2022 in science
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Significant scientific events occurred or are scheduled to occur in 2022.
Events[edit]
January[edit]
- 1 January – Israel reports, for the first time, a case of flurona, a rare mixture of coronavirus and influenza infections.[1][2][3][4]
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3 January: OpenAlex, a free online index with metadata about over 200 million scientific documents is launched.
The graphs visualize recent developments of science based on this data.[5]
The graphs visualize recent developments of science based on this data.[5]
10 January: The first successful xenogeneic heart transplant, from a genetically modified pig to a human patient, is reported.
- 3 January – OpenAlex, a free online index of over 200 million scientific documents – each with metadata such as sources, citations, author information and research topics – is launched. The API and open source website can be used for metascience, scientometrics and novel tools that query this semantic web of papers.[6][7][8]
- 5 January – Scientists show how antibiotic resistance also evolves naturally, without and before the use of antibiotics.[9][10]
- 6 January
- The global atmospheric methane concentration exceeds 1,900 parts per billion (ppb) for the first time in human history.[11]
- Astronomers report the first direct detection of pre-supernova activity in a red supergiant star before a Type II supernova (SN 2020tlf).[12][13]
- Scientists report the development of sensors to gather and identify DNA of animals from air (airborne eDNA).[14][15][16]
- 7 January – Progress in cancer pre-screening, screening and early detection is reported: metabolomic biomarkers in blood (4 J.),[17][18] circulating proteins biomarkers (7 J.),[19][20] and an optical biopsy system with a fine-needle probe (6 J.).[21][22]
- 10 January
- The first successful xenogeneic heart transplant, from a genetically modified pig to a human patient, is reported in the United States.[23][24]
- Researchers build upon previous studies documenting biodiversity loss to confirm that a sixth mass extinction event, entirely caused by anthropogenic activity, is currently underway.[25][26]
- A study quantifies climate change mitigation potentials of 'high-income' nations shifting diets – away from meat-consumption – and restoration of the spared land.[27][28]
- 11 January
- The first known deformation of an exoplanet is detected by the CHEOPS mission, which finds that WASP-103b is being strongly influenced by its parent star's close proximity, making the planet shaped like an ellipsoid instead of a sphere.[29][30]
- A study reports the likely detection of an extreme SEP event that hit Earth ~9000 years ago and, unlike known Solar storms, unexpectedly happened near a Solar minimum.[31][32]
12 January: The ~14 Myr old Local Bubble drives nearby young star formation.
12 January: Mutations are shown to not be random – frequency can vary between regions.
- 12 January
- A team reports the fastest ever sequencing of a human genome, accomplished in just five hours and two minutes.[33][34]
- Molecular biologists show that the common assumption that mutations are "random" is wrong – mutation frequency can vary across regions of the genome, with such DNA repair- and mutation-biases being associated with various factors.[35][36]
- Astronomers report, based on new spatial and dynamical constraints, that the Local Bubble, a ~1,000-light-years wide superbubble, is driving nearly all recent star formation near the Sun and that it originates ~14 Myr ago.[37][38]
- 13 January
- NASA reports that Earth's global average surface temperature in 2021 was tied with 2018 as the sixth warmest on record, while the past eight years were collectively the warmest years since modern recordkeeping began in 1880.[39]
- A study, based on data of millions of military personnel, suggests that the common Epstein-Barr virus is the leading cause of multiple sclerosis.[40][41]
- 18 January
- Europe's first quantum annealer with more than 5,000 qubits is launched in Jülich, Germany.[42]
- A study suggests and defines a 'planetary boundary' for novel entities such as plastic- and chemical pollution and finds that it has been crossed.[43][44]
- A study for the first time attempts to assess and quantify complete societal costs of cars (i.e. car-use, etc).[45]
- Microbiologists demonstrate an individually adjusted phage-antibiotic combination as an antimicrobial resistance treatment,[46][47] calling for scaling up the research[48] and further development of this approach.[49]
19 January: Antibiotic resistance contributed to ~5 M deaths in 2019 according to a first global assessment.
- 19 January
- In a first global assessment, scientists report, based on medical records, that antibiotic resistance may have contributed to ~4.95 million deaths (1.3 M directly attributed) in 2019, more than e.g. AIDS.[50][51] Increased antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate this global health challenge.[52][53]
- A report recommends a number of measures such as, broadly described, building resilience to scientific misinformation and a healthy online information environment and not having offending content removed.[54]
- 20 January – UNESCO announces a major new coral reef off the coast of Tahiti, stretching 3 km and in "pristine" condition, discovered by marine biologists as part of the Seabed 2030 Project.[55][56]
- 22 January – According to a space monitoring company, a Chinese satellite, SJ-21, grabs an unused satellite and throws it into an orbit with a lower risk for the space debris to collide.[57][58]
- 24 January
- A chip with molecular circuit components in single-molecule (bio)sensors is demonstrated.[59][60]
- The James Webb Space Telescope arrives at its destination, Lagrange Point 2.[61]
- 25 January
- Chinese scientists at the Wuhan University and other institutions report in a preprint the detection of the closest MERS-CoV relative in bats to date, NeoCoV, and PDF-2180-CoV that can efficiently use bats' ACE2 for cell-entry. The to-date unreviewed preprint finds that one mutation could result in a 'MERS-CoV-2' that, like SARS-CoV-2, can use humans' ACE2 receptor and has both a very high fatality (MERS-CoV had a mortality of around 35%)[62] and high transmission rate, and hence represents a risk to biosafety and of potential zoonotic spillover.[63][64] According to one report, the WHO stated that further study would be required to find out "whether the virus detected in the study will pose a risk for humans".[65] The study also emphasizes the need for pathogen/spillover surveillance.[66][64]
- Neuroscientists confirm an unknown type of communication between neurons in the healthy brain – the transfer of proteins (TNTPs). Here between RGC and excitatory LGN neurons.[67][68]
- The CDC confirms the Omicron variant causes less severe disease than previously dominant variants.[69] The novel Omicron subtype 'BA.2' did not initially show an increase over this lower virulence.[70][71][72] Nevertheless, in the U.S., the daily new COVID-19 deaths were higher during Omicron dominance than during Delta's during fall[73] and the high volume of hospitalizations can cause indirect harm via local health care system strains[69] beyond less severe but non-mild disease effects.[73]
- 26 January
- Scientists regrow the missing legs of adult frogs, which are naturally unable to regenerate limbs, within 1.5 years using a five-drug mixture applied for a day via a silicone wearable bioreactor.[74][75]
- The first laparoscopic surgery performed entirely by a robot is reported.[76][77]
- Astronomers at the ICRAR report the discovery of a repeating transient with an unusually slow spin, occurring just three times an hour. It is believed to be a new class of neutron star or a white dwarf, located ~4,000 light-years away.[78][79]
- Researchers report the development of a technology that enables searching the planetary collection of nucleic acid sequences. The open source supercomputing-based Serratus Project identified over 130,000 RNA-based viruses, including 9 coronaviruses. While such and related endeavors and data are reportedly risky themselves as of 2021,[80][81] the project aims to improve pathogen surveillance, the understanding of viral evolutionary origins and enable quickly connecting strange emerging illnesses to recorded viruses.[82][83]
February[edit]
9 February: A new test at the Joint European Torus is achieves a breakthrough of more than twice (59 M J) the previous fusion energy generation record set in 1997.
- 1 February – The American Geophysical Union reports, based on a study by Chinese scientists published in November, that climate change has likely begun to suffocate the world's fisheries, passing a critical threshold of oxygen loss in 2021.[84][85]
- 2 February
- Progress in cancer screening is reported: DNA methylation biomarkers for breast cancer (WID-BC-index; 1 Feb.)[86][87] and ovarian cancer (WID-OC-index; 1 Feb.)[86][88] as well as lipidomics biomarkers for lung cancer (MS-based rapid targeted assay[specify] for levels of nine lipids in blood; 2 Feb.).[89][90]
- The IAU announces the Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference to coordinate or aggregate measures to mitigate the detrimental effects of satellite constellations on astronomy.[91][92][93]
- 3 February
- The first comprehensive non-public global map of oil and gas "ultra-emitters" of the potent greenhouse gas methane based on satellite data, first reported in 2020,[94] is published.[95][96][97]
- Scientists report the development of artificial tooth enamel from aligned assembled hydroxyapatite nanowires, a biomimetic material that has superior properties to natural tooth enamel and shows potential for use i.a. in dentistry (if found, made or further developed to be compatible with the mouth environment).[98][99][100]
- Scientists report the detection of anomalous unknown-host SARS-CoV-2 lineages with wastewater surveillance.[101][102]
- 4 February – COVID-19 pandemic: A study by the CDC finds that surgical masks worn at indoor public venues can reduce the chances of testing positive for COVID-19 by 66%, while tightfitting N95 and KN95 masks can reduce the odds of infection by 83%.[103][104]
- 7 February – Researchers demonstrate a spinal cord stimulator that enables patients with spinal cord injury to walk again via epidural electrical stimulation (EES) with substantial neurorehabilitation-progress during the first day.[105][106] On the same day, a separate team reports the first[107] engineered functional human (motor-)neuronal networks derived from iPSCs from the patient for implantation to regenerate injured spinal cord showing success in tests with mice.[108][109]
- 8 February
- A study integrates meta-analyses and data in a tool that shows populations' relative general life extension potentials of different food groups.[110][111]
- The largest and most accurate computer simulation to date of the local Universe is presented. It covers a volume of 600 million light-years from Earth and includes over 130 billion simulated particles, spanning its complete history from the Big Bang to the present.[112][113][114]
- The first evidence of a planet within the habitable zone of a white dwarf is reported, based on data from the star WD 1054–226, which lies 117 light-years from Earth.[115][116]
- 9 February
- Researchers report the development of a viable flash JH-based process to recover rare-earth elements used in modern electronics from industrial wastes.[117][118]
- A breakthrough in fusion energy is reported at the Joint European Torus in Oxford, UK, with 59 megajoules produced over five seconds (11 megawatts of power), more than double the previous record set in 1997.[119][120]
14 February: The most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers is published.
- 10 February
- A third planet is detected orbiting Proxima Centauri, the nearest known star to the Sun. Proxima d, with only a quarter of Earth's mass, is one of the lightest exoplanets ever found.[121][122]
- Results from the first controlled trial of caloric restriction in healthy non-obese humans, CALERIE, are published, confirming benefits and identifying a key protein that could be harnessed to extend health in humans.[123][124][125][126]
- 11 February
- The Australian government changes the conservation status of the koala from vulnerable to endangered, due to its rapidly shrinking habitats and climate change.[127][128]
- Astronomers report the discovery of Alcyoneus, the largest known galaxy, 5 million parsecs (16.3 million light-years) in diameter.[129][130]
- 14 February
- A study shows how immune training via a mix of molecules extracted from certain bacteria could potentially protect infants against pervasive severe lower respiratory tract infections.[131][132]
- The most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers finds that it threatens "environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations".[133][134]
- 15 February – NASA publishes its latest Sea Level Rise Technical Report, an update of the 2017 edition, which includes projections for sea-level rise through to the year 2150. The agency warns that sea levels may rise as much over the next 30 years as during the previous 100.[135][136]
- 16 February – A study models the system of coupled feedback processes (including potential mitigation tipping points) that may shape the trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions over the century in the contemporary socioeconomic system if it both persists as is and its components remain largely unreformed. Broad factor-domains include public perceptions of climate change, future mitigation technologies' characteristics, and the responsiveness of political institutions.[137][138]
- 17 February – Bionanotechnologists report the development of a viable biosensor, ROSALIND 2.0, that can detect levels of diverse water pollutants.[139][140]
- 18 February – Neurobiologists demonstrate a Wnt7a-based approach to repair the blood–brain barrier, via GPR124/RECK agonists, as a treatment for diseases of the brain in mice.[141][142]
28 February: A study shows annual carbon emissions (or carbon loss) from tropical deforestation have doubled during the last two decades and continue to increase.
- 21 February – A new therapy called CINDELA is reported by scientists in South Korea, which uses CRISPR-Cas9 to kill cancer cells without harming normal tissues.[143][144][145]
- 22 February – A study uses 'years of potential life lost' (YPLL) to show that firearms have become the largest co-cause of traumatic death (or are associated with its causes) in the U.S. in 2017 and 2018 (1.42 M YPLL), slightly more than from motor vehicle crashes.[146][147] One year earlier, a study suggested the global 'mean loss of life expectancy' (LLE) from all forms of direct violence is about 0.3 years, while air pollution accounts for about 2.9 years.[148]
- 23 February
- Researchers report the development of a quantum gravity-gradiometer – an atom interferometer quantum sensor – which could be used to map and investigate subterraneans.[149][150]
- UN researchers publish a comprehensive study about climate change impacted wildfires with projections (e.g. a 31–57% increase of extreme wildfires by 2100) and information about impacts and countermeasures.[151][152]
- Astronomers report that M81, a grand design spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away, may be the source of FRB 20200120E, a repeating fast radio burst.[153][154]
- 24 February – The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine begins, causing impacts on science and on scientists and reactions from scientists such as condemnation, science-related sanctions, calls and measures for accelerating renewable energy transitions/decarbonization (i.e. for Russian fossil fuels sanctions) and Web-based coordination tools.[155][156][157]
- 25 February
- Scientists report the largest detailed human genetic genealogy, unifying human genomes from many sources for insights about human history, ancestry and evolution. It demonstrates a novel computational method for estimating how human DNA is related via a series of 13 million linked trees along the genome, a tree-sequence, described as the largest global family tree.[158][159][160]
- A study shows a range of commercial products to have formulations that are detrimental to human health: floor cleaners with certain fragants (certain monoterpenes) that cause indoor air pollution equivalent or exceeding the harm to respiratory tracts when the time is spent near a busy road.[161][162]
- 28 February
- A study shows annual carbon emissions (or carbon loss) from tropical deforestation have doubled during the last two decades and continue to increase.[163][164]
- One of the first scientific reviews about the association between strength training and mortality indicates that such activities are associated with a "10–17% lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), total cancer, diabetes and lung cancer".[165][166]
- The IPCC releases the second part of its Sixth Assessment Report on climate change. It suggests that any further delay in concerted global action would mean missing the rapidly closing window to secure human wellbeing and the planet's health against cascading impacts of which some would become "irreversible".[167][168]
March[edit]
- 7 March
- Pig grunts are decoded into positive or negative emotions, using an algorithm on 7,000 audio recordings, developed by scientists in Europe.[169]
- A new cellular rejuvenation therapy is reported by scientists at the Salk Institute, which can reverse aspects of aging in mice, without causing cancer or other health problems.[170]
- 9 March – Researchers in the Antarctic announce they have found Endurance, one of the greatest ever undiscovered shipwrecks, which sank in 1915 during Ernest Shackleton's exploration.[171]
- 11 March – Using graphene and molybdenum disulfide, Chinese scientists create a transistor gate with a length of 0.34 nm, equivalent to just one carbon atom, by exploiting the vertical aspect of the device.[172]
- 21 March – The number of confirmed exoplanets exceeds 5,000.[173]
- 24 March – A physical speed limit for electronic computers of approximately one petahertz (1015 Hz) is discovered by scientists at Vienna University of Technology. This theoretical maximum is about 100,000 times faster than modern transistors.[174]
- 25 March – A far-UVC (ultraviolet light) air purification system is demonstrated by scientists, which can reduce levels of an airborne pathogen by 98% within minutes. This is equivalent to 184 air changes per hour – better than even HEPA air cleaners – and is proposed as a solution to COVID-19 and other future pandemics.[175]
- 30 March – WHL0137-LS, also known as Earendel, is reported as the farthest individual star ever discovered, its light having taken 12.9 billion years to reach Earth.[176]
- 31 March – Astronomers report the discovery of K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb as the most distant exoplanet found by Kepler to date, at 17,000 light years.[177][178]
April[edit]
- 1 April – Biochemists report finishing the complete sequence of the human genome.[179]
- 4 April
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases the third and final part of its Sixth Assessment Report on climate change, warning that greenhouse gas emissions must peak by 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030, in order to limit global warming to 1.5°C (2.7°F).[180][181]
- Researchers in Denmark announce a new technique for accelerating the development of vaccines and other pharmaceutical products by up to a million times, using much smaller quantities based on DNA nanotechnology.[182]
- 5 April – COVID-19 pandemic: Preclinical data for a new vaccine developed at the Medical University of Vienna indicates it is effective against all SARS-CoV-2 variants known to date, including Omicron.[183]
Predicted and scheduled events[edit]
Date unknown[edit]
- April: – The Large Hadron Collider is planned to recommence full operations.[184][185] The collider was shut down in December 2018 "to enable major upgrade and renovation works."[186]
- June: Planned launch of ESA's JUICE spacecraft, which will explore Jupiter and its large ice-covered moons after a seven-year transit.[187]
- August: NASA's Psyche spacecraft will be launched towards asteroid 16 Psyche.[188]
- Late September: ESA's ExoMars rover Rosalind Franklin will be launched to Mars.[189]
- Q3: The Indian Space Research Organisation plans to launch the Chandrayaan-3 Moon mission in the third quarter of 2022 (July to September 2022).[190]
Astronomical events[edit]
Awards[edit]
![[icon]](/web/20220407023144/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2022) |
Deaths[edit]
- 18 January – Sir David Cox, English statistician (b. 1924)[191]
- 15 March – Eugene Parker, American solar and plasma physicist (b. 1927)
- 20 March – Wen Shengchang, Chinese oceanographer and member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (b. 1921)
- 23 March – Arthur Riggs, American geneticist (b. 1939)
- 27 March – Martin Pope, American physical scientist (b. 1918)
- 27 March – James Vaupel, American demographer and aging researcher (b. 1945)
- 29 March – Paul Benioff, American physicist of quantum computing (b. 1930)
- 30 March – Kenneth Walters, British mathematician and rheologist (b. 1934)
See also[edit]
2022 in space | |
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Space probe launches  |
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| Impact events | |
| Selected NEOs | |
| Exoplanets |
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| Discoveries | |
| Comets | |
| Space exploration | |
- Category:Science events
- Category:Science timelines
- List of emerging technologies
- List of years in science
References[edit]
- ^ Dasgupta, Sravasti (1 January 2022). "Israel reports first case of 'flurona' – rare double infection of Covid and influenza - Doctors say it was diagnosed in young pregnant woman but suspect there are more cases in country". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Nadeau, Barbie Latza (3 January 2022). "2022's Hottest New Illness: Flurona". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ Hassan, Jennifer (5 January 2022). "What is 'flurona'? Coronavirus and influenza co-infections reported as omicron surges. - Cases have been detected in countries including United States, Israel, Brazil, the Philippines and Hungary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ Nierenberg, Amelia (7 January 2022). "Can You Get the Flu and Covid at the Same Time? - Yes, you can get "flurona." But it's probably not as bad as it sounds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^ "Open Alex Data Evolution". observablehq.com. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
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- ^ "University of Maryland School of Medicine Faculty Scientists and Clinicians Perform Historic First Successful Transplant of Porcine Heart into Adult Human with End-Stage Heart Disease". University of Maryland Medical Center. 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Man gets genetically-modified pig heart in world-first transplant". BBC News. 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
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- ^ "How plant-based diets not only reduce our carbon footprint, but also increase carbon capture". Leiden University. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
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- ^ Barros, S. C. C.; Akinsanmi, B.; Boué, G.; et al. (1 January 2022). "Detection of the tidal deformation of WASP-103b at 3 σ with CHEOPS". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 657: A52. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142196. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ "Ancient ice reveals mysterious solar storm". Lund University. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ Paleari, Chiara I.; Mekhaldi, Florian; Adolphi, Florian; Christl, Marcus; Vockenhuber, Christof; Gautschi, Philip; Beer, Jürg; Brehm, Nicolas; Erhardt, Tobias; Synal, Hans-Arno; Wacker, Lukas; Wilhelms, Frank; Muscheler, Raimund (11 January 2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 214. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. ISSN 2041-1723.
- ^ "Fastest DNA sequencing technique helps undiagnosed patients find answers in mere hours". Stanford. 12 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
- ^ Gorzynski, John E.; Goenka, Sneha D.; Shafin, Kishwar; Jensen, Tanner D.; Fisk, Dianna G.; Grove, Megan E.; Spiteri, Elizabeth; Pesout, Trevor; Monlong, Jean; Baid, Gunjan; Bernstein, Jonathan A.; Ceresnak, Scott; Chang, Pi-Chuan; Christle, Jeffrey W.; Chubb, Henry; Dalton, Karen P.; Dunn, Kyla; Garalde, Daniel R.; Guillory, Joseph; Knowles, Joshua W.; Kolesnikov, Alexey; Ma, Michael; Moscarello, Tia; Nattestad, Maria; Perez, Marco; Ruzhnikov, Maura R. Z.; Samadi, Mehrzad; Setia, Ankit; Wright, Chris; Wusthoff, Courtney J.; Xiong, Katherine; Zhu, Tong; Jain, Miten; Sedlazeck, Fritz J.; Carroll, Andrew; Paten, Benedict; Ashley, Euan A. (12 January 2022). "Ultrarapid Nanopore Genome Sequencing in a Critical Care Setting". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2112090.
- ^ "Study challenges evolutionary theory that DNA mutations are random". U.C. Davis. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ Monroe, J. Grey; Srikant, Thanvi; Carbonell-Bejerano, Pablo; Becker, Claude; Lensink, Mariele; Exposito-Alonso, Moises; Klein, Marie; Hildebrandt, Julia; Neumann, Manuela; Kliebenstein, Daniel; Weng, Mao-Lun; Imbert, Eric; Ågren, Jon; Rutter, Matthew T.; Fenster, Charles B.; Weigel, Detlef (February 2022). "Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana". Nature. 602 (7895): 101–105. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ "1,000-light-year Wide Bubble Surrounding Earth Is Source Of All Nearby, Young Stars - SCIENMAG: Latest Science And Health News". 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa A.; Alves, João; Bialy, Shmuel; Foley, Michael; Speagle, Joshua S.; Groβschedl, Josefa; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Burkert, Andreas; Khimey, Diana; Swiggum, Cameren (January 2022). "Star formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble". Nature. 601 (7893): 334–337. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04286-5. ISSN 1476-4687.
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External links[edit]
Media related to 2022 in science at Wikimedia Commons
