Euronext
 | |
.jpg) | |
| Type | Public (Naamloze vennootschap) |
|---|---|
| Euronext Paris: ENX
CAC Next 20 Component | |
| ISIN | NL0006294274 |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1285 (as Huis ter Beurze) 1602 (as Amsterdam Stock Exchange) 22 September 2000 (present consortium[1][2][3][4]) |
| Headquarters |
|
Key people | Stéphane Boujnah[5] (CEO and Chairman of the Managing Board) |
| Revenue | 884,300,000 euro (2020)  |
| Subsidiaries |
|
| Website | www |
Euronext N.V. (short for European New Exchange Technology[6]) is a pan-European bourse that offers various trading services and post-trade services such as clearing, custody and settlement. Traded assets include regulated equities, exchange-traded funds (ETF), warrants and certificates, bonds, derivatives, commodities, foreign exchange as well as indices. In December 2021, it had nearly 2,000 listed issuers worth €6.9 trillion in market capitalisation.[7] Euronext is also the largest center for debt and funds listings in the world, and provides technology and managed services to third parties. In addition to its main regulated market, it operates Euronext Growth and Euronext Access, providing access to listing for small and medium-sized enterprises. Euronext operates a multi-asset clearing house, Euronext Clearing, and provides custody and settlement services through its central securities depository (CSD), Euronext Securities. Euronext's commodity market includes the electric power exchange Nord Pool, as well as Fish Pool.
Euronext's registered office and corporate headquarters are situated in Amsterdam and Paris, respectively.[8]
Euronext traces its origins back to the world's first bourses, formed in the Low Countries' shifting trade centres: Bruge, Antwerp and Amsterdam in 1285, 1485 and 1602, respectively. In its present form, Euronext was founded by the merger of European Union (EU) stock exchanges at the turn of the 21st century, following the introduction of the single currency and harmonisation of financial markets.
Operations[edit]
Trading services[edit]
Equity[edit]
Listing of Euro Stoxx 50 companies as of 2021:[10]
Euronext operates its main regulated market, as well two types of multilateral trading facilities (MTFs) providing access to listing for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), titled Euronext Growth and Euronext Access.
Euronext maintains a single order book at its proprietary market plattform Optiq.[11]
| Topology | EU regulated | Multilateral trading facilities | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Market | Euronext | Euronext Growth | Euronext Access | |
| Number of issuers | 776 | 229 | 180 | |
| Avg. valuation at initial public offering (€m) |
Size | 278.1 | 22.8 | 0.1 |
| Market cap. | 5,514 | 97 | 51 | |
| Availability at listing venues (operating market identifier code) | ||||
| Amsterdam |  XAMS
|
|
| |
| Brussels | XBRU
|
ALXB
|
MLXB
| |
| Lisbon | XLIS
|
ALXL
|
ENXL
| |
| Dublin | XMSM
|
XESM
|
| |
| Milan | XMIL
|
EXGM
|
| |
| Oslo | XOSL
|
MERK
|
| |
| Paris | XPAR
|
ALXP
|
XMLI
| |
Euronext manages various country (national), as well as pan-European regional and sector and strategy indices.[13]
| Name | Symbol | Trading Currency |
|---|---|---|
| European | ||
 Euronext 100 |
N100 | EUR |
| National | ||
 AEX |
AEX | EUR |
 BEL 20 |
BEL20 | EUR |
 CAC 40 |
PX1 | EUR |
 ISEQ 20 |
ISEQ20 | EUR |
 FTSE MIB |
MIB | EUR |
 PSI 20 |
PSI20 | EUR |
 OBX 25 |
OBX | NOK |
Foreign exchange[edit]
Euronext FX is a global foreign exchange trading platform, known as FastMatch until 2019.
Commodities[edit]
Euronext offers trading in a number of commodities, including:
- Electric power: Nord Pool
- Salmon futures: Fish Pool
- Milling wheat
- Rapeseed
- Corn
- Durum wheat
- Wood pellets
Derivatives[edit]
Euronext operates derivatives markets.
Debt and funds listings[edit]
Euronext is the largest centre for debt and funds listings in the world.
Exchange-traded funds[edit]
Euronext’s product range also includes exchange-traded funds.
Warrants and certificates[edit]
Bonds[edit]
Post-trade services[edit]
Central securities depository[edit]
Euronext provides custody and settlement services through its central securities depository (CSD), Euronext Securities, based on Euronext's ownership of previous national CSDs in Denmark, Italy, Norway and Portugal.
Clearing[edit]
Between 2016 and 2019 Euronext owned a 20% share in European Central Counterparty N.V. (EuroCCP).[14][15]
As of December 2019, Euronext owns an 11.1% share in LCH SA.
As part of its acquisition of the Italian Bourse in 2021, Euronext obtained the multi-asset clearing house Cassa di Compensazione e Garanzia S.p.A. (CC&G). CC&G was renamed Euronext Clearing.
Financial information[edit]
| Year[16] | Revenue | EBITDA | Net result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | €458,5 | €225,4 | €118,2 |
| 2015 | €518,5 | €283,8 | €172,7 |
| 2016 | €496,4 | €283,9 | €197,0 |
| 2017 | €532,3 | €297,8 | €241,3 |
| 2018 | €615,0 | €354,3 | €216,0 |
| 2019 | €679,1 | €399,4 | €222,0 |
| 2020 | €884,3 | €520,0 | €315,5 |
History[edit]
The following timeline outlines the consolidation through mergers and acquisitions among bourses in the European Union, which has taken place since the 1990s in response to financial harmonisation and liberalisation. Current, independent (parent) exchange companies are shown in colour.
Background: Pre-merger bourses[edit]
Belgium (1285–2000)[edit]
 |
Look up bourse or bursa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
The Huis ter Beurze displays the coat of arms of the van der Beurze family, which depicts three purses (Flemish: buerzen, Greek: birsa, Latin: bursa) and thereby gave both the family its name and gave rise to the word 'bourse'.[17]
The Bourse of Antwerp, which succeeded the bourse of Bruges in the 15th century, and was incorporated into the bourse of Brussels and Euronext in 1997 and 2000, respectively. The English Royal Exchange (presently: London Stock Exchange) was based on the Antwerp bourse. Queen Elizabeth I decided that the London institution would be called 'exchange' rather than 'bourse'.
The Brussels Stock Exchange's building in 1873, shortly after its completion
The Brussels Stock Exchange (French: Bourse de Bruxelles, Dutch: Beurs van Brussel) was founded in 1801 by decree of Napoleon. As part of the covering of the river Senne for health and aesthetic reasons in the 1860s and 1870s, a massive programme of beautification of the city centre was undertaken. Architect Léon-Pierre Suys, as part of his proposal for covering of the Senne, designed a building to become the centre of the rapidly expanding business sector. It was to be located on the former butter market, (itself situated on the ruins of the former Recollets Franciscan convent) on the newly created Anspach Boulevard (then called 'Central Boulevard'). The building was erected from 1868 to 1873, and housed the Brussels Stock Exchange until 1996. The Bourse is due to become a beer museum and will open to the public in 2018.[18] The building does not have a distinct name, though it is usually called simply the Bourse/Beurs. It is located on Boulevard Anspach, and is the namesake of the Place de la Bourse/Beursplein, which is, after the Grand Place, the second most important square in Brussels. The building combines elements of the Neo-Renaissance and Second Empire architectural styles. It has an abundance of ornaments and sculptures, created by famous artists, including the brothers Jacques and Joseph Jacquet, Guillaume de Groot, French sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse and his then-assistant Auguste Rodin.
Amsterdam (1602–2000)[edit]
The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (Dutch: Amsterdamse effectenbeurs) was considered the oldest "modern" securities market in the world.[19] It was shortly after the establishment of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1602 when equities began trading on a regular basis as a secondary market to trade its shares. Prior to that, the market existed primarily for the exchange of commodities.[20] In that year, the States General of the Netherlands granted the VOC a 21-year charter over all Dutch trade in Asia and quasi-governmental powers. The monopolistic terms of the charter effectively granted the VOC complete authority over trade defenses, war armaments, and political endeavors in Asia. The first multi-national corporation with significant resource interests was thereby established. In addition, the high level of risk associated with trade in Asia gave the VOC its private ownership structure. Following in the footsteps of the English East India Company, stock in the corporation was sold to a large pool of interested investors, who in turn received a guarantee of some future share of profits.[21] In the Amsterdam East India House alone, 1,143 investors subscribed for over ƒ3,679,915 or €100 million in today's money.[22]
The subscription terms of each stock purchase offered shareholders the option to transfer their shares to a third party. Quickly a secondary market arose in the East India House for resale of this stock through the official bookkeeper. After an agreement had been reached between the two parties, the shares were then transferred from seller to buyer in the "capital book".[22] The official account, held by the East India House, encouraged investors to trade and gave rise to market confidence that the shares weren't just being transferred on paper.[22] Thus, speculative trading immediately ensued and the Amsterdam securities market was born.
A big acceleration in the turnover rate came in 1623, after the 21-year liquidation period for the VOC ended. The terms of the initial charter called for a full liquidation after 21 years to distribute profits to shareholders. However, at this time neither the VOC nor its shareholders saw a slowing down of Asian trade, so the States General of the Netherlands granted the corporation a second charter in the West Indies.
This new charter gave the VOC additional years to stay in business but, in contrast to the first charter, outlined no plans for immediate liquidation, meaning that the money invested remained invested, and dividends were paid to investors to incentivize shareholding. Investors took to the secondary market of the newly constructed Amsterdam Stock Exchange to sell their shares to third parties.[23] These "fixed" capital stock transactions amassed huge turnover rates, and made the stock exchange vastly more important. Thus the modern securities market arose out of this system of stock exchange.
The voyage to the precious resources in the West Indies was risky. Threats of pirates, disease, misfortune, shipwreck, and various macroeconomic factors heightened the risk factor and thus made the trip wildly expensive. So, the stock issuance made possible the spreading of risk and dividends across a vast pool of investors. Should something go wrong on the voyage, risk was mitigated and dispersed throughout the pool and investors all suffered just a fraction of the total expense of the voyage.
The system of privatizing national expeditions was not new to Europe, but the fixed stock structure of the East India Company made it one of a kind. In the decade preceding the formation of the VOC, adventurous Dutch merchants had used a similar method of "private partnership" to finance expensive voyages to the East Indies for their personal gain.[24] The ambitious merchants pooled money together to create shipping partnerships for exploration of the East Indies. They assumed a joint-share of the necessary preparations (i.e. shipbuilding, stocking, navigation) in return for a joint-share of the profits.[24] These Voorcompagnieën took on extreme risk to reap some of the rewarding spice trade in the East Indies, but introduced a common form of the joint-stock venture into Dutch shipping.
Although some of these voyages predictably failed, the ones that were successful brought promise of wealth and an emerging new trade. Shortly after these expeditions began, in 1602, the many independent Voorcompagnieën merged to form the massive Dutch East India Trading Company.[24] Shares were allocated appropriately by the Amsterdam Stock Exchange and the joint-stock merchants became the directors of the new VOC.[24] Furthermore, this new mega-corporation was immediately recognized by the Dutch provinces to be equally important in governmental procedures. The VOC was granted significant war-time powers, the right to build forts, the right to maintain a standing army, and permission to conduct negotiations with Asian countries.[21] The charter created a Dutch colonial province in Indonesia, with a monopoly on Euro-Asian trade.
The rapid development of the Amsterdam Stock exchange in the mid 17th century lead to the formation of trading clubs around the city. Traders met frequently, often in a local coffee shop or inns to discuss financial transactions. Thus, "Sub-markets" emerged, in which traders had access to peer knowledge and a community of reputable traders.
These were particularly important during trading in the late 17th century, where short-term speculative trading dominated. The trading clubs allowed investors to attain valuable information from reputable traders about the future of the securities trade.[25] Experienced traders on the inside circle of these trading clubs had a slight advantage over everyone else, and the prevalence of these clubs played a major role in the continued growth of the stock exchange itself.
Additionally, similarities can be drawn between modern day brokers and the experienced traders of the trading clubs. The network of traders allowed for organized movement of knowledge and quick execution of transactions. Thus, the secondary market for VOC shares became extremely efficient, and trading clubs played no small part. Brokers took a small fee in exchange for a guarantee that the paperwork would be appropriately filed and a "buyer" or "seller" would be found. Throughout the 17th century, investors increasingly sought experienced brokers to seek information about a potential counterparty.[26]
The European Options Exchange (EOE) was founded in 1978 in Amsterdam as a futures and options exchange. In 1983 it started a stock market index, called the EOE index, consisting of the 25 largest companies that trade on the stock exchange. Forward contracts, options, and other sophisticated instruments were traded on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange well before this.[20]
In 1997 the Amsterdam Stock Exchange and the EOE merged, and its blue chip index was renamed AEX, for "Amsterdam EXchange". It is now managed by Euronext Amsterdam. On 3 October 2011, Princess Máxima opened the new trading floor of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.[27]
The former Stock Exchange building was the Beurs van Berlage.
Although it is usually considered to be the first stock market, Fernand Braudel argues that this is not precisely true:
"It is not quite accurate to call [Amsterdam] the first stock market, as people often do. State loan stocks had been negotiable at a very early date in Venice, in Florence before 1328, and in Genoa, where there was an active market in the luoghi and paghe of Casa di San Giorgio, not to mention the Kuxen shares in the German mines which were quoted as early as the fifteenth century at the Leipzig fairs, the Spanish juros, the French rentes sur l'Hotel de Ville (municipal stocks) (1522) or the stock market in the Hanseatic towns from the fifteenth century. The statutes of Verona in 1318 confirm the existence of the settlement or forward market ... In 1428, the jurist Bartolomeo de Bosco protested against the sale of forward loca in Genoa. All evidence points to the Mediterranean as the cradle of the stock market. But what was new in Amsterdam was the volume, the fluidity of the market and publicity it received, and the speculative freedom of transactions."
— Fernand Braudel (1983)[19]
However, it is the first incarnation of what we could today recognize as a stock market.
The Amsterdam Bourse, an open-air venue, was created as a commodity exchange in 1530 and rebuilt in 1608.[28] Rather than being a bazaar where goods were traded intermittently, exchanges had the advantage of being a regularly meeting market, which enabled traders to become more specialized and engage in more complicated transactions.[19][20] As early as the middle of the sixteenth century, people in Amsterdam speculated in grain and, somewhat later, in herring, spices, whale-oil, and even tulips. The Amsterdam Bourse in particular was the place where this kind of business was carried on. This institution as an open-air market in Warmoestreet, later moved for a while to the 'New Bridge,' which crosses the Damrak, then flourished in the 'church square' near the Oude Kerk until the Amsterdam merchants built their own exchange building in 1611.[29] Transactions had to be logged into the official accounts book in the East India house, indeed trading was highly sophisticated.[20] Early trading in Amsterdam in the early 16th century (1560s–1611) largely occurred by the Nieuwe Brug bridge, near Amsterdam Harbor.[30][31] Its proximity to the harbor and incoming mail made it a sensible location for traders to be the first to get the latest commercial news.[32]
Shortly thereafter, the city of Amsterdam ordered the construction of an exchange in Dam Square. It opened in 1611 for business, and various sections of the building were marked for commodity trading and VOC securities.[33] A bye-law on trade in the city dictated that trade could only take place in the exchange on weekdays from 11 a.m. to noon.[34] While only a short amount of time for trading inside the building, the window created a flurry of investors that in turn made it easier for buyers to find sellers and vice versa. Thus, the building of the stock exchange led to a vast expansion of liquidity in the marketplace. In addition, trading was continued in other buildings, outside of the trading hours of the exchange, such as the trading clubs, and was not prohibited in hours outside of those outlined in the bye-law.[34]
The location of exchange relative to the East India house was also strategic. Its proximity gave investors the luxury of walking a short distance to both register the transaction in the official books of the VOC, and complete the money transfer in the nearby Exchange Bank, also in Dam square.[34]
Paris (1724–2000)[edit]
The Paris Stock Exchange (French: Bourse de Paris) was located in Palais Brongniart in the Place de la Bourse, in the II arrondissement, Paris. Historically, stock trading took place at several spots in Paris, including rue Quincampoix, rue Vivienne (near the Palais Royal), and the back of the Opéra Garnier (the Paris opera house).
In the early 19th century, the Paris Bourse's activities found a stable location at the Palais Brongniart, or Palais de la Bourse, built to the designs of architect Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart from 1808 to 1813 and completed by Éloi Labarre from 1813 to 1826.[35]
Brongniart had spontaneously submitted his project, which was a rectangular neoclassical Roman temple with a giant Corinthian colonnade enclosing a vaulted and arcaded central chamber. His designs were greatly admired by Napoleon and won Brongniart a major public commission at the end of his career. Initially praised, the building was later attacked for academic dullness. The authorities had required Brongniart to modify his designs, and after Brongniart's death in 1813, Labarre altered them even further, greatly weakening Brongniart's original intentions. From 1901 to 1905 Jean-Baptiste-Frederic Cavel designed the addition of two lateral wings, resulting in a cruciform plan with innumerable columns. According to the architectural historian Andrew Ayers, these alterations "did nothing to improve the reputation of this uninspiring monument."[35]
From the second half of the 19th century, official stock markets in Paris were operated by the Compagnie des agents de change, directed by the elected members of a stockbrokers' syndical council. The number of dealers in each of the different trading areas of the Bourse was limited. There were around 60 agents de change (the official stockbrokers). An agent de change had to be a French citizen, be nominated by a former agent or his estate, and be approved by the Minister of Finance, and he was appointed by decree of the President of the Republic. Officially, the agents de change could not trade for their own account nor even be a counterpart to someone who wanted to buy or sell securities with their aid; they were strictly brokers, that is, intermediaries. In the financial literature, the Paris Bourse is hence referred to as order-driven market, as opposed to quote-driven markets or dealer markets, where price-setting is handled by a dealer or market-maker. In Paris, only agents de change could receive a commission, at a rate fixed by law, for acting as an intermediary. However, parallel arrangements were usual in order to favor some clients' quote[clarification needed]. The Commodities Exchange was housed in the same building until 1889, when it moved to the present Bourse de commerce.[36] Moreover, until about the middle of the 20th century, a parallel market known as "La Coulisse" was in operation.[37]
Until the late 1980s, the market operated as an open outcry exchange, with the agents de change meeting on the exchange floor of the Palais Brongniart. In 1986, the Paris Bourse started to implement an electronic trading system. This was known generically as CATS (Computer Assisted Trading System), but the Paris version was called CAC (Cotation Assistée en Continu). By 1989, quotations were fully automated. The Palais Brongniart hosted the French financial derivatives exchanges MATIF and MONEP, until they were fully automated in 1998.
Lisbon (1769–2002)[edit]
The predecessor of the Lisbon Stock Exchange (Portuguese: Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa) was created in 1769 as the Assembleia dos Homens de Negócio (Assembly of Businessmen) in the Commerce Square, in downtown Lisbon. In 1891, the Bolsa de Valores do Porto (Oporto Stock Exchange) in Oporto was founded.
After the military coup on 25 April 1974, both the Lisbon and Porto stock exchanges were closed by the revolutionary National Salvation Junta (they would be reopened a couple of years later).[38]
At the end of 2001, 65 companies were listed on BVLP-regulated markets, representing a market capitalization of Euro 96.1 billion. From January to December 2001, a total of 4.7 million futures and options contracts were traded on the BVLP market.
The Euronext Lisbon was formed in 2002 when the shares of Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto (BVLP) were acquired by Euronext and the exchange was merged into the pan-European exchange. BVLP, the Portuguese exchange, was formed in the 1990s restructuring of the Lisbon Stock Exchange association and the Porto Derivatives Exchange Association.
Dublin (1799–2018)[edit]
_p083_THE_ROYAL_EXCHANGE.jpg)
The Irish Stock Exchange (ISE; Irish: Stocmhalartán na hÉireann) was first recognised by legislation in 1799 when the Irish Parliament passed the Stock Exchange (Dublin) Act.[3] In different periods in its history, the ISE included a number of regional exchanges, including the Cork and Dublin exchanges. The first woman to be admitted to a stock exchange was, Oonah Keogh to the Dublin Stock Exchange in 1925. In 1973, the Irish exchange merged with British and other Irish stock exchanges becoming part of the International Stock Exchange of Great Britain and Ireland (now called the London Stock Exchange).
In 1995, it became independent again and in April 2014 it demutualised changing its corporate structure and becoming a plc which is owned by a number of stockbroking firms.
At the time of its demutualisation the country's main stockbrokers received shares in the €56m-valued exchange and dividing up €26m in excess cash. Davy Stockbrokers took the largest stake, at 37.5 per cent, followed by Goodbody Stockbrokers with 26.2 per cent; Investec with 18 per cent; the then Royal Bank of Scotland Group 6.3 per cent; Cantor Fizgerald 6 per cent; and Campbell O'Connor with 6 per cent.
In March 2018, Euronext completed the purchase of the ISE, and renamed the ISE as Euronext Dublin.[39]
Oslo (1818–2019)[edit]
Oslo Børs was established by a law of 18 September 1818. Trading on Oslo Børs commenced on 15 April 1819. In 1881 Oslo Børs became a stock exchange, which means securities were listed. The first listing of securities contained 16 bond series and 23 stocks, including the Norwegian central bank (Norges Bank). Oslo Børs cooperates with London Stock Exchange on trading systems. The exchange has also a partnership with the stock exchanges in Singapore and Toronto (Canada) for a secondary listing of companies. The stock exchange was privatized in 2001, and is, after the merger in 2007, 100% owned by Oslo Børs VPS Holding ASA.
The over 180-year-old stock exchange building has been the subject of many long debates about how the building should be managed and designed over the years. Several of Christiania's (the name of Oslo between 1624 and 1925) best known business men fought for years to get approved and funded the construction of a stock exchange in Christiania, the capital of Norway from 1814.
In 1823 a building committee was appointed to consider the various suggested drawings at the time. The committee chose the architect Christian H. Grosch's proposal. On 14 July 1826 the Ministry approved the final plans of drawings and budgets. In 1828 it was called Norway's first monumental building, completed on the site called Grønningen, the first public park in Christiania.
Oslo Børs Holding ASA was the holding company that owned Oslo Stock Exchange of Norway from 2001 to 2008.
The company was created in 2001 when the Oslo Stock Exchange was converted from a self-owning institution to a public limited company. The ownership of Oslo Børs Holding was spread out between a large number of owners, the largest being DnB NOR (18%). The Nordic stock exchange group OMX held a 10% stake as well. The company was not publicly listed. In 2008 it merged with Verdipapirsentralen ASA (VPS) to create the new holding company Oslo Børs VPS Holding ASA.
Oslo Børs Holding had two subsidiaries, Oslo Børs ASA that operates the stock exchange and Oslo Børs Informasjon AS that manages the information systems of the exchange.
Milan (1808–2021)[edit]
The Borsa di commercio di Milano (Milan Stock Exchange) was established by Eugène de Beauharnais, viceroy of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, through decrees dated 16 January and 6 February 1808.[40] It operated under public ownership until 1998, when it was privatized.[41] In 1997, all the Italian stocks were merged. Before of this year other smaller stocks exchanges based in Naples, Turin, Trieste, Venice, Genoa, Florence, Bologna, Rome, and Palermo. In 1991 the electronic exchanges were approved and in 1994 the market with grida (A,B,C) was abolished. In Milan were also the currencies exchange rates fixing and the commodities fixing.[42]
On 1 October 2007, Borsa Italiana was merged with the London Stock Exchange in an all-share takeover,[43] thus becoming part of the London Stock Exchange Group. In March 2016, the London Stock Exchange Group announced the agreement to merge in an all-stock deal with Deutsche Borse, but was subsequently blocked by the EU Competition Regulator.[44]
On 29 April 2021 the London Stock Exchange Group sold the Italian Bourse to Euronext.
2000–2001: Founding[edit]
 | This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events. (June 2019) |
In 1998, the London Stock Exchange and Deutsche Börse announced their intention of forming an alliance to fend off competition from the United States, and take advantage from the European Union's (EU) single currency and harmonisation of financial markets.[45] In April 1999 the stock exchanges in Paris, Zurich, Madrid, Brussels, Amsterdam, and Milan signed a memorandum of understanding in Madrid, which formalised plans to include these bourses as well.
Ultimately, only three decided to proceed, and on 22 September 2000 Euronext was formed following a merger of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange,[46] Brussels Stock Exchange, and Paris Bourse.[1][2][3][4]
2001–2007: First round of European acquisitions[edit]
In December 2001, Euronext acquired the shares of the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE), forming Euronext.LIFFE. In 2002 the group merged with the Portuguese stock exchange Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto (BVLP), renamed Euronext Lisbon.[3] In 2001, Euronext became a listed company itself after completing its initial public offering.[47][48]
In 2003, Euronext cash products were integrated onto a single platform (NSC).[49]
In 2004, Euronext derivatives products were integrated onto LIFFE CONNECT.
In 2005, Euronext introduced Alternext as a market segment to help finance small and mid-class companies in the Eurozone.
2007–2012: Merger with the New York Stock Exchange[edit]
Due to apparent moves by NASDAQ to acquire the London Stock Exchange[51] or Euronext itself,[52] NYSE Group, owner of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), offered €8 billion (US$10.2b) in cash and shares for Euronext on 22 May 2006, outbidding a rival offer for the European Stock exchange operator from Deutsche Börse, the German stock market.[53] Contrary to statements that it would not raise its bid, on 23 May 2006, Deutsche Börse unveiled a merger bid for Euronext, valuing the pan-European exchange at €8.6 billion (US$11b), €600 million over NYSE Group's initial bid.[54] Despite this, NYSE Group and Euronext penned a merger agreement, subject to shareholder vote and regulatory approval. The initial regulatory response by SEC chief Christopher Cox (who was coordinating heavily with European counterparts) was positive, with an expected approval by the end of 2007.[55]
Deutsche Börse dropped out of the bidding for Euronext on 15 November 2006, removing the last major hurdle for the NYSE Euronext transaction. A run-up of NYSE Group's stock price in late 2006 made the offering far more attractive to Euronext's shareholders.[56] On 19 December 2006, Euronext shareholders approved the transaction with 98.2% of the vote. Only 1.8% voted in favour of the Deutsche Börse offer. Jean-François Théodore, the chief executive officer of Euronext, stated that they expected the transaction to close within three or four months.[57] Some of the regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over the merger had already given approval. NYSE Group shareholders gave their approval on 20 December 2006.[58] The merger was completed on 4 April 2007, forming NYSE Euronext.
The new firm, NYSE Euronext, was headquartered in New York City, with European operations and its trading platform run out of Paris. Then-NYSE CEO John Thain, who was to head NYSE Euronext, intended to use the combination to form the world's first global stock market, with continuous trading of stocks and derivatives over a 21-hour time span. In addition, the two exchanges hoped to add Borsa Italiana (the Milan stock exchange) into the grouping.
In 2008 and 2009 Deutsche Börse made two unsuccessful attempts to merge with NYSE Euronext. Both attempts did not enter into advanced steps of merger.[59][60] In 2011, Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext confirmed that they were in advanced merger talks. Such a merger would create the largest exchange in history.[61] The deal was approved by shareholders of NYSE Euronext on 7 July 2011,[55] and Deutsche Börse on 15 July 2011[62] and won the antitrust approved by the US regulators on 22 December 2011.[63] On 1 February 2012, the deal was blocked by European Commission on the grounds that the new company would have resulted in a quasi-monopoly in the area of European financial derivatives traded globally on exchanges.[64][65] Deutsche Börse unsuccessfully appealed this decision.[66][67]
In 2012, Euronext announced the creation of Euronext London to offer listing facilities in the UK. As such, Euronext received in June 2014 Recognized Investment Exchange (RIE) status from Britain's Financial Conduct Authority.[68]
2012–2014: Acquisition by Intercontinental Exchange[edit]
On 20 December 2012, the boards of directors of both Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) and the NYSE Euronext approved an $8 billion acquisition of NYSE Euronext. Under the terms shareholders of NYSE would receive either $33.12 in cash for each share or .2581 IntercontinentalExchange Inc. shares, or a combination of $11.27 in cash per share plus .1703 shares of stock.[69] The acquisition is subject to regulator approval, though since the operations of ICE and NYSE have little in common—ICE is largely devoted to trading commodities, as opposed to NYSE's business of trading stocks and securities—the deal is not expected to be blocked.[70] ICE said that after the deal closed it would sell the Euronext portion of the company, including stock exchanges in Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon and Paris.[71] The deal went through and Euronext is a sister division to NYSE and part of ICE. ICE CEO Jeffrey Sprecher would continue in that position at the combined company, while NYSE CEO Duncan Niederauer would serve as president.[70] The future of the New York Stock Exchange's historic trading floor under ICE has not been announced. ICE closed the high profile and historic trading floors of its other earlier acquisitions, the International Petroleum Exchange and the New York Board of Trade in New York.[72]
In December 2012 Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) announced plans to acquire NYSE Euronext, owner of Euronext, in an $8.2 billion takeover. [73]
In May 2013, Euronext established Enternext as a subsidiary to help small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) listed on Euronext outline and apply a strategy most suited to support their growth.[74][75]
The ICE's deal was approved by the shareholders of NYSE Euronext and Intercontinental Exchange on 3 June 2013.[76][77][78] The European Commission approved the acquisition on 24 June 2013 [79] and on 15 August 2013 the US regulator, SEC, granted approval of the acquisition.[80][81][82] European regulators and ministries of Finance of the participating countries approved the deal and on 13 November 2013 the acquisition was completed.[83][84]
2014–2017: Re-emergence[edit]
- Dutch ABN AMRO (0.50%)
- French Deposits and Consignments Fund (7.32%)
- Italian CDP Equity (7.32%)
- Belgium-based Euroclear (5.63%)
- Italian Intesa Sanpaolo (1.50%)
- Belgian Federal Holding and Investment Company (3.17%)
Part of ICE's deal to acquire NYSE Euronext was a spin-off for Euronext, which was considered a positive element for European stakeholders.[83] After a complex series of operations, this occurred on 20 June 2014, through an initial public offering (IPO).[86] The former Euronext.LIFFE was retained by ICE and renamed ICE Futures Europe. In order to stabilise Euronext, a consortium of eleven investors decided to invest in the company as "reference shareholders". These investors owned 33.36% of Euronext's capital and have a 3 years lockup period: Euroclear, BNP Paribas, BNP Paribas Fortis, Société Générale, Caisse des Dépôts, BPI France, ABN Amro, ASR, Banco Espirito Santo, Banco BPI and Belgian holding public company Belgian Federal Holding and Investment Company (SFPI/FPIM).[87] They have 3 board seats.
In June 2014, EnterNext launched two initiatives to boost SME equity research and support the technology sector. EnterNext partnered with Morningstar to increase equity research focusing on mid-size companies, especially in the telecommunications, media and technology (TMT) sector.
On 22 September 2014, Euronext announced a partnership with DEGIRO[88] regarding the distribution of retail services of Euronext. Upon publishing the third quarter results for 2014, the partnership was seen as a plan for Euronext to compete more effectively on the Dutch retail segment.[89]
In May 2017, Alternext was renamed to Euronext Growth.[90]
2017–present: Second round of European acquisitions[edit]
On 14 August 2017, Euronext announced the completion of its acquisition of FastMatch, a currency trading platform.[91]
On 27 March 2018, Euronext announced the completion of its acquisition of the Irish Stock Exchange.[92]
On 18 June 2019, Euronext announced the completion of its acquisition of the Oslo Stock Exchange.[93]
On 5 December 2019, Euronext announced that it would acquire 66% of the European power exchange Nord Pool.[94][95] The acquisition was completed on 15 January 2020.[96]
On 23 April 2020, Euronext announced that it would acquire ca. 70% of the Danish Central Securities Depository, VP Securities.[97] The acquisition was completed on 4 August 2020.[98]
On 18 September 2020, the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) entered into exclusive talks to sell the Italian Bourse (formally 100% of London Stock Exchange Group Holdings Italia S.p.A.), situated in Milan, to Euronext.[99] As part of the deal, CDP Equity, 100% owned by Cassa Depositi e Prestiti, and Intesa Sanpaolo would become Euronext shareholders.[100] LSEG is selling Italian Bourse as part of regulatory remedies to see through its $27 billion purchase of data provider Refinitiv.[101] A €4.3 bn deal was announced on 9 October, albeit contingent on the European Commission formally stating in mid-December that it will only permit LSEG's acquisition of Refinitiv if the Italian Bourse is sold. On 29 April 2021, Euronext closed a deal to purchase Borsa Italiana from London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) to acquire Borsa Italiana Group.[102] On 29 April 2021, Euronext announced the completion of its acquisition of the Italian Bourse.[103]
See also[edit]
- Bourse of Antwerp, the world's first financial exchange
- Economy of the European Union
- Euroclear
- List of European stock exchanges
- List of stock exchanges
References[edit]
- ^ a b Kingdom of the Netherlands-Netherlands: Detailed Assessment of Standards and Codes (Report). Staff Country Reports. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. 29 September 2004. p. 136. IFM Country Report No 04/310. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ a b Yutaka, Kurihara; Sadayoshi, Takaya; Nobuyoshi, Yamori (2006). Global Information Technology and Competitive Financial Alliances. Idea Group Inc. (IGI). p. 137. ISBN 9781591408833.
- ^ a b c Fabozzi, Frank J., ed. (2008). "Handbook of Finance, Financial Markets and Instruments". Handbook of Finance. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. p. 143. ISBN 9780470391075. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ a b Théodore, Jean-François (22 September 2000). "Birth of Euronext: Speech from Jean-François Théodore, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Euronext". Paris Europlace. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "Euronext nominates Santander's Boujnah as new CEO". Financial Times. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- ^ Kraaijeveld, Kees (5 May 2000). "iX, ieks of ai-iks?". de Volkskrant. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Acquisition of the Borsa Italiana Group page | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ "Euronext va s'installer à la Défense en 2015". Le Figaro. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ Jones, Huw; Howcroft, Elizabeth (6 January 2022). "Amsterdam retains share-trading supremacy over London a year after Brexit". Reuters.
- ^ https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/euronext-on-track-to-complete-its-borsa-italiana-purchase-by-june-1.4481388
- ^ https://www.euronext.com/en/technology/optiq-tech-solutions-for-exchanges-and-venue-operators
- ^ "Choosing a Market | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ a b Euronext. "Index Directory Euronext". Retrieved 29 April 2017.
- ^ "Euronext closes acquisition of a 20% stake in EuroCCP | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ "Euronext announces binding agreement to sell its 20% minority stake in EuroCCP | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ "Financial reports | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ "Word of the Day / Bursa: You Can Invest in This Word". Haaretz.
- ^ Poel, Nana Van De (11 May 2016). "The History Of La Bourse In 1 Minute". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Braudel, Fernand (1983). Civilization and capitalism 15th–18th century: The wheels of commerce. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0060150914.
- ^ a b c d Stringham, Edward (2003). "The Extralegal Development of Securities Trading in Seventeenth Century Amsterdam". Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. 43 (2): 321. doi:10.1016/S1062-9769(02)00153-9. S2CID 153987773. SSRN 1676251.
- ^ a b Vries, Jan de, and A. van der Woude. The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815, (Cambridge University Press, 1997), ISBN 978-0-521-57825-7 p. 384–385
- ^ a b c The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. Petram. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011 2011 p. 2
- ^ The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. Petram. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011 2011 20
- ^ a b c d John F. Padgett, Walter W. Powell. The Emergence of Organizations and Markets. (Princeton University Press, 2012. 14 October 2012). ISBN 1400845556, 9781400845552 p. 227
- ^ The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. Petram. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011 p.110
- ^ The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. Petram. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011 p.41
- ^ "Princess Máxima Opens new Amsterdam Trading Floor". nyx.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014.
- ^ De la Vega, J. P. (1688). Fridson, Martin (ed.). Confusion de Confusiones (trans.) (1996 ed.). New York: Wiley.
- ^ Kellenbenz, H. (1957). Introduction to Confusion de Confusiones (In M. Fridson (Ed.) Confusion de Confusiones ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 125–146.
- ^ J.G. van Dillen, 'Termijnhandel te Amsterdam in de 16de en 17de eeuw', De Economist 76 (1927) 503–523, there 503.
- ^ The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. Petram. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011 p. 19
- ^ The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. Petram. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011 p.19
- ^ The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. Petram. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011 p. 30
- ^ a b c The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. The world's first stock exchange: how the Amsterdam market for Dutch East India Company shares became a modern securities market, 1602–1700. L.O. Petram. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011. FGw: Instituut voor Cultuur en Geschiedenis (ICG). 2011 p.30
- ^ a b Ayers 2004, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Colling, Alfred (1949). La Prodigieuse Histoire de la Bourse. Paris: Société d'éditions économiques et financières. p. 301.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ (in Portuguese) História da Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa Archived 21 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Millennium bcp
- ^ "Euronext completes the acquisition of the Irish Stock Exchange – Irish Stock Exchange". www.ise.ie. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
- ^ "History Tour – Borsa Italiana". www.historytour.it. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Historical Stages". Borsa Italiana.[dead link]
- ^ "24 dicembre 1802: viene istituita la Borsa Valori di Roma -". parmadaily.it. 24 December 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ "I Principali Indici di Borsa Italiana dopo la fusione con la Borsa di Londra". toptrading.org. 21 January 2020.
- ^ competitionpolicyinternational.com, "EU: LSE and Deutsche Börse officially announce merger"
- ^ "Pan-European Bourse in the Works". Wired.
- ^ "Amsterdam Stock Exchange". NYSE Euronext. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
- ^ Pownall, Grace; Maria Vulcheva; Xue Wang (1 March 2013). "Creation and Segmentation of the Euronext Stock Exchange and Listed Firms' Liquidity and Accounting Quality: Empirical Evidence": 7. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Euronext – FXCM". FXCM Insights. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- ^ "Log in | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ Montgomery, Angus (15 May 2012). "Interbrand rebrands NYSE Euronext".
- ^ MacDonald, A.; Manuel, G. (12 December 2006). "Nasdaq Formally Launches Bid for London Stock Exchange". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Euronext". FXCM UK.
- ^ "NYSE and Euronext 'set to merge'". BBC News. 21 May 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
- ^ "Deutsche Boerse outbids NYSE for Euronext merger". BBC News. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2006.
- ^ a b Lucchetti, Aaron; Macdonald, Alistair; Scannell, Kara (2 June 2006). "NYSE, Euronext Set Plan to Form A Markets Giant". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 June 2006.
- ^ Taylor, Edward; Lucchetti, Aaron; Macdonald, Alistair (15 November 2006). "Deutsche Börse Is Exiting Euronext Chase". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
- ^ Lucchetti, Aaron; Macdonald, Alistair (19 December 2006). "Euronext Shareholders Approve Acquisition by NYSE". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
- ^ "Big Board Holders Back Euronext Deal". The New York Times. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
- ^ Grant, Jeremy (6 December 2008). "Deutsche Börse pitches merger with NYSE Euronext". Financial Times. London. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ Bunge, Jacob; Launder, William; Lucchetti, Aaron (10 February 2011). "NYSE, Deutsche Börse Talk Tie-Up as Competition Intensifies". The Wall Street Journal. Chicago: Lex Fenwick. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ Waller, Martin (8 December 2008). "Talks to create world's biggest exchange". Times Online. London. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ Bunge, Jacob (15 July 2011). "Deutsche Börse Wins 82% Backing for NYSE Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Chicago: Lex Fenwick. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ Bartz, Diane (11 December 2011). "Deutsche Boerse, NYSE deal wins U.S. approval". Reuters. Washington D.C. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "Mergers: Commission blocks proposed merger between Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext" (Press release). European Commission. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "NYSE Euronext merger with Deutsche Boerse blocked by EU". BBC News. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "Deutsche Borse To Appeal EU Veto Of NYSE Euronext". International Business Times. 20 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ Fairless, Tom (9 March 2015). "EU Rejects Deutsche Börse Appeal Against Blocked Merger With NYSE-Euronext". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ "Euronext UK secures RIE status". FTSE Global Markets. 4 June 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ "IntercontinentalExchange to buy NYSE for $8.2B". Associated Press. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2014 – via CBS News.
- ^ a b "Upstart Market Operator Clinches $8.2 Billion Deal for N.Y.S.E." The New York Times. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- ^ "NYSE agrees to be sold to rival ICE for $8bn". BBC News Online. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- ^ Popper, Nathaniel (19 January 2013). "Jeffrey Sprecher's Improbable Path to Buying the N.Y.S.E". The New York Times.
- ^ McCrank, John; Jeffs, Luke (20 December 2012). "ICE to buy NYSE Euronext for $8.2 billion". Reuters. London. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "Enternext". Europeanequities.nyx. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
- ^ "EnterNext, la Bourse des PME, devra convaincre". Le Monde.fr. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ Pisani, Bob (3 June 2013). "NYSE Euronext Shareholders Approve ICE Merger". CNBC. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "NYSE Euronext Shareholders Approve Acquisition by IntercontinentalExchange" (Press release). New York: NYSE Euronext. 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "IntercontinentalExchange Stockholders Approve Acquisition of NYSE Euronext" (Press release). Atlanta: ICE Intercontinental Exchange. 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "Mergers: Commission approves acquisition of NYSE Euronext by InterContinental Exchange" (Press release). Brussels: European Commission. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; NYSE MKT LLC; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change Relating to a Corporate Transaction in which NYSE Euronext Will Become a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of IntercontinentalExchange Group, Inc" (PDF) (Press release). Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). 15 August 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ Bunge, Jacob (16 August 2013). "SEC Approves ICE-NYSE Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Chicago: Lex Fenwick. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ Lynch, Sarah N.; McCrank, John (16 August 2013). McCormick, Gerald E.; Wallace, John (eds.). "SEC approves ICE's planned takeover of NYSE". Reuters. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ a b "IntercontinentalExchange Completes Acquisition of NYSE Euronext" (Press release). ICE Intercontinental Exchange. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "ICE buys NYSE-Euronext. The end of the street". The Economist. Vol. 2013, no. 16 November. New York: London, The Economist Newspaper Ltd. 16 November 2013. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "Capital and Shareholding | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ "Euronext Detaches From ICE Through $1.2 Billion IPO". Bloomberg. 20 June 2014.
- ^ "ICE to sell third of Euronext to institutions in pan-European IPO". Financial Times. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ "Euronext to Partner with Degiro on Dutch Retail Investor Services". 22 September 2014.
- ^ "Euronext Publishes Third Quarter 2014 Results". Reuters. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016.
- ^ "Euronext modernises its markets to support growth of european companies | Euronext". www.euronext.com. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ^ "Euronext closes acquisition of FastMatch | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ "Euronext completes the acquisition of the Irish Stock Exchange | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ https://www.euronext.com/fr/oslo-bors-vps-joins-euronext[dead link]
- ^ "Euronext to acquire control of Nord Pool, a leading physical power market in Europe, reinforcing Oslo as Euronext's hub in the Nordics | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ "Nord Pool welcomes new owner". www.nordpoolgroup.com.
- ^ "Euronext completes acquisition of Nord Pool". www.nordpoolgroup.com.
- ^ "Euronext strengthens its post-trade business with the acquisition of VP Securities, the Danish Central Securities Depository | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ "Euronext Completes the Acquisition of VP Securities | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ Jones, Huw (18 September 2020). "LSE engages Euronext in exclusive Borsa Italiana talks". www.businessinsider.com. Reuters.
- ^ "Euronext and CDP Equity confirm exclusive talks with LSEG to acquire Borsa Italiana | euronext.com". www.euronext.com.
- ^ Reuters Staff (8 October 2020). "LSE expected to approve Borsa sale to Euronext on Thursday – sources". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ "Stock exchange group Euronext acquires Borsa Italiana in a deal worth over $5 billion". CNBC. 29 April 2021.
- ^ https://www.euronext.com/en/about/media/euronext-press-releases/acquisition-borsa-italiana-group-and-q1-2021-results
External links[edit]
Media related to Euronext at Wikimedia Commons- Official website
- Yahoo! – Euronext NV Company Profile
| Markets | |
|---|---|
| National listing venues | |
| Indices |
|
CAC Next 20 companies of France (as of 5 November 2021) | |
|---|---|
