March 12, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40265918.
  14. ^ a b c Burkert, p. 17
  15. ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 149; Jackson 2002, p. 79
  16. ^ West, p. 186
  17. ^ Scheer, Tanja (Rome), “Eos”, in: Brill’s New Pauly, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and , Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry. Consulted online on 22 December 2021. Entry. First published online: 2006. First print edition: 9789004122598, 20110510
  18. ^ Dumézil, 1934.
  19. ^ Cyrino, p. 24
  20. ^ a b Janda 2010, p. 65.
  21. ^ Dickmann-Boedeker, p. 15
  22. ^ Ferrari, p. 54
  23. ^ Nagy, p. 248
  24. ^ Greene and Paxton, pp 47-52
  25. ^ a b Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.2.2
  26. ^ a b Homeric Hymn 31 to Helios, 4–7.
  27. ^ a b c Hyginus, Fabulae Preface
  28. ^ a b Hesiod, Theogony 371–374
  29. ^ Ovid, Fasti 4.373 ff.
  30. ^ Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.72 ff.
  31. ^ Mesomedes, Hymn to the Sun 1
  32. ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6.18; 37.70, 47.340
  33. ^ Cicero wrote: Stella Veneris, quae Φωσφόρος Graece, Latine dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperos; The star of Venus, called Φωσφόρος in Greek and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes, Hesperos when it follows the sun – De Natura Deorum 2, 20, 53.
    Pliny the Elder: Sidus appellatum Veneris … ante matutinum exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit … contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper (The star called Venus … when it rises in the morning is given the name Lucifer … but when it shines at sunset it is called Vesper) Natural History 2, 36
  34. ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.2.4
  35. ^ Aratus, Phaenomena 97–128; Hyginus, Astronomica 2.25.1
  36. ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 2.549; Pindar, Nemean Odes 6.54; Diodorus Siculus, Historic Library 4.75.4; Callistratus, Statuaram Descriptiones 9; Ovid, Fasti 4.713
  37. ^ a b Hesiod, Theogony 985; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.12.4
  38. ^ Hyginus, Astronomica 2.42.4
  39. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.3.1; Hesiod, Theogony 986
  40. ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.14.3
  41. ^ Nonnus: "Eos had just shaken off the wing of carefree sleep (Hypnos) and opened the gates of sunrise, leaving the lightbringing couch of Kephalos." (Dionysiaca 27. 1f, in A.L. Rouse's translation).
  42. ^ Homer, Iliad viii.1 & xxiv.695
  43. ^ Homer, Odyssey vi:48 etc
  44. ^ Homer, Iliad xix.1
  45. ^ Homer, Iliad xxiv.776
  46. ^ Homer, Odyssey xiii.93
  47. ^ Homer, Odyssey 13.241–246
  48. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 378–382
  49. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.621–2
  50. ^ Hard, p. 46; Keightley, p. 55; Alcman fr. 57 Campbell.
  51. ^ Orphic Hymn 78 to the Dawn 1–3, (Athanassakis & Wolkow, p. 61).
  52. ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 1.48
  53. ^ Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.6.2
  54. ^ Picón and Hemingway, p. 47
  55. ^ Schmidt, p. 22
  56. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.22.2
  57. ^ Philostratus of Lemnos, Imagines 1.7.2
  58. ^ Currie, p. 51
  59. ^ Arctinus of Miletus, Aethiopis summary
  60. ^ Price and Zelnick-Abramovitz, p. 94, "The two mothers, Thetis and Eos, are alike as well."
  61. ^ a b Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.4.4
  62. ^ Homer, Odyssey 5.121–124
  63. ^ Homer, Odyssey 15.250–251
  64. ^ Hansen, p. 48
  65. ^ Homeric Hymn 5 to Aphrodite, 2207ndash;318; cf. Sappho, fr. 58 Campbell; Mimnermus, fr. 4 Gerber.
  66. ^ Keightley, p. 63; Suda, s.v "Old Man Tithonus".
  67. ^ Tsagalis and Markantonatos, p. 297
  68. ^ Propertius, Elegies 2.18b
  69. ^ Loeb Classical Library, Homeric Hymns, Homeric Apocrypha, Lives of Homer, 2003, p. 177, note 48
  70. ^ Mary R. Lefkowitz, "'Predatory' Goddesses" Hesperia 71.4 (October 2002, pp. 325-344) p. 326.
  71. ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.14.3; Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.3.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 189; Ovid, Metamorphoses 7.703; Antoninus Liberalis, Collection of Transformations 41
  72. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 7.700-722
  73. ^ Pausanias remarking on the subjects shown in the Royal Stoa, Athens (1.3.1) and on the throne of Apollo at Amyclae (3.18.12).
  74. ^ Roberts, p. 567
  75. ^ Collignon, p. 176
  76. ^ Walters, p. 79
  77. ^ a b Pache, p. 131
  78. ^ Reitzammer, p. 41
  79. ^ Reitzammer, p. 122
  80. ^ a b Ogden, p. 205
  81. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.587 ff (translated by Melville)
  82. ^ Meagher, p. 142 n. 137; scholia on Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus 91.
  83. ^ Marilyn Y. Goldberg, "The 'Eos and Kephalos' from Cære: Its Subject and Date" American Journal of Archæology 91.4 (October 1987, pp. 605-614) p 607.
  84. ^ Goldberg 1987:605-614 casts doubt on the boy's identification, in the context of Etruscan and Greek abduction motifs.
  85. ^ Noted by Goldberg 1987: in I. Mayer-Prokop, Die gravierten etruskischen Griffspiegel archaischen Stils (Heidelberg) 1966, fig. 61.
  86. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–138, 337–411, 453–520, 901–906, 915–920; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.
  87. ^ Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in Hesiod, Theogony 371–374, in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100, Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.
  88. ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 507–511, Clymene, one of the Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at Hesiod, Theogony 351, was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to Apollodorus, 1.2.3, another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.
  89. ^ According to Plato, Critias, 113d–114a, Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito.
  90. ^ In Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. 444–445 n. 2, 446–447 n. 24, 538–539 n. 113) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Jackson, Peter. "Πότνια Αὔως: The Greek Dawn-Goddess and Her Antecedent." Glotta 81 (2005): 116-23. Accessed May 10, 2020. JSTOR 40267187.
  • Lefkowitz, Mary R. ""Predatory" Goddesses." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 71 (2002): 325-344. Accessed March 31, 2022. JSTOR 3182040.

External links[edit]

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