Underwater construction
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Underwater construction is industrial construction in an underwater environment. There is often, but not necessarily, a significant component of commercial diving involved.[1][2] It is a part of the marine construction industry.[3]
Scope and applications[edit]
Underwater construction is common in the civil engineering, coastal engineering, energy, and petroleum extraction industries.
Civil engineering[edit]
- Construction below the water table
- Dams, reservoirs, canals, locks
- Bridges and causeways
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Coastal engineering[edit]
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Energy infrasructure[edit]
- Inshore and offshore wind farms
- Tidal power and wave power generation
- Hydroelectric plant
- Power station cooling system intakes and outfalls
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Petroleum extraction[edit]
- Marine wellhead completions
- Offshore moorings
- Subsea pipelines
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Relevant technology[edit]
- Civil engineering
- Coastal engineering
- Structural engineering
- Underwater concrete placement – Tremie, skip, pumping, toggle bags, bagwork.[4] Grouted aggregate.[4]
- Underwater rock blasting
- Dredging
- Piledriving
- Caissons and cofferdams
- Underwater surveying, site surveys and geological surveys
- Underwater inspection
- Underwater welding
- Commercial diving
- Hyperbaric work
- Corrosion protection
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Occupational safety and health issues[edit]
Underwater work by divers on construction sites is generally within the scope of Diving regulations.[5][6] The work may also come within the scope of other occupational heath and safety related regulations.
Organisations[edit]
Civilian[edit]
Military[edit]
- US Navy Underwater Construction Teams
See also[edit]
- Underground construction
- Offshore construction
- Planetary surface construction
- Space architecture
- Underwater habitat
References[edit]
- ^ Brown, J. Mariah (27 January 2011). "Underwater Construction". buildipedia.com. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ "Civil underwater construction". www.ducmarinegroup.com. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ "Our industry". imca-int.com. International Marine Contractors Association. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ a b Larn, Richard; Whistler, Rex (1993). "17 - Underwater concreting". Commercial Diving Manual (3rd ed.). Newton Abbott, UK: David and Charles. pp. 297–308. ISBN 0-7153-0100-4.
- ^ "Diving Regulations 2009". Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 – Regulations and Notices – Government Notice R41. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 3 November 2016 – via Southern African Legal Information Institute.
- ^ Staff (1977). "The Diving at Work Regulations 1997". Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 2776 Health and Safety. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). Retrieved 6 November 2016.
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