1941
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Gregorian calendar | 1941 MCMXLI |
Ab urbe condita | 2694 |
Armenian calendar | 1390 ԹՎ ՌՅՂ |
Assyrian calendar | 6691 |
Baháʼí calendar | 97–98 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1862–1863 |
Bengali calendar | 1348 |
Berber calendar | 2891 |
British Regnal year | 5 Geo. 6 – 6 Geo. 6 |
Buddhist calendar | 2485 |
Burmese calendar | 1303 |
Byzantine calendar | 7449–7450 |
Chinese calendar | 庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 4637 or 4577 — to — 辛巳年 (Metal Snake) 4638 or 4578 |
Coptic calendar | 1657–1658 |
Discordian calendar | 3107 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1933–1934 |
Hebrew calendar | 5701–5702 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1997–1998 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1862–1863 |
- Kali Yuga | 5041–5042 |
Holocene calendar | 11941 |
Igbo calendar | 941–942 |
Iranian calendar | 1319–1320 |
Islamic calendar | 1359–1360 |
Japanese calendar | Shōwa 16 (昭和16年) |
Javanese calendar | 1871–1872 |
Juche calendar | 30 |
Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
Korean calendar | 4274 |
Minguo calendar | ROC 30 民國30年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | 473 |
Thai solar calendar | 2484 |
Tibetan calendar | 阳金龙年 (male Iron-Dragon) 2067 or 1686 or 914 — to — 阴金蛇年 (female Iron-Snake) 2068 or 1687 or 915 |
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1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1941st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 941st year of the 2nd millennium, the 41st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1940s decade.
1941 saw future rival superpowers the Soviet Union and United States enter World War II for the Allies. It also saw Nazi Germany begin implementing the Final Solution.
Events[edit]
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January[edit]
- January–August – In the first phase of mass killings under the Action T4 program, 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Euthanasia Centre in Germany.
- January 1 – Thailand Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram decrees January 1 as the official start of the Thai solar calendar new year (thus the previous year that began April 1 had only 9 months).
- January 3 – A decree (Normalschrifterlass) promulgated in Germany by Martin Bormann, on behalf of Adolf Hitler, requires replacement of blackletter typefaces by Antiqua.[1]
- January 5 – WWII: Battle of Bardia in Libya: Australian and British troops defeat Italian forces, the first battle of the war in which an Australian Army formation takes part.
- January 6
- During his State of the Union address, President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt presents his Four Freedoms, as fundamental global human rights.
- The keel of the USS Missouri is laid at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn.
- January 10 – The Lend-Lease Act is introduced into the United States Congress.
- January 11
- WWII: The British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Southampton (83) is sunk off Malta.
- A 6.2 Mw earthquake in the Jazan Province of Saudi Arabia kills around 1,200.[2]
- January 13 – All persons born in Puerto Rico since this day are declared U.S. citizens by birth, through U.S. federal law.[3]
- January 14
- WWII: Commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin captures the Norwegian whaling fleet near Bouvet Island, effectively ending Southern Ocean whaling for the duration of the war.[4]
- In a BBC radio broadcast from London, Victor de Laveleye asks all Belgians to use the letter "V" as a rallying sign, being the first letter of victoire (victory) in French and of vrijheid (freedom) in Dutch. This is the beginning of the "V campaign" which sees "V" graffities on the walls of Belgium and later all of Europe and introduces the use of the "V sign" for victory and freedom. Winston Churchill adopts the sign soon afterwards, though he sometimes gets it the wrong way around and uses the common insult gesture.[5]
- January 15 – John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry describe the workings of the Atanasoff–Berry computer in print.
- January 19 – WWII: British troops attack Italian-held Eritrea.
- January 20 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is sworn in for a third term as President of the United States.
- January 22
- WWII: Battle of Tobruk: Australian and British forces capture Tobruk from the Italians.[6]
- In Sweden, Victor Hasselblad registers the Hasselblad Camera Company.
- January 23 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U.S. Congress, and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.
- January 27 – WWII: Joseph Grew, the U.S. ambassador to Japan, reports to Washington a rumor overheard at a diplomatic reception, concerning a planned surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
- January 28 – Subhas Chandra Bose, the chief of Indian national Army, reaches Kabul, Afghanistan, by successfully evading the British authorities in British India.
- January 30 – WWII: Australians capture Derna, Libya, from the Italians.[7]
February[edit]
- February 3 – WWII: The Nazis forcibly restore Pierre Laval to office in occupied Vichy France.[8]
- February 4 – WWII: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.[9]
- February 5 – The Air Training Corps is formed in the United Kingdom.[10]
- February 6 – WWII: Benghazi falls to the Western Desert Force. Lieutenant-General Erwin Rommel is appointed commander of the new Afrika Korps (Deutsches Afrika Korps; DAK).
- February 7 – Battle of Beda Fomm: The Italian 10th Army capitulates at Beda Fomm in Libya. Between Benghazi to Agedabia, the British and Australian forces take 25,000 prisoners, and capture 107 tanks and 93 guns.
- February 8 – WWII: The U.S. House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act.[11]
- February 9 – Winston Churchill, in a worldwide broadcast, tells the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British: "Give us the tools, and we will finish the job."[12]
- February 12
- Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli. Elements of the German Afrika Korps, the 5th Light Division (later renamed 21st Panzer Division) and the 15th Panzer Division, are also arriving in the Libyan port.
- Reserve Constable Albert Alexander, a patient at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, England, becomes the first person treated with penicillin intravenously, by Howard Florey's team. He reacts positively, but there is insufficient supply of the drug to reverse his terminal infection. A successful treatment is achieved during May.[13]
- February 13 – Aircraft from HMS Formidable attack Massawa in Eritrea.
- February 14 – WWII: Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura begins his duties as Japanese Ambassador to the United States.
- February 19–22 – WWII: Three Nights' Blitz over Swansea, South Wales: Over these 3 nights of intensive bombing, which lasts a total of 13 hours and 48 minutes, Swansea's town center is almost obliterated by the 896 high explosive bombs employed by the Luftwaffe; 397 casualties and 230 deaths are reported.
- February 22 – WWII: HMS Shropshire bombards Barawa, on the coast between Kismayo and Mogadishu.
- February 23 – Glenn T. Seaborg isolates and discovers plutonium.
- February 25 – WWII:
- The occupied Netherlands starts the first popular uprising in Europe against the Axis powers, the "February strike" against German deportation of Jews in Amsterdam and surroundings.
- British submarine HMS Upright attacks an Italian convoy, sinking the cruiser Armando Diaz.
- February 27 – WWII: The New Zealand Division cruiser HMS Leander (1931) sinks Italian armed merchant raider Ramb I off the Maldives.
March[edit]
- March 1
- WWII: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, thus joining the Axis powers.
- Arthur L. Bristol becomes Rear Admiral for the United States Navy's Support Force, Atlantic Fleet.
- March 4 – WWII: Operation Claymore – British Commandos carry out a successful raid on the Lofoten Islands, off the north coast of Norway.
- March 7 – WWII: The first British troops (some 60,000 men) arrive in Greece at the ports of Piraeus and Volos.
- March 8 – WWII: The U.S. Senate passes the Lend-Lease Act.
- March 11 – WWII: Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, providing for the U.S. to provide Lend-Lease aid to the Allies.
- March 15 – Richard C. Hottelet is arrested by the Gestapo on "suspicion of espionage",[14] but eventually released in July as part of a prisoner exchange with the U.S.
- March 16 – A group of U.S. warships arrives in Auckland, New Zealand, on a goodwill visit. On March 20, they arrive in Sydney, Australia.
- March 17
- In Washington, D.C., the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- British Minister of Labour Ernest Bevin calls for women to fill vital jobs.
- March 22 – Washington state's Grand Coulee Dam begins to generate electricity.
- March 24 – WWII: Erwin Rommel launches his first offensive in Cyrenaica. Elements of the 5th Light Division advance to and take El Agheila, at the western limit of Allied territory.
- March 25 – WWII: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia joins the Axis powers in Vienna.
- March 27 – WWII:
- Battle of Cape Matapan: Off the Peloponnese coast in the Mediterranean, British naval forces defeat those of Italy, sinking 5 warships (the battle ends on March 29).
- Yugoslav coup d'état: An anti-Axis coup d'état in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia led by General Dušan Simović, Brigadier General Borivoje Mirković, Colonels Dragutin Savić and Stjepan Burazović, Colonel General Miodrag Lazić, Milorad Petrović and many other general officers (with British support) forces Prince Paul into exile; 17-year-old King Peter II assumes power following the coup and Simović is elected new Prime Minister of Yugoslavia.
- Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa arrives in Honolulu, to study the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, in preparation for a future attack.
- March 30 – WWII:
- All German, Italian and Danish ships anchored in United States waters are taken into "protective custody".
- A German Lorenz cipher machine operator sends a 4,000-character message twice, allowing British mathematician Bill Tutte to decipher the machine's coding mechanism.[15]
- March 31 – WWII: Erwin Rommel orders the attack on Mersa Brega. Elements of the 5th Light Division capture the city, and the Western Desert Force falls back to Agedabia.[16]
April[edit]
- April
- Action 14f13, the gassing of "unfit" Nazi concentration camp prisoners, begins.
- The Valley of Geysers is discovered on the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia, by Tatyana Ustinova.
- April 1 – 1941 Iraqi coup d'état: A military coup, launched by Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani, overthrows the pro-British regime in Iraq.
- April 4 – WWII: Axis forces recapture Benghazi.[17]
- April 6 – WWII: Invasion of Yugoslavia and Battle of Greece begin with German advances.
- April 7 – WWII: The Italian armored division Ariete captures the British garrison at Mechili.[18]
- April 9 – The U.S. acquires full military defense rights in Greenland.
- April 10 – WWII:
- U.S. destroyer USS Niblack, while picking up survivors from a sunken Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German U-boat (the first "shot in anger" fired by America against Germany).[19]
- The Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of the Axis powers, is established with Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić as head (Poglavnik) of the government.
- Siege of Tobruk: The 5th Light Division and the Italian 27th Infantry Division "Brescia" attack Tobruk, but are repulsed by the Australian garrison.
- April 12 – WWII: German troops enter Belgrade.
- April 13 – The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact is signed.[20]
- April 15 – WWII: Axis forces reach Halfaya Pass, on the Libyan-Egyptian frontier.
- April 18 – WWII:
- The Yugoslav Royal Army capitulates.
- Greek Prime Minister Alexandros Koryzis commits suicide as German troops approach Athens.
- April 19 – Bertolt Brecht's anti-war play Mother Courage and Her Children (German: Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder) receives its first theatrical production, at the Schauspielhaus Zürich.
- April 21 – WWII: Battle of Greece: Greece capitulates to Germany. Commonwealth troops and some elements of the Greek Army withdraw to Crete.
- April 23 – The America First Committee holds its first mass rally in New York City, with Charles Lindbergh as keynote speaker.
- April 25 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, at his regular press conference, criticizes Lindbergh by comparing him to the Copperheads of the Civil War period. In response, Lindbergh resigns his commission in the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on April 28.
- April 27 – WWII: German troops enter Athens.
- April 28 – World War II persecution of Serbs: Gudovac massacre – Members of the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement kill around 190 Bjelovar Serbs in the village of Gudovac in the Independent State of Croatia.
May[edit]
- May 1 – The first Defense Bonds and Defense Savings Stamps go on sale in the United States, to help fund the greatly increased production of military equipment.
- May 2 – Anglo-Iraqi War: British combat operations against the rebel government of Rashid Ali in the Kingdom of Iraq begin.[21]
- May 5 – WWII: Emperor Haile Selassie enters Addis Ababa, which has been liberated from Italian forces; this date is subsequently commemorated as Liberation Day in Ethiopia.
- May 5/May 12 – WWII: Operation Tiger and Splice: A British convoy (supported by HMS Renown and HMS Ark Royal) sails from Gibraltar to Alexandria, combined with a supply run for Malta by six destroyers of Force H.
- May 6 – At California's March Field, entertainer Bob Hope performs his first USO Show.
- May 8 – WWII: The German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin is sunk by HMS Cornwall (56) in the Indian Ocean; 555 are killed.[22]
- May 9 – WWII: The German submarine U-110 is captured by the British Royal Navy. Onboard is the latest Enigma cryptography machine, which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.
- May 10
- WWII: The British House of Commons is damaged by the Luftwaffe, in an air raid.
- WWII: Rudolf Hess parachutes into Scotland, claiming to be on a peace mission.
- May 11/May 12 – WWII: The Ustaše massacre 260–373 Serb men in a Catholic church in Glina, Croatia, where the men had assembled to be received into the Catholic faith, in exchange for their lives.[citation needed]
- May 12 – Konrad Zuse presents the Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer, in Berlin.
- May 13 – WWII: Yugoslav General Draža Mihailović and a group of 80 soldiers and officers cross the Drina river in Bosnia and Herzegovina, arrive at Ravna Gora, in western Nazi-occupied Serbia and start fighting with German occupation troops.
- May 15
- The first British jet aircraft, the Gloster E.28/39, is flown.
- Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak in baseball begins, as the New York Yankees' center fielder goes 1 for 4 against Chicago White Sox Pitcher Eddie Smith.
- May 19 – The Viet Minh is formed at Pác Bó in Vietnam to overthrow French rule of the nation, as an alliance between the Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the Nationalist party. It will become the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.
- May 20 – WWII: The Battle of Crete begins, as Germany launches an airborne invasion of Crete, the first mainly airborne invasion in military history.
- May 21 – The German submarine U-69 sinks the U.S.-flagged SS Robin Moor off the west African coast, having allowed the passengers and crew to disembark.
- May 24
- WWII: In the North Atlantic, The German battleship Bismarck sinks battlecruiser HMS Hood, killing all but 3 crewmen from a total of 1,418 aboard the pride of the Royal Navy.
- WWII: The British submarine HMS Upholder torpedoes and sinks Italian ocean liner SS Conte Rosso.
- May 26
- WWII: Operation Skorpion: Erwin Rommel begins a counter-attack on the British positions at Halfaya Pass, which is captured during Operation Brevity (15–16 May).
- WWII: In the North Atlantic, Fairey Swordfish aircraft from the carrier HMS Ark Royal cripple the steering of the Bismarck in an aerial torpedo attack.
- May 27
- WWII: Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, proclaims an "unlimited national emergency."[23]
- WWII: The Bismarck is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing 2,300. It is eventually found in 1989.
- The Swiss Socialist Federation is banned.[24]
- May 29 – The Disney animators' strike occurs, due to Walt Disney refusing to recognize his animators and their low pay.
- May 30 – WWII: Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas tear down the Nazi swastika on the Acropolis in Athens and replace it with the Greek flag.
- May 31 – Anglo-Iraqi War: British troops complete the re-occupation of the Kingdom of Iraq, returning Prince 'Abd al-Ilah to power as regent for Faisal II.
June[edit]
- June – WWII: German forces begin occupation of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic.
- June 1 – WWII: The Battle of Crete ends as Crete surrenders to invading German forces.
- June 5
- Second Sino-Japanese War: Four thousand Chongqing residents are asphyxiated in a bomb shelter during the Bombing of Chongqing.
- Smederevo Fortress explosion: A Serbian ammunition depot explodes at Smederevo on the outskirts of Belgrade, Serbia, killing 2,500 and injuring over 4,500.
- June 6 – WWII: The Commissar Order is issued by Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, requiring all Soviet political commissars identified in Operation Barbarossa among captured forces to receive summary execution.
- June 8 – WWII: British and Free French forces invade Syria, opening the Allies' Syria–Lebanon campaign against Vichy French possessions in the Levant.
- June 12 – Winston Churchill unites the heads of invaded countries to pledge unity against Hitler.[25]
- June 13 – TASS, the official Soviet news agency, denies reports of tension between Germany and the Soviet Union.
- June 14
- June 15 – WWII: Operation Battleaxe: The Western Desert Force starts an offensive to raise the Siege of Tobruk and recapture eastern Cyrenaica from German and Italian forces.
- June 16
- All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed, and their staffs to leave the country by July 10.
- WWII: British Fleet Air Arm aircraft sink the Vichy French ship Chevalier Paul.
- June 18 – The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship is signed between Nazi Germany and Turkey, in Ankara.
- June 20
- The United States Army Air Corps becomes the United States Army Air Forces, with the earlier name reserved solely for the new USAAF's logistics and training elements.
- Walt Disney's live-action/animated feature The Reluctant Dragon is released.
- June 22
- WWII: Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany (with allies) invades the Soviet Union. Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast: "Any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe." Italy and Romania declare war on the Soviet Union.
- WWII: The First Sisak Partisan Brigade, the first anti-fascist armed unit in occupied Europe, is founded by Yugoslav partisans near Sisak, Croatia.
- June Uprising in Lithuania: A Provisional Government of Lithuania is established by the Lithuanian Activist Front, in an attempt to liberate Lithuania from Soviet occupation.
- Rapid escalation of the Holocaust in Lithuania: Between now and the end of the year, an estimated 190,000-195,000 out of 210,000 Lithuanian Jews will be massacred, killing an estimated 95% of the nation's Jewish population.
- Rapid Vienna beats Schalke 04, in the final of the German Fottballchampionship, after 0:3 with 4:3.
- June 23 – WWII: Hungary and Slovakia declare war on the Soviet Union.
- June 24
- The Soviet Information Bureau, the predecessor of RIA Novosti, is founded.
- Rainiai massacre: Approximately 80 political prisoners are killed by the NKVD in Lithuania.
- June 25 – WWII: Finland (as a co-belligerent with Germany) attacks the Soviet Union, to start the Continuation War.
- June 28
- WWII: German forces are advanced 1/3 of the way from the border to Moscow. The 29th Motorized Division is diverted to the German 4th Army under General Günther von Kluge to isolate the Soviet formations at Minsk, Smolensk and Bryansk.
- WWII: Albania declares war on the Soviet Union.
- June 28–30 – Holocaust: The Iași pogrom takes place, killing "at least 13,266" Romanian Jews.
- June 29 – WWII: Hitler's second-in-command, Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring, is appointed as Hitler's successor in a written decree. The decree will come into effect, should Hitler die in the middle of the war. (The decree becomes void in April 1945, after Göring tries to assume power while Hitler is still alive, leading to Göring's expulsion from the Nazi Party.)
July[edit]
- July – The British Army's Special Air Service is formed.
- July 1
- Commercial television is authorized by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States.
- NBC Television begins commercial operation on WNBT, on Channel 1. The world's first legal TV commercial, for Bulova watches, occurs at 2:29 PM over WNBT, before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The 10-second spot displays a picture of a clock superimposed on a map of the United States, accompanied by the voice-over "America runs on Bulova time."[26][27] As a one-off special, the first quiz show called "Uncle Bee" is telecast on WNBT's inaugural broadcast day, followed later the same day by Ralph Edwards hosting the second game show broadcast on U.S. television, Truth or Consequences, as simulcast on radio and TV and sponsored by Ivory Soap. Weekly broadcasts of the show commence in 1956, with Bob Barker.
- CBS Television begins commercial operation on New York station WCBW (modern-day WCBS-TV), on Channel 2.
- WWII:
- German forces capture Riga.[28]
- Germany and Italy recognize the Japanese-sponsored Chinese reorganized national government under Wang Jingwei as the legitimate government of China.
- July 2 – WWII:
- The Empire of Japan calls up 1 million men for military service.
- The Romanian 3rd and 4th armies and the German 11th Army under General Eugen Ritter von Schobert begin large scale attacks in the Soviet southern sector. These attacks make it urgent to relocate the factories of the Soviet Union.
- The arrival of SS Einsatzkommando 9 in Vilnius (Lithuania, within Reichskommissariat Ostland) begins the Ponary massacre, the systematic murder of up to 100,000 Jews and others over the next three years, many by Ypatingasis būrys and other Lithuanian collaborators.[29]
- July 3 – WWII: Joseph Stalin, in his first address since the German invasion, calls upon the Soviet people to carry out a "scorched earth" policy of resistance to the bitter end.
- July 4 – A massacre of Polish scientists and writers is committed by Nazi German troops, in the occupied Polish city of Lwów.
- July 5 – WWII:
- Operation Barbarossa: German troops reach the Dnieper River.
- British troopship SS Anselm is torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-96 in the Atlantic Ocean, with the loss of around 250 out of about 1,310 on board.
- July 5–31: War is fought between Peru and Ecuador.
- July 7
- Uprising in Serbia: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia raises an uprising against the Nazi occupation, beginning when Žikica Jovanović Španac kill two gendarmes in the village of Bela Crkva,
- WWII: American forces take over the defense of Iceland from the British.
- July 10 – The Holocaust: Jedwabne pogrom: Local ethnic Poles massacre at least 340 Jewish residents of Jedwabne, in occupied Poland. The Jewish residents are locked in a barn and the barn set on fire[30]
- July 11 – The Northern Rhodesian Labour Party holds its first congress in Nkana.[31]
- July 13 – WWII:
- Russian forces of the Western Front under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko start a counter-offensive with the 21st Army under General Fyodor Kuznetsov (reinforced with the 67th Rifle Corps). They cross the Dnieper River on pontoon bridges and recapture Rahachow and Zhlobin, the first large towns to be retaken from the Germans since the start of the invasion. Other elements of the 21st attack the Germans in the rear toward Babruysk (some 80 kilometers behind the frontlines), and even take bridges over the Berezina River.
- An uprising in Montenegro against the Axis powers starts, the second popular uprising in Europe (the first being the "February strike" of February 25 (see February 1941) in the Netherlands).
- Clemens August Graf von Galen, Catholic Bishop of Münster in Germany, preaches the first of 3 sermons against Nazi brutality.
- July 14 – WWII: Vichy France signs armistice terms ending all fighting in Syria and Lebanon, concluding the Allies' Syria–Lebanon campaign.
- July 15 – WWII: Russian forces of the 21st Mechanized Corps counterattack the Germans east of Pskov and surround most of the 8th Panzer Division. Although it does break out, it loses half of its armor (some 70 tanks).[32]
- July 16 – The 29th Motorized Division fights its way into Smolensk. The Germans have created a "cauldron", a pocket full of Soviet forces, with the panzer spearheads that will try to seal them off. The Smolensk cauldron contains some 25 Soviet divisions.
- July 17 – Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak ends.
- July 19 – The Tom and Jerry cartoon short The Midnight Snack is released; it is the second appearance for the duo and the first in which they are officially named.
- July 20 – WWII: A BBC radio broadcast by "Colonel Britton" (Douglas Ritchie) calls on the people of occupied Europe to resist the Nazis, under the slogan "V for Victory".[33]
- July 23 – WWII: Italian aircraft damage the British destroyer HMS Fearless which has to be sunk.
- July 25 – Postal codes are introduced in Germany.
- July 26 – WWII:
- In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.
- General Douglas MacArthur is named commander of all U.S. forces in the Philippines; the Philippines Army is ordered nationalized by President Roosevelt.
- July 29 – The Vichy Regime signs the Protocol Concerning Joint Defense and Joint Military Cooperation with the Empire of Japan, giving the Japanese a total of 8 airfields, allowing them greater troop presence, and the use of the Indochinese financial system, in return for continued French autonomy.
- July 30 – WWII:
- German forces of the 2nd Panzer Army led by General Heinz Guderian launch a delaying action to the south. Guderian argues with General Franz Halder, chief-of-staff of the Army High Command (OKH), in favor of an all-out drive towards Moscow.[34]
- Glina massacre of July–August 1941 – The Ustaše brutally kill 200 Serbs inside a Serbian Orthodox church in Glina, Croatia, with a total of 700–1,200 being killed in the area of the next few days.
- July 31 – WWII: The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question."[35]
August[edit]
- August – The Political Warfare Executive is formed in the United Kingdom to disseminate propaganda to Germany and its occupied countries.
- August 1 – The Willys MB U.S. Army Jeep is first produced.
- August 2 – WWII: German forces of the 1st Panzer Army under General Ewald von Kleist break through the Soviet defenses at Uman and outflank the 6th Army and 12th Army from the north, while the German 17th Army under General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel has also broken through in a two-pronged advance, one to the north to meet up with von Kleist and one towards the Black Sea.
- August 5 – WWII:
- Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, commander of Army Group Centre, declares the encirclement at Smolensk over. The German forces have taken some 300,000 prisoners.
- The Provisional Government of Lithuania is dissolved.
- August 6 – Six-year-old Elaine Esposito goes to have an appendix operation in Florida and lapses into a coma, dying 37 years later, still comatose.
- August 7 – WWII: British submarine HMS Severn sinks an Italian Marconi-class submarine.
- August 8 – German forces encircle and annihilate the Soviet 6th Army and 12th Army during the battle of Uman, capturing some 100,000 prisoners.
- August 9 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet on board ship at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter (released August 14), setting goals for postwar international cooperation, is created as a result.
- August 16
- The Holocaust: Units of the Wehrmacht and the Einsatzgruppen (as part of Operation Barbarossa) start killing Jewish children, signalling the start of the Jewish Genocide.
- HMS Mercury Royal Navy Signals School and Combined Signals School opens at Leydene, near Petersfield, Hampshire, England.
- August 19 – The Tiraspol Agreement is signed between Germany and Romania.[36]
- August 21 – In revenge for the execution two days earlier of French Resistance member Samuel Tyszelman, communist activist Pierre Georges (with others) shoots and kills a member of the German military in occupied Paris, initiating a cycle of assassinations and retribution that will claim hundreds of lives.[37]
- August 25 – WWII:
- Operation Gauntlet: British, Canadian and Norwegian commando's raid Spitzbergen, up near the North Pole, and destroy stores of coal, oil reserves and mining machinery.
- The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and oilfields begin.
- August 27 – WWII: Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre, 23,600 Jews are shot dead by Einsatzgruppen troops and local collaborators in Ukraine.
- August 28 – WWII: Soviet evacuation of Tallinn – German troops capture Tallinn, Estonia from the Soviet Union, while attacks on the evacuating Soviet ships leave more than 12,000 dead in one of the bloodiest naval battles of the war. German forces will capture the entire Estonian territory by December 6.
- August 29
- WWII: The Government of National Salvation, a Serb puppet state of the Axis powers, is established by General Milan Nedić in Nazi-occupied Serbia in Belgrade, under military commander Heinrich Danckelmann; the regime includes 15 Ministers.
- Robert Menzies resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after losing the support of his party. He will not return to the Prime Ministership until 1949. Arthur Fadden, leader of the Country Party, consequently becomes Prime Minister, while former Prime Minister Billy Hughes replaces Menzies as UAP leader.
- August 30
- German troopship Bahia Laura is sunk by HMS Trident (N52); 450 are killed.
- Germany and Romania sign another treaty, the Tighina Agreement.[36]
- August 31
- WWII (Uprising in Serbia): Battle of Loznica: Chetniks capture the town of Loznica, in Nazi-occupied Serbia.
- The Great Gildersleeve debuts on NBC Radio in the United States.
September[edit]
- September 3 – The Holocaust: SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Fritzsch first uses the pesticide Zyklon B, to execute Soviet prisoners of war en masse at Auschwitz concentration camp; eventually it will be used to kill about 1.2 million people.
- September 5 – Citizen Kane is released.[38]
- September 6 – The Holocaust: The requirement to wear the Star of David, with the word "Jew" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied areas.
- September 8 – WWII:
- Siege of Leningrad: German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad. Stalin orders the Volga Germans deported to Siberia.
- Yelnya offensive: Russian forces of the 24th Army under General Konstantin Rakutin break the German front line near Yelnya and drives the 4th Army back across the Desna River for 25 kilometers. Finally, the offensive is halted at a new German defense line. The Russians lose over 30,000 casualties from a force of some 100,000 men.
- September 10 – WWII: German forces of the 1st Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist begin breaking out of the Dnieper bridgehead at Kremenchug. The 16th Panzer Division carves a wedge of some 20 kilometers wide between the Soviet 6th Army and 38th Army.
- September 11
- WWII: Charles Lindbergh, at an America First Committee rally in Des Moines, Iowa, accuses "the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt administration" of leading the United States toward war. Widespread condemnation of Lindbergh follows.
- The Medvedev Forest massacre of political prisoners takes place, at the Oryol Prison in the Soviet Union.
- September 12
- WWII: The first snowfall is reported on the Russian front.
- Construction on The Pentagon begins in Washington, D.C.
- Franklin Roosevelt gives one of his fireside chats, on the USS Greer incident.
- September 14 – The State of Vermont "declares war" on Germany, by defining the United States to be in "armed conflict", in order to extend a wartime bonus to Vermonters in the service.[39]
- September 15 – The Estonian Self-Administration, headed by Hjalmar Mäe, is appointed by the German military administration.
- September 16 – Rezā Shāh of Iran is forced to resign in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, under pressure from the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, concluding the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.
- September 16–30 – The Nikolaev massacre takes place in Mykolaiv (Soviet Union); 35,782 men, women and children; mostly Jews, are killed by Einsatzgruppe D and local collaborators.
- September 19 – WWII: Battle of Kiev: German forces take Kiev, the encirclement battle continues. The German high command (OKH) claims to have captured 600,000 soldiers (up to 665,000).
- September 22 – WWII: The town of Reshetylivka in the Soviet Union is occupied by German forces.
- September 23 – The 1941 Texas hurricane makes landfall near Bay City, Texas, causing extensive damage and flooding in Galveston and Houston.
- September 27
- WWII: The National Liberation Front (Greece) (the main Greek Resistance movement) is established, and Georgios Siantos is appointed its first acting leader.
- The first liberty ship, the SS Patrick Henry, is launched at Baltimore.
- September 28 – WWII: The Drama Uprising against the Bulgarian occupation in northern Greece begins.
- September 29 – WWII:
- The Moscow Conference begins; U.S. representative Averell Harriman and British representative Lord Beaverbrook meet with Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, to arrange urgent assistance for Russia.
- Convoy PQ 1 leaves Iceland for Archangelsk. The convoy consists of 11 merchant ships loaded with raw materials, 20 tanks and 193 crated Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft.
- September 29–30 – The Holocaust: Babi Yar massacre – German troops, assisted by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, kill 33,771 Jews in Kiev.[40]
October[edit]
- October Classic Comics series is launched in the United States, with a version of The Three Musketeers.[41]
- Mid-October – The first P-38E Lightning fighter is produced by Lockheed in the United States.
- October 1
- The Holocaust: The Nazi German Majdanek concentration camp (Konzentrationslager Lublin) opens in occupied Poland, on the outskirts of the town of Lublin. Between October 1941 and July 1944, at least 200,000 people will be killed in the camp.
- The New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy becomes the Royal New Zealand Navy.
- October 2 – WWII: Operation Typhoon begins, as Germany launches an all-out offensive against Moscow.
- October 2 – Tudeh Party of Iran is founded.
- October 5 – The Holocaust: In Berdychiv, 20–30,000 Jews are shot dead.
- October 6 – WWII: Battle of Moscow: German forces of the 17th Panzer Division (with some 30 serviceable tanks) under General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim takes Bryansk and the bridges across the Desna.
- October 7 – John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, following the defeat of Arthur Fadden's Country/UAP Coalition Government, on the floor of the House of Representatives.
- October 8 – WWII:
- On the Western Front, Russian forces (16th Army, 19th Army, 20th Army and the 24th Army) are encircled near Vyazma.
- In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov, with the capture of Mariupol.
- October 11 – WWII: Armed insurgents from the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia attack Axis-occupied zones in the city of Prilep, beginning the National Liberation War of Macedonia.
- October 11–12 – Fire destroys a Firestone Tire and Rubber Company plant in Fall River, Massachusetts, consuming 15,850 tons of rubber, and causing a setback to the United States war effort.[42]
- October 13 – The Holocaust: Heinrich Himmler instructs SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik to begin construction of Bełżec, the first of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps.
- October 15 – WWII: British submarine HMS Torbay bombards the port of Apollonia, Cyrenaica in Italian Libya.
- October 16 – WWII: The Soviet government moves to Kuibyshev (modern Samara), but Stalin remains in Moscow.
- October 17 – WWII: Destroyer USS Kearny is torpedoed and damaged near Iceland, killing 11 sailors (the first American military casualties of the war, in which the US is at this time neutral).
- October 18 – General Hideki Tōjō becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.
- October 18 – Film The Maltese Falcon is released in the United States, starring Humphrey Bogart, directed by John Huston.
- October 21 – WWII: Kragujevac massacre – German soldiers and local auxiliaries massacre more than 2,000 civilian men at Kragujevac, in Nazi-occupied Serbia.
- October 23 – Walt Disney's fourth animated film Dumbo is released in the United States.
- October 25 – WWII: German fighter pilot Franz von Werra disappears during a flight over the North Sea.
- October 29 – The Holocaust: Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941 – Over 9,200 Lithuanian Jews are shot dead.
- October 30 – WWII:
- Siege of Sevastopol: German forces of the 11th Army (part of Army Group South) begin the siege of Sevastopol.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.
- The Holocaust: 1,500 Jews from Pidhaitsi (in western Ukraine) are sent by the Nazis to the Bełżec extermination camp.
- October 31
- WWII: Destroyer USS Reuben James, on convoy escort, is accidentally torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors.
- The carving of Mount Rushmore in South Dakota is completed.
November[edit]
- November 5 – WWII: The United States holds peace talks with Japan.
- November 6 – WWII: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was earlier this year on July 2). He states that 350,000 Soviet troops have been killed in German attacks, but that the Germans have lost 4.5 million[citation needed] soldiers (a gross exaggeration), and that Soviet victory is near.
- November 7 – WWII: The Soviet hospital ship Armenia is sunk by German aircraft while evacuating refugees, wounded military and the staff of several Crimean hospitals. It is estimated that more than 5,000 die in the sinking.
- November 10 – In a speech at the Mansion House, London, Winston Churchill promises "should the United States become involved in war with Japan, the British declaration will follow within the hour".
- November 12 – WWII:
- As the Battle of Moscow begins, temperatures around Moscow drop to −12 °C, and the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time, against the freezing German forces near the city.
- Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is hit three times in the Severnaya Bay by bombs from German Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers from II./StG 77 during the Siege of Sevastopol.[43]
- November 14
- WWII: British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal sinks under tow off Gibraltar, after being torpedoed the previous day by German submarine U-81.
- The Holocaust: In Slonim (Byelorussian SSR), German forces engaged in Operation Barbarossa murder 9,000 Jews.
- November 17 – WWII: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables to Washington, D.C. a warning, that Japan may strike suddenly and unexpectedly.
- November 18 – WWII: Operation Crusader: The British Eighth Army under General Alan Cunningham begins an offensive operation to relieve the Siege of Tobruk in North Africa. In the morning, 30th Corps crosses the border into Libya and marches unmolested to Gabr Saleh. The 7th Armored Brigade and the 22nd Armored Brigade of the British 7th Armored Division ("Desert Rats") advances north-west towards Tobruk.
- November 19 – WWII:
- British tanks of the 7th Armored Brigade advances to Sidi Rezegh, while the rest of the British 7th Armored Division remains at Gabr Saleh. The 22nd Armored Brigade attacks the Italian 132nd Armored Division "Ariete" during the action at Bir el Gubi, losing 52 Crusader tanks. Meanwhile, the 7th Armored Brigade and the 7th Support Group capture Sidi Rezegh airfield.[44]
- Battle between HMAS Sydney and German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran – Both commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran and Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney sink following a battle off the coast of Western Australia. There are no survivors from the 645 Australian sailors aboard Sydney.[45]
- November 21 – The live blues radio program King Biscuit Time is broadcast for the first time on KFFA in Helena, Arkansas; it will attain its 17,000th broadcast in 2014 making it the longest-running daily American radio broadcast.
- November 22 – WWII: HMS Devonshire sinks commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis, ending the longest warship cruise of the war (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair).[46]
- November 24 – WWII:
- German forces led by Erwin Rommel make a 'dash to the wire' to relieve the siege of Bardia and the frontier garrisons. He sends all the armor (some 90 tanks) of the Afrika Corps to Sidi Omar, causing chaos and splitting the British 30th Corps.
- German forces of Army Group South begin to evacuate Rostov because of Soviet counterattacks. Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt (who has given the order for the retreat) has been expressly forbidden by Hitler.
- November 26 – WWII:
- The Hull note (Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement Between the United States and Japan), named for Secretary of State Cordell Hull, is delivered to the Empire of Japan by the United States.
- A Japanese task force (named the Kidō Butai) of 6 aircraft carriers and supported by 27 ships led by Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo, leaves Hitokapu Bay for Pearl Harbor, under strict radio silence.
- November 27 – WWII:
- German forces of the 3rd Panzer Army under General Georg-Hans Reinhardt reach their closest approach to Moscow (some 35 kilometers). They are subsequently frozen by cold weather and stopped by attacks by the Soviets.
- The 2nd New Zealand Division under General Bernard Freyberg links up with the British 70th Infantry Division (who have broken out of Tobruk) at Ed Duda on the Tobruk by-pass.
- A group of young men stops traffic on U.S. Highway 99 south of Yreka, California, handing out fliers proclaiming the establishment of the State of Jefferson.
- November 30 and December 8 – Rumbula massacre: Nazi forces kill approximately 24,000 Latvian Jews and 1,000 German Jews outside of Riga.
December[edit]
- December 1 – WWII:
- Fiorello La Guardia, Mayor of New York City and Director of the Office of Civilian Defense, signs Administrative Order 9, creating the Civil Air Patrol under the authority of the United States Army Air Forces.
- A state of emergency is declared in British Malaya and the Straits Settlements.
- December 2 – WWII: The coded message "Climb Mount Niitaka" is transmitted to the Japanese task force, indicating that negotiations have broken down and that the attack on Pearl Harbor is to be carried out according to plan.
- December 4 – The State of Jefferson is declared in Yreka, California, with a judge, John Childs, as governor.
- December 5 – WWII: The United Kingdom declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania.
- December 6 – WWII:
- Soviet counterattacks begin against German troops encircling Moscow. The Heer is subsequently pushed back over 200 mi (320 km).
- British submarine HMS Perseus is mined off Cephalonia.
- December 7 (December 8 – 3:18 a.m., Japan Standard Time) – WWII:
- Attack on Pearl Harbor: Aircraft flying from Imperial Japanese Navy carriers launch a surprise attack on the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, thus drawing the United States into World War II. The attack begins at 7:55 a.m. Hawaiian Standard Time, and is announced on radio stations in the U.S. at about 11:26 a.m. PST (19.26 GMT).
- The Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire is published in Japanese evening newspapers, but not formally delivered to the U.S. until the following day. Canada declares war on Japan.
- Adolf Hitler makes his Nacht und Nebel decree, declaring that all political prisoners and those involved in both German resistance to Nazism and resistance to Nazism throughout German-occupied Europe are to be apprehended by the Gestapo, Sicherheitsdienst and other security forces under Heinrich Himmler's control.
- Tobruk's British and Commonwealth garrison is relieved after Axis forces under Rommel withdraw.
- December 8
- WWII: The Battle of Hong Kong begins shortly after 8:00 a.m. (local time), less than 8 hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Japanese forces invade Hong Kong, which is defended by British, Canadian and local troops. The United Kingdom officially declares war on the Empire of Japan.
- WWII: The Japanese Invade Shanghai International Settlement, to occupy the British and the American sectors, after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
- WWII: The Japanese invasion of the Philippines begins 10 hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Japanese forces invade Luzon and destroy U.S. aircraft on Clark Field.[47]
- WWII: President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt delivers his "Infamy Speech" to a Joint session of the United States Congress at 12:30 p.m. EST (17.30 GMT). Transmitted live over all four major national networks, it attracts the largest audience ever for an American radio broadcast, over 81% of homes.[48] Within an hour, Congress agrees to the President's request for a United States declaration of war upon Japan, and he signs it at 4:10 p.m.
- WWII: Australia, New Zealand, The Netherlands, the Free French, Yugoslavia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras also officially declare war on Japan, and the Republic of China declares war on the Axis powers.[47]
- WWII: Japanese forces attack British Malaya and Thailand.[47]
- WWII: The German advance on Moscow (Operation Typhoon) is suspended for the winter.[47]
- The Holocaust: The Nazi German Chełmno extermination camp opens in occupied Poland, near the village of Chełmno nad Nerem. Between December 1941-April 1943 and June 1944-January 1945, at least 153,000 Jews will be killed in the camp.
- The Holocaust The first mass gassing of Jews begins at the Chełmno extermination camp on December 8, 1941, when the Nazis use gas vans to murder people from the Lodz ghetto.
- December 10 – WWII:
- British battleships HMS Prince of Wales and battlecruiser HMS Repulse are sunk by Japanese aircraft in the South China Sea north of Singapore.
- The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea officially declares war on Japan.
- December 11 – WWII: American forces repel a Japanese landing force at Wake Island. Two Japanese destroyers are sunk, killing 5,350 men.
- Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind.
- Mildred Gillars ("Axis Sally") delivers her first propaganda broadcast to Allied troops.
- December 11–13 – WWII: Battle of Jitra: Japanese compel British troops to withdraw from their positions in Malaya.
- December 12 – WWII:
- Hungary and Romania declare war on the United States.
- British India declares war on the Empire of Japan.
- The United States seizes the French ship SS Normandie.
- The Kimura Detachment of the Japanese Imperial forces occupies Legaspi, Albay, Philippines.
- The Holocaust: The Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941, held provately in Berlin between Hitler and high-ranking officials of the Nazi Party, marks a decisive step toward implementation of the Final Solution when Hitler confirms his intention to annihilate the Jewish race.
- December 13
- WWII: The United Kingdom, New Zealand and South Africa declare war on Bulgaria; Hungary declares war on the United States; and Honduras declares war on Germany and Italy.
- WWII: The Battle of Cape Bon Is fought off Cape Bon, Tunisia: Italian cruisers Alberico da Barbiano and Alberto da Giussano are sunk without loss to the Allies.
- Sweden's low-temperature record of −53 °C is set in a village within the Vilhelmina Municipality.
- December 14 – WWII: The Independent State of Croatia declares war on the United States and the United Kingdom.
- December 15 – WWII: At Drobytsky Yar, 15,000 Jews are shot dead by German troops.
- December 16 – WWII: Japanese forces invade Borneo with landings at Miri, Seria and Lutong. The British and Dutch set fire to the oil facilities before they retreat their forces.
- December 17 – WWII: General Erich von Manstein arrives at his new headquarters in Mykolaiv, after the previous commander Eugen Ritter von Schobert is killed during a plane landing (which contains a Soviet minefield). German forces of the 54th Army Corps begin the attacks on Sevastopol.
- December 19 – WWII:
- Adolf Hitler canceled the withdrawal of German forces on the Eastern Front and orders Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) to prepare a defensive frontline. He dismisses Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch as Commander-in-Chief and appoints himself as head of the German Army.
- Raid on Alexandria: Italian Regia Marina divers on human torpedoes place limpet mines on ships of the British Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet in port at Alexandria, Egypt, disabling battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Valiant.
- Twelve days after the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor, the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland graduates its "Class of 1942" a semester early, so as to induct the graduating students without delay into the U.S. Navy and/or Marine Corps as officers, for immediate stationing in the war.[49]
- December 20 – WWII: Soviet forces take Volokolamsk, Western Front commander Georgy Zhukov orders a new advance line from Zubtsov to Ghzatsk. The 50th Army under General Ivan Boldin begins a counter-offensive and drives the Germans back from Moscow.
- December 21 – WWII:
- Thailand and Japan sign a military alliance.
- The Holocaust: The Stanisławów Ghetto is established.
- December 22 – WWII:
- Japanese forces of the 14th Army under General Masaharu Homma supported by 85 transport ships, carrying 88 tanks and loads of artillery enter the Lingayen Gulf. Homma embarks three regiments of the 48th Division to conquer Luzon.
- The Arcadia Conference opens in Washington, D.C., the first meeting on military strategy between the heads of government of the United Kingdom and the United States, following the latter's entry into the war.
- December 23 – WWII:
- German forces capture the outer ring of forts of Sevastopol, but the Soviets bring some 14,000 reinforcements by sea as well as supplies.
- A second Japanese landing attempt on Wake Island is successful, and the American garrison surrenders, after a full night and morning of fighting.
- December 24 – WWII:
- British forces capture Benghazi.[50]
- Japanese forces (some 7,000 soldiers) of the 16th Division land at Lamon Bay in southeast Luzon.
- Douglas MacArthur, commander of U.S. Army forces in the Philippines, orders a troop withdrawal to Bataan Peninsula. He moves his headquarters to the island fortress of Corregidor in Manila Bay.
- Dutch submarine HNLMS K XVI is the first Allied ship to sink a Japanese warship, sinking the destroyer Sagiri near Sarawak; K XVI is herself torpedoed the following day by Japanese submarine I-66.
- December 25 – WWII:
- The Battle of Hong Kong ends after 17 days, with the surrender of the British Crown colony to the Japanese.
- Admiral Émile Muselier seizes the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the first part of France to be liberated by the Free French Forces.
- December 26 – WWII:
- Battle of the Kerch Peninsula: Soviet forces launch an amphibious assault on the Kerch Peninsula to relieve the encircled Coastal Army at Sevastopol.
- Winston Churchill becomes the first British Prime Minister to address a joint session of the United States Congress.
- December 27 – WWII: British Commandos raid the Norwegian port of Vaagso, causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and defenses, drawing vital troops away from other areas.
Date unknown[edit]
- Chosun Tire and Rubber Manufacture, predecessor of South Korean tire brand Hankook, is founded in a suburb of Seoul (part of the Empire of Japan at this time).[citation needed]
- Factory Canteen, predecessor of multinational foodservice company Compass Group, is founded in England by Jack Bateman.[51][52]
Births[edit]
Births |
---|
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January[edit]
- January 1
- Asrani, Indian actor and director
- Martin Evans, British biologist, Nobel Prize laureate[53]
- January 5
- Chuck McKinley, American tennis player (d. 1986)[54]
- Hayao Miyazaki, Japanese film director and screenwriter[55]
- Nawab of Pataudi, Indian cricketer (d. 2011)[56]
- January 7
- Frederick D. Gregory, African-American astronaut[57]
- John E. Walker, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate[58]
- January 8
- Graham Chapman, British comedian (Monty Python's Flying Circus) (d. 1989)[59]
- Boris Vallejo, Peruvian painter[60]
- January 9 – Joan Baez, American singer, songwriter and activist[61]
- January 11 – Gérson, Brazilian footballer[62]
- January 12 – Long John Baldry, English singer (d. 2005)[63]
- January 13
- Pasqual Maragall, Spanish politician[64]
- Walid Muallem, Syrian diplomat (d. 2020)
- January 14
- Faye Dunaway, American actress[65]
- Milan Kučan, Slovenian politician, 1st President of Slovenia[66]
- January 15 – Captain Beefheart (Don Van Vliet), American singer (d. 2010)[67]
- January 18
- Bobby Goldsboro, American pop and country singer-songwriter[68]
- David Ruffin, African-American singer (The Temptations) (d. 1991)[69]
- January 19 – Pat Patterson, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2020)
- January 21
- Plácido Domingo, Spanish opera singer, conductor and arts administrator[70]
- Richie Havens, African-American musician (d. 2013)[71]
- January 24
- Neil Diamond, American singer-songwriter[72]
- Aaron Neville, African-American singer
- Dan Shechtman, Israeli chemist, Nobel Prize laureate[73]
- January 27 – Beatrice Tinsley, English astronomer (d. 1981)[74]
- January 29 – Robin Morgan, American feminist writer[75]
- January 30
- Gregory Benford, American author and astrophysicist
- Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States, 17th US Secretary of Defense[76]
- Delbert Mann, American television, film director (d. 2007)[77]
- Tineke Lagerberg, Dutch swimmer[78]
- January 31
- Eugène Terre'Blanche, South African farmer, pro-apartheid activist (d. 2010)[79]
- Jessica Walter, American actress (d. 2021)[80]
February[edit]
- February 3 – Dory Funk, Jr., American professional wrestler
- February 4 – Laisenia Qarase, Fijian politician (d. 2020)[81]
- February 8
- Nick Nolte, American actor
- Jagjit Singh, Indian singer, composer and musician (d. 2011)
- February 9 – Kermit Gosnell, American abortionist and serial killer[82]
- February 10 – Michael Apted, British film director (d. 2021)[83]
- February 11 – Sergio Mendes, Brazilian jazz musician[84]
- February 12
- Hubert Marcoux, Canadian solo sailor and author (d. 2009)
- Naomi Uemura, Japanese adventurer (d. 1984)
- February 13
- Sigmar Polke, German painter (d. 2010)
- Bo Svenson, Swedish-American actor
- February 15 – Florinda Bolkan, Brazilian actress and model
- February 16 – Kim Jong-il, Leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (d. 2011)
- February 18 – Irma Thomas, African-American singer
- February 19 – David Gross, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- February 20 – Buffy Sainte-Marie, Canadian singer
- February 22
- Hipólito Mejía, President of the Dominican Republic (2000-2004)
- Yau Leung, Hong Kong photographer (d. 1997)
- February 27 – Paddy Ashdown, British politician, diplomat (d. 2018)[85]
March[edit]
- March 7 – Andrei Mironov, Soviet and Russian theatre and film actor (d. 1987)
- March 10 – George P. Smith, American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 12 – Erkki Salmenhaara, Finnish composer (d. 2002)
- March 13 – Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet and author (d. 2008)
- March 14 – Wolfgang Petersen, German film director
- March 15 – Mike Love, American musician
- March 16
- Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian film director (d. 2018)[86]
- Robert Guéï, military ruler of Côte d'Ivoire (d. 2002)
- March 17 – Paul Kantner, American musician (d. 2016)[87]
- March 18 – Wilson Pickett, African-American singer (d. 2006)[88]
- March 20 – Kenji Kimihara, Japanese long-distance runner
- March 21 – Dirk Frimout, Belgian cosmonaut and astrophysicist
- March 22 – Bruno Ganz, Swiss actor (d. 2019)
- March 26 – Richard Dawkins, British scientist[89]
- March 27 – Ivan Gašparovič, 3rd President of Slovakia
- March 29 – Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr., American astrophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate[90]
- March 30 – Wasim Sajjad, President of Pakistan
- March 31 – Rosario Green, Mexican economist, diplomat and politician (d. 2017)
April[edit]
- April 2 – Dr. Demento (Barret Eugene Hansen), American radio disc jockey, novelty music collector
- April 3 – Eric Braeden, German-born American actor[91]
- April 5 – Michael Moriarty, American-Canadian actor[92]
- April 7
- Mussum, Brazilian actor and musician (d. 1994)
- Cornelia Frances, Australian actress (d. 2018)
- ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, Tongan politician and activist, 15th Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 2019)
- April 8 – Peggy Lennon, American singer (The Lennon Sisters)
- April 9 – Kay Adams, American country singer
- April 10 – Paul Theroux, American travel writer and novelist[93]
- April 11 – Frederick Hauck, American astronaut
- April 12 – Bobby Moore, English football captain (d. 1993)[94]
- April 13 – Michael Stuart Brown, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine[95]
- April 14 – Pete Rose, American baseball player
- April 18 – Michael D. Higgins, 9th President of Ireland[96]
- April 19 – Roberto Carlos, Brazilian singer-songwriter[97]
- April 20 – Ryan O'Neal, American actor (Love Story)
- April 22 – Amir Pnueli, Israeli computer scientist (d. 2009)
- April 23
- Arie den Hartog, Dutch road bicycle racer (d. 2018)
- Paavo Lipponen, 59th Prime Minister of Finland[98]
- Ray Tomlinson, American computer programmer (d. 2016)[99]
- April 24
- Richard Holbrooke, American diplomat (d. 2010)[100]
- John Williams, Australian guitarist[101]
- April 25
- Princess Muna al-Hussein, Princess consort of Jordan[102]
- Bertrand Tavernier, French director, screenwriter, actor and producer[103] (d. 2021)
- April 26 – Claudine Auger, French actress (d. 2019)[104]
- April 28
- Lucien Aimar, French cyclist[105]
- Ann-Margret, Swedish-born American actress, singer and dancer[106]
- K. Barry Sharpless, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate[107]
- Iryna Zhylenko, Ukrainian poet (d. 2013)
May[edit]
- May 3 – Kornel Morawiecki, Polish politician and theoretical physicist (d. 2019)
- May 5
- Anatoly Levchenko, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1988)
- Alexander Ragulin, Russian hockey player (d. 2004)[108]
- May 6 – Ivica Osim, Bosnian football player, manager
- May 10 – Aydın Güven Gürkan, Turkish academic, politician (d. 2006)
- May 11 – Eric Burdon, British singer[109]
- May 13
- Senta Berger, Austrian actress
- Ritchie Valens, American singer (La Bamba) (d. 1959)
- May 14 – Jesús Gómez, Mexican equestrian (d. 2017)
- May 18 – Miriam Margolyes, British-Australian actress
- May 19 – Nora Ephron, American film producer, director, and screenwriter (d. 2012)[110]
- May 20 – Goh Chok Tong, 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore
- May 23 – K. Raghavendra Rao, Indian film director, producer, screenwriter and choreographer
- May 24 – Bob Dylan, American poet, musician and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature
- May 25 – Vladimir Voronin, 3rd President of Moldova
- May 31
- Louis Ignarro, American pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine[111]
- William Nordhaus, American economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[112]
June[edit]
- June 1
- Jigjidiin Mönkhbat, Mongolian wrestler (d. 2018)
- Alexander Zakharov, Soviet and Russian astronomer
- Edo de Waart, Dutch conductor
- June 2
- Stacy Keach, American actor[113]
- Charlie Watts, English rock drummer (d. 2021)[114]
- June 5
- Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist[115]
- Spalding Gray, American actor and screenwriter[116] (d. 2004)
- June 6 – Alexander Cockburn, Irish-American political journalist and writer (d. 2012)
- June 8
- Robert Bradford, Northern Irish politician (murdered in 1981)
- George Pell, Australian cardinal
- June 9 – Jon Lord, English composer, pianist and organist (d. 2012)[117]
- June 10 – Jürgen Prochnow, German actor[118]
- June 12 – Chick Corea, American jazz pianist (d. 2021)[119]
- June 13 – Esther Ofarim, Israeli singer[120]
- June 15 – Harry Nilsson, American musician (d. 1994)[121]
- June 19
- Gilberto Benetton, Italian billionaire businessman (d. 2018)
- Conchita Carpio-Morales, Filipino Supreme Court jurist
- Václav Klaus, 2nd President of the Czech Republic[122]
- June 20
- Ulf Merbold, German astronaut and physicist[123]
- Albert Shesternyov, Soviet footballer (d. 1994)[124]
- June 21
- Aloysius Paul D'Souza, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore
- Valeri Zolotukhin, Soviet and Russian actor (d. 2013)
- June 22 – Michael Lerner, American actor
- June 23
- Robert Hunter, American lyricist, singer-songwriter, translator and poet (d. 2019)
- Madampu Kunjukuttan, Malayalam author
- June 24
- Julia Kristeva, Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist and novelist
- Nelson López, Argentine football defender
- Graham McKenzie, Australian cricketer
- Charles Whitman, American mass murderer (d. 1966)
- June 25
- Denys Arcand, French-Canadian film director, screenwriter and producer
- Kenneth Walker, Australian cricketer
- June 26
- Gil Garrido, Panamanian baseball player
- Tamara Moskvina, Russian competitive skater and pair skating coach
- Thomas Yeh Sheng-nan, Taiwanese prelate
- June 27
- Ian Black, British competitive swimmer
- John Goold, Australian rules footballer
- Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish film director (d. 1996)
- Pavel Schenk, Czech volleyball player
- June 28
- Ilana Adir, Israeli Olympic runner and long jumper
- David Johnston, 28th Governor General of Canada
- Barbara Stolz, German gymnast
- June 29
- Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Ture), Trinidadian-American civil rights activist (d. 1998)[125]
- Margitta Gummel, German Olympic athlete (d. 2021)[126]
- June 30
- Roberto Castrillo, Cuban sports shooter
- Otto Sander, German actor (d. 2013)[127]
July[edit]
- July 1
- Alfred G. Gilman, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2015)[128]
- Ursula Koch, Swiss politician
- Jaakko Kailajärvi, Finnish weightlifter
- Twyla Tharp, American dancer, choreographer, and author[129]
- Zimani Kadzamira, Malawian academic, civil servant and diplomat
- Myron Scholes, Canadian-American financial economist and Nobel laureate[130]
- July 2
- Mogens Frey, Danish amateur cyclist
- Stéphane Venne, French-Canadian songwriter, composer
- July 3
- Gloria Allred, American lawyer[131]
- Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer
- Hertha Haase, German swimmer
- Liamine Zéroual, 4th President of Algeria
- July 4 – Sergio Oliva, Cuban bodybuilder (d. 2012)
- July 5
- Lynley Dodd, New Zealand writer and illustrator
- Epeli Nailatikau, Fijian chief, 4th President of Fiji
- July 7
- Marco Bollesan, Italian former rugby union player, coach and manager
- Alan Durban, Welsh international footballer, manager[132]
- John Fru Ndi, Cameroonian politician
- July 9
- Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, Swedish modern pentathlete
- Takehide Nakatani Japanese lightweight judoka
- July 11
- John Kaputin, Papua New Guinean politician
- Jürgen Schmidt, German speed skater
- Rosa Morena, Spanish flamenco-pop singer and actress (d. 2019)
- July 12
- John Lahr, American drama critic
- Juha Väätäinen, Finnish athlete
- Wu Bangguo, Chinese politician
- July 13
- Affonso Beato, Brazilian cinematographer
- Robert Forster, American actor (d. 2019)
- Jacques Perrin, French actor and filmmaker[133]
- July 14
- Maulana Karenga, African-American author, activist; founder of Kwanzaa
- Andreas Khol, Austrian politician
- July 15
- Vicente Guillot, Spanish footballer
- Nikhil Kumar, Indian politician
- July 16
- Valeri Butenko, Soviet midfielder, football referee
- Desmond Dekker, Jamaican singer and songwriter (d. 2006)
- Seijirō Kōyama, Japanese film director
- Kálmán Mészöly, Hungarian football (soccer) player, coach
- Hans Wiegel, Dutch politician
- July 17
- Namirembe Bitamazire, Ugandan academic, politician
- Morimichi Takagi, Japanese baseball player (d. 2020)
- Rob van Empel, Dutch breaststroke swimmer
- July 18
- Winston Choo, Singaporean diplomat, civil servant and former general
- Frank Farian, German record producer, songwriter
- Marcia Jones-Smoke, American sprint canoer
- Lonnie Mack, American singer, guitarist (d. 2016)
- Martha Reeves, African-American singer
- July 19
- Carlos Alberto Álvarez, Argentine cyclist
- Natalia Bessmertnova, Russian ballerina (d. 2008)
- Neelie Kroes, Dutch politician
- Vittorio Di Prima, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 2016)
- July 20
- Vladimir Lyakhov, Ukrainian-Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2018)
- Vladimir Veber, Moldovan footballer
- July 21 – Diogo Freitas do Amaral, Portuguese politician, 110th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 2019)
- July 22
- George Clinton, African-American musician
- Rich Jackson, American football player
- Susie Berning, American professional golfer
- Estelle Bennett, American singer (d. 2009)
- July 23 – Sergio Mattarella, Italian lawyer, judge and politician, 12th President of Italy
- July 25
- Margarita Isabel, Mexican actress (d. 2017)
- Nate Thurmond, African-American basketball player (d. 2016)[134]
- Emmett Till, African-American civil rights icon (d. 1955)
- July 26 – Darlene Love, African-American singer, actress
- July 27 – Bill Baxley, Alabama politician
- July 28
- Peter Cullen, Canadian actor
- Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor[135]
- July 29 – David Warner, British actor[136]
- July 30 – Paul Anka, Canadian-American singer, songwriter[137]
August[edit]
- August 2 – Ede Staal, Dutch singer-songwriter (d. 1986)
- August 3
- Martha Stewart, American television personality, media entrepreneur
- Hage Geingob, 1st Prime Minister of Namibia, 3rd President of Namibia
- August 4
- Ted Strickland, American politician
- Anri Jergenia, 4th Prime Minister of Abkhazia (d. 2020)
- August 9 – Alfred Aho, Canadian computer scientist
- August 14
- David Crosby, American musician (Crosby, Stills and Nash)
- Connie Smith, American singer
- August 16 – Théoneste Bagosora, Rwandan army officer, alleged planner of the Rwandan genocide (d. 2021)
- August 17
- Ibrahim Babangida, President of Nigeria
- Lothar Bisky, German politician (d. 2013)
- Fritz Wepper, German actor
- August 18 – Mohamed Ghannouchi, 8th Prime Minister of Tunisia
- August 20 – Slobodan Milošević, 3rd President of Yugoslavia and 1st President of Serbia (d. 2006)
- August 21 – Jackie DeShannon, American singer, songwriter ("What the World Needs Now")
- August 26
- Akiko Wakabayashi, Japanese actress
- Ayşe Kulin, Turkish writer
- August 27
- Cesária Évora, Cape Verdean singer (d. 2011)[138]
- Yury Malyshev, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1999)
- August 28 – A. I. Katsina-Alu, Nigerian judge (d. 2018)
September[edit]
- September 2
- Graeme Langlands, Australian rugby league player (d. 2018)
- Jyrki Otila, Finnish quiz show judge, Member of the European Parliament (d. 2003)
- September 3 – Sergei Dovlatov, Russian short-story writer, novelist (d. 1990)
- September 4 – Sushilkumar Shinde, Indian politician
- September 8
- Ito Giani, Italian sprinter (d. 2018)
- Bernie Sanders, American politician, U.S. Senator (D-Vt.), and 2016 presidential candidate
- Christopher Connelly, American actor (d. 1988)
- September 9
- Otis Redding, African-American singer, musician (Dock of the Bay) (d. 1967)
- Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist, creator of the C programming language (d. 2011)
- September 10
- Stephen Jay Gould, American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science (d. 2002)[139]
- Christopher Hogwood, English conductor, harpsichordist (d. 2014)
- Gunpei Yokoi, Japanese computer game producer (d. 1997)
- September 13
- Tadao Ando, Japanese architect
- David Clayton-Thomas, Canadian musician, singer, and songwriter[140]
- Ahmet Necdet Sezer, 10th President of Turkey
- September 14 – Alberto Naranjo, Venezuelan musician (d. 2020)
- September 15 – Etelka Barsi-Pataky, Hungarian politician (d. 2018)
- September 18 – Priscilla Mitchell, American country music singer (d. 2014)
- September 19 – Cass Elliot, American singer (The Mamas & the Papas) (d. 1974)
- September 20 – Dale Chihuly, American glass sculptor
- September 23 – George Jackson, American author (d. 1971)
- September 24 – Linda McCartney, American activist, musician and photographer (d. 1998)[141]
- September 27 – Gay Kayler Ashcroft, Australian country music singer
- September 28 – Edmund Stoiber, German politician
- September 29 – Fred West, British serial killer (d. 1995)
- September 30 – Reine Wisell, Swedish racing driver (d. 2022)
October[edit]
- October 1 – Vyacheslav Vedenin, Soviet cross-country skier
- October 3 – Chubby Checker, African-American singer (The Twist)[142]
- October 4
- Elizabeth Eckford, African-American activist (Little Rock Nine)
- Anne Rice, American writer[143] (d. 2021)
- October 5 – Eduardo Duhalde, 50th President of Argentina[144]
- October 8 – Jesse Jackson, African-American clergyman, civil rights activist and presidential candidate
- October 10
- Peter Coyote, American actor
- Ken Saro-Wiwa, Nigerian writer, television producer, and environmental activist (d. 1995)[145]
- October 11 – Valerii Postoyanov, Soviet Olympic sport shooter (d. 2018)
- October 13 – Paul Simon, American singer-songwriter (Simon and Garfunkel)
- October 15
- Rosie Douglas, 4th Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2000)[146]
- Joan Antoni Solans Huguet, Spanish urban planner (d. 2019)
- October 19 – Peter Thornley, English professional wrestler best known for the ring character Kendo Nagasaki[147]
- October 25
- Helen Reddy, Australian singer, actress (d. 2020)
- Anne Tyler, American novelist
- October 27 – Gerd Brantenberg, Norwegian feminist author, gay rights activist
- October 28 – Hank Marvin, British guitarist, singer and songwriter (The Shadows)[148]
- October 30 – Theodor W. Hänsch, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics recipient
- October 31 – Sally Kirkland, American actress
November[edit]
- November 2 – Bruce Welch, British guitarist, singer and songwriter
- November 2 – Arun Shourie, Indian author and economist
- November 5 – Art Garfunkel, American singer (Simon and Garfunkel)
- November 7 – Angelo Scola, Italian cardinal
- November 20 – Dr. John, American singer and songwriter (d. 2019)[149][150]
- November 21 – İdil Biret, Turkish pianist
- November 22 – Tom Conti, British actor and director
- November 23 – Franco Nero, Italian actor
- November 25
- Percy Sledge, African-American singer (d. 2015)
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi, Pakistani Sufi author, poet
- November 27
- Henry Carr, American Olympic athlete (d. 2015)[151]
- Aimé Jacquet, French football player and manager[152]
- November 28 – Laura Antonelli, Italian actress (d. 2015)
- November 29 – Lothar Emmerich, German footballer (d. 2003)
December[edit]
- December 1 – Sean S. Cunningham, American filmmaker, director, producer, and writer
- December 4
- David Johnston, Australian newsreader
- Leila Säälik, Estonian actress
- December 6
- Wende Wagner, American actress (d. 1997)
- Vittorio Mezzogiorno, Italian actor (d. 1994)
- Richard Speck, American mass murderer (d. 1991)
- December 8 – Geoff Hurst, English footballer
- December 9
- Beau Bridges, American actor
- Dan Hicks, American singer, songwriter (d. 2016)
- December 10
- Tommy Rettig, American actor (d. 1996)
- Peter Sarstedt, English singer, songwriter (d. 2017)
- Kyu Sakamoto, Japanese singer, actor ("Sukiyaki") (d. 1985)
- December 11 – Max Baucus, American politician and diplomat
- December 12 – Vitaly Solomin, Soviet and Russian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2002)
- December 13 – John Davidson, American singer, actor
- December 14 – Karan Armstrong, American opera singer (d. 2021)[153]
- December 16 – Poldy Bird, Argentine writer (d. 2018)
- December 19
- Lee Myung-bak, 17th President of the Republic of Korea
- Maurice White, African-American singer, songwriter, musician and record producer (d. 2016)
- December 21 – Lo Hoi-pang, Hong Kong-born Chinese actor
- December 23
- Ron Bushy, American rock musician (d. 2021)
- Tim Hardin, American folk musician (d. 1980)[154]
- December 24 – Hans Eichel, German politician
- December 31 – Sir Alex Ferguson, Scottish football manager (Manchester United)
Deaths[edit]
January[edit]
- January 4 – Henri Bergson, French philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1859)[155]
- January 8
- Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, English soldier; founder of the Scouts (b. 1857)[156]
- Viktor Dankl von Krasnik, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1854)
- January 10
- Frank Bridge, English composer (b. 1879)
- Sir John Lavery, Anglo-Irish artist (b. 1856)
- January 11 – Emanuel Lasker, German chess champion (b. 1868)
- January 13 – James Joyce, Irish novelist, poet and critic (b. 1882)[157]
- January 15 – Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi, Italian nobleman, general, and politician (b. 1856)
- January 21 – Rudolf von Brudermann, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1851)
- January 29 – Ioannis Metaxas, Greek military officer, politician and Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1871)[158]
February[edit]
- February 4 – George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd, British politician and diplomat (b. 1879)
- February 5
- Otto Strandman, 1st Prime Minister of Estonia (b. 1875)
- Banjo Paterson, Australian poet, journalist (b. 1864)[159]
- February 7 – Giuseppe Tellera, Italian general (died of wounds) (b. 1882)
- February 8 – Willis Van Devanter, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1859)[160]
- February 11 – Rudolf Hilferding, German economist, Minister of Finance (b. 1877)
- February 21 – Sir Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1891)
- February 24 – Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, German submarine commander (b. 1886)
- February 28 – King Alfonso XIII of Spain (b. 1886)
March[edit]
- March 4 – Ludwig Quidde, German activist, politician and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858)
- March 6 – Gutzon Borglum, American sculptor (Mount Rushmore) (b. 1867)
- March 8 – Sherwood Anderson, American author (b. 1876)[161]
- March 15 – Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian painter (b. 1864)[162]
- March 17 – Joachim Schepke, German submarine commander (killed in action) (b. 1912)
- March 18 – Alexander Pfänder, German philosopher (b. 1870)
- March 28
- Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara, Indian police commissioner (b. 1887)
- Virginia Woolf, British writer (b. 1882)[163]
- March 30 – Vasil Kutinchev, Bulgarian general (b. 1859)
April[edit]
- April 3 – Pál Teleki, 2-time Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1879)
- April 5 – Sir Nigel Gresley, English steam locomotive engineer (Flying Scotsman and Mallard) (b. 1876)
- April 13 – Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (b. 1863)
- April 16 – Josiah Stamp, British baron, banker, civil servant, industrialist, economist and statistician (b.1880)
- April 17 – Hans Driesch, German biologist, philosopher (b. 1867)
- April 24 – King Sisowath Monivong of Cambodia (b. 1875)
- April 30 – Edwin S. Porter, American film director (b. 1870)
May[edit]
- May 4 – Theodor Tobler, Swiss chocolatier, founder of Toblerone (b. 1876)
- May 6 – Shūzō Kuki, Japanese philosopher (b. 1888)
- May 7 – Sir James Frazer, Scottish social anthropologist (b. 1854)
- May 11 – Peggy Shannon, American actress (b. 1910)
- May 12 – Ruth Stonehouse, American actress (b. 1892)
- May 16 – Minnie Vautrin, American missionary, heroine of the Nanjing Massacre (b. 1887)
- May 24 – Lancelot Holland, British admiral (b. 1887)
- May 27 – Günther Lütjens, German admiral (b. 1889)
- May 27 – Ernst Lindemann, Captain of the Battleship Bismarck (b. 1894)
- May 30 – Prajadhipok (Rama VII), King of Siam (b. 1893)
June[edit]
- June 1
- Hans Berger, German neurologist (b. 1873)
- Jenny Dolly, American singer (b. 1892)
- Kurt Hensel, German mathematician (b. 1861)[164]
- Sir Hugh Walpole, British writer (b. 1884)
- June 2 – Lou Gehrig, American baseball player (New York Yankees), MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1903)
- June 4 – Wilhelm II, German Emperor, last Emperor of Germany (b. 1859)[165]
- June 6 – Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born automobile builder and racing driver (b. 1878)
- June 15 – Evelyn Underhill, British writer (b. 1875)
- June 25 – Luigi Capello, Italian general (b. 1859)
- June 29 – Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist, composer, and third Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1860)
July[edit]
- July 3 – Friedrich Akel, Estonian diplomat, politician (b. 1871)
- July 4 – Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (b. 1881)
- July 10 – Jelly Roll Morton, African-American jazz musician and composer (b. 1890)
- July 11 – Sir Arthur Evans, English archaeologist (b. 1851)
- July 15 – Walter Ruttmann, German director (b. 1887)
- July 22 – Dmitry Pavlov, Soviet general (executed) (b. 1897)
- July 23 – José Quiñones Gonzales, Peruvian aviator (b. 1914)
- July 24 – Rudolf Ramek, 5th Chancellor of Austria (b. 1881)
- July 26 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (b. 1875)
- July 27
- Homer Galpin, America politician and lawyer (b 1871)
- Vladimir Klimovskikh, Soviet general (b. 1885)
- July 29
- Charles Murray, American actor (b. 1872)[166]
- James Stephenson, British actor (b. 1889)
- July 30 – Hugo Celmiņš, Prime Minister of Latvia (b. 1877)
- July 31 – Ron Barassi Sr., Australian rules footballer (b. 1913)
August[edit]
- August 1 –James Drake, Australian politician (b. 1850)
- August 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, Indian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
- August 12 – Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon, British politician and colonial administrator, 22nd Viceroy of India (b. 1866)
- August 13 – J. Stuart Blackton, American film producer (b. 1875)[167]
- August 14
- Saint Maximilian Kolbe, German Roman Catholic priest (martyred in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1894)
- Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)
- August 20 – John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven, British politician, 8th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1874)
- August 30 – Peder Oluf Pedersen, Danish engineer, physicist (b. 1874)
- August 31 – Marina Tsvetaeva, Soviet and Russian poet (b. 1892)
September[edit]
- September 1 – Karl Parts, Estonian military commander (b. 1886)
- September 5 – George Marchant, English-born inventor, manufacturer and philanthropist (b. 1857)[168]
- September 9 – Hans Spemann, German embryologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1869)
- September 11
- Alipio Ponce, Peruvian police officer, Civil Guard hero (b. 1906)
- Christian Rakovsky, Bulgarian revolutionary, Russian Bolshevik and Soviet diplomat, journalist, physician, and essayist (executed) (b. 1873)
- Maria Spiridonova, Russian revolutionary, former leader of the Party of Left Socialist Revolutionaries (executed) (b. 1884)
- September 18 – Fred Karno, British music hall comedian (b. 1866)
- September 20 – Mikhail Kirponos, Soviet general (b. 1892)
- September 28 – Marion Miley, American golfer, ranked #1 in the United States (b. 1914)
October[edit]
- October 5 – Louis Brandeis, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1856)
- October 8
- Gus Kahn, German American songwriter (b. 1886)
- Lorenzo Lauri, Italian cardinal (b. 1864)
- Valentine O'Hara, Irish-born writer on eastern Europe (b. 1875)
- October 9 – Helen Morgan, American singer, actress (b. 1900)
- October 16 – Sergei Efron, Russian poet, NKVD operative (b. 1893)
- October 18 – Manuel Teixeira Gomes, 7th President of Portugal (b. 1860)
- October 22 – Ioan Glogojeanu, Romanian general (assassinated) (b. 1888)
- October 25 – Robert Delaunay, French painter (b. 1885)
- October 26
- Arkady Gaidar, Russian writer (b. 1904)
- Victor Schertzinger, American composer, director (b. 1888)
- October 28
- 1941 Red Army Purge: 20 Soviet military officers and politicians executed in Kuybyshev including:
- Pavel Rychagov (b. 1911)
- Grigori Shtern (b. 1900)
- Yakov Smushkevich (b. 1902)
- Filipp Goloshchekin (b. 1876)
- Mikhail Kedrov (b. 1878)
- Aleksandr Loktionov (b. 1893)
- Ivan Proskurov (b. 1907)
- Mariya Nesterenko (b. 1910)
- 1941 Red Army Purge: 20 Soviet military officers and politicians executed in Kuybyshev including:
- October 29
- Harvey Hendrick, American baseball player (b. 1897)
- Károly Huszár, 25th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1882)
November[edit]
- November 7 – Frank Pick, British transport administrator, designer (b. 1878)
- November 10 – Carrie Derick, Canadian botanist and geneticist (b. 1862)
- November 16
- Miina Härma, Estonian composer (b. 1864)
- Sir Henry Wilson, British general (b. 1859)
- November 17 – Ernst Udet, German World War I fighter ace, Nazi Luftwaffe official (suicide) (b. 1896)
- November 18
- Émile Nelligan, Canadian poet (b. 1879)
- Walther Nernst, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- Chris Watson, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1867)
- November 22
- Kurt Koffka, German psychologist (b. 1886)
- Werner Mölders, German fighter pilot (b. 1913)
- November 23 – Henrietta Vinton Davis, American elocutionist, dramatist, impersonator, and public speaker (b. 1860)
- November 25 – Pedro Aguirre Cerda, President of Chile (b. 1879)
- November 26 – Niels Hansen Jacobsen, Danish sculptor, ceramist (b. 1861)
- November 27 – Sir Charles Briggs, British general (b. 1865)
December[edit]
- December 2 – Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Polish marshal (b. 1886)
- December 3 – Christian Sinding, Norwegian composer (b. 1856)
- December 6 – Abd-ru-shin, German author (b. 1875)[169]
- December 7 – Isaac C. Kidd, American admiral (killed in action) (b. 1884)
- December 8 – Izidor Kürschner, Hungarian football player and coach (b. 1885)[170]
- December 9
- Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, Austrian general, German field marshal (b. 1856)
- Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Russian novelist, poet and religious thinker (b. 1866)[171]
- December 10 – Sir Tom Phillips, British admiral (b. 1888)[172]
- December 11 – Émile Picard, French mathematician (b. 1856)
- December 15 – Blessed Martyrs of Drina, Croatian nuns
- December 29 – Tullio Levi-Civita, Italian mathematician (b. 1873)
- December 30 – El Lissitzky, Russian artist, architect (b. 1890)
- December 31 - Jock Lewes, British Army officer and founding principal of the Special Air Service (b. 1913)
Nobel Prizes[edit]
- Physics – not awarded
- Chemistry – not awarded
- Medicine – not awarded
- Literature – not awarded
- Peace – not awarded
References[edit]
- ^ ""The Bormann Decree" banning the use of the Fraktur typeface". About.com. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
- ^ "Significant Earthquake: Yemen: Razih". National Geophysical Data Center. January 11, 1941. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
- ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1402.
- ^ Muggenthaler, August Karl (1977). German Raiders of WWII. Prentice-Hall. pp. 140–143. ISBN 0-13-354027-8..
- ^ Telfer, Kevin (2015). The Summer of '45. Islington: Aurum Press Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-78131-435-7.
- ^ Desmond Flowers; James Reeves (March 21, 1997). The War, 1939-1945. Da Capo Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-306-80763-3.
- ^ John Pimlott (1995). The Viking Atlas of World War II. Viking. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-670-85373-1.
- ^ "Post-Gazette Feb. 3, 1941".
- ^ "Our Proud History: Important Dates in USO History". USO Web Site. USO Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ^ Great Britain. Royal Commission on Scottish Affairs (1953). Royal Commission on Scottish Affairs. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 84.
- ^ 260–165.
- ^ Tony Currie (2001). The Radio Times Story. Kelly. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-903053-09-6.
- ^ Robertson, Patrick (1974). The Shell Book of Firsts. London: Ebury Press. pp. 124–5.
- ^ The Department of State Bulletin. Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1941. p. 334.
- ^ BBC (archived from the original)
- ^ Franz Kurowski (1986). Der Afrikafeldzug. Rommels Krieg in der Wüste 1941–1943, pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-3-80-611039-5.
- ^ Bradley Lightbody (July 31, 2004). The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. Routledge. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-134-59272-2.
- ^ Walker, Ian (2012). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa, p. 71. Crowood. ISBN 1847974732.
- ^ "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Destroyers. Part II - World War II (1941-1943)". America's Navy. Washington, DC: US Navy. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
- ^ Quigley, Carroll (1966). Tragedy And Hope. New York: Macmillan. p. 738. ISBN 0-945001-10-X.
- ^ Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R. N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. pp. 182–3. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
- ^ Otto Giese; James E. Wise (1994). Shooting the War: The Memoir and Photographs of a U-boat Officer in World War II. Naval Institute Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-55750-307-7.
- ^ Proclamation of Unlimited National Emergency, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, May 27, 1941.
- ^ Lang, Karl (1988). Solidarité, débats, mouvement: cent ans de Parti socialiste suisse, 1888-1988. Lausanne: Editions d'en bas. pp. 270–2. ISBN 9782829000973.
- ^ "Prime Minister Winston Churchill's Speech To The Allied Delegates". ibiblio.
- ^ "About Bulova". Bulova. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
- ^ "A U. S. Television Chronology, 1875-1970". jeff560.tripod.com.
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Further reading[edit]
- William K. Klingaman. 1941: Our Lives in a World on the Edge (1988) world perspective based on primary sources by a scholar.