Pamphylian Greek

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Pamphylian Greek
RegionPamphylia
Eraunknown
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
grc-pam
GlottologNone

Pamphylian was a little-attested and isolated dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Its origins and relation to other Greek dialects are uncertain, although a number of scholars have proposed isoglosses with Arcadocypriot, which allow them to be studied together. Pamphylia means 'land of all phyles (tribes)'. The Achaeans may have settled the region under the leadership of Amphilochus, Calchas, and Mopsus, but it could have been just a characteristic myth. However, other cities in Pamphylia were established by different Greek tribes: Aspendos was a colony of Argos, Side was a colony of Aeolian Cyme, Sillyon was a colony of an unknown Greek mother city, and Perga was a colony established by a wave of Greeks from northern Anatolia. The isolation of the dialect took place even before the appearance of the Greek article. Pamphylian is the only Hellenic dialect that does not use articles, other than Mycenean Greek and Homeric Greek.

Text corpus[edit]

Map showing where inscriptions in the Pamphylian script and dialect have been found.

Pamphylian is known from about 300 inscriptions,[1] most of them from the Pamphylian city of Aspendos. Nearly all of them are short and funeral and consist of names only. Pamphylian graffiti giving single names have also been found abroad, in Egypt (Abydos) and Delos. The longest inscription is a 36 line decree from Aspendos, first analyzed in detail in 1880 by William M. Ramsay.[2] Inscriptions are dated from the fifth century BCE to the Roman period, most of them being from the second century BCE.

Coins issued by Pamphylian cities also bear the script. Some 30 Pamphylian single words are known from glosses given by Hesychius, Eustathius, and the Etymologicum Magnum.

Pronunciation and writing[edit]

Pamphylian digamma

Pamphylia had a variant local alphabet, which was probably borrowed from other Greek alphabets:

sign Α Β Pamphylian G.png Δ Ε F Pamphylian Z.png Η Θ Ι ΙΙ Κ Λ Μ Pamphylian N.png Pamphylian KS.png Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ + Ω Greek Sigma 01.svg Greek Sampi Pamphylian.svg
Greek equivalent Α Β Γ Δ Ε, Η (Ϝ) Ζ ῾ (Η) Θ Ι Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο, Ω Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ω — —
Transliteration α β γ δ ε, Epsilon bar.png ϝ ζ h (η) θ ι ιι κ λ μ ν ξ ο, ō π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ω и Greek Sampi Pamphylian.svg
IPA sound /a/  /b/  /g/  /d/  /e/,/ɛ:/ /v/  /sd/? /h/
(/ɛ:/)		 /tʰ/  /i/, /j/ /i:ʲ/ /k/  /l/  /m/  /n/  /ks/ /o/, /ɔ:/ /p/  /r/  /s/  /t/  /y/  /pʰ/ /kʰ/ /ɔ:/ /w/  /ss/?

The Pamphylian alphabet made use both of the original Pamphylian digamma (Ͷ) and a standard digamma (Ϝ). It has been surmised that the original sound /w/ in some environments (after vowels) was represented by Ͷ; where the sound had changed to labiodental /v/ in the Pamphylian dialect, it was represented by Ϝ. Sometimes Ͷ also stood in the place of beta.

Pamphylian sampi

There is also a psi-like sampi (Ͳ), used probably to represent the sounds /s/, /ss/, or /ps/. [3]

A conspicuous element in Pamphylian texts are double iotas, where the first iota denotes an /i/-sound and the second a glide /j/.

The Η sign usually represents a /h/-sound (rough breathing); only rarely, in a few late inscriptions, it is apparently used to represent the classical Greek eta vowel (/ɛ:/ or /i:/).

Eustathius, quoting Heraclides, says that the Pamphylians "liked the /b/-sound so much that they often put b's in"; for example, instead of aëlios ('Sun'), they said babelios. And the Etymologicum Magnum says that they tended to swallow /s/-sounds and pronounce them as a 'hairy' (δασύς) sound, i.e., a rough breathing: instead of mousika they said mōˁika.[4] (One may compare a similar phenomenon in the Anatolian languages, where, for example, Milyan masa, 'god', is an older counterpart of Lycian maha.)

An inscription from Perge dated to around 400 BC reads: ͶανάGreek Sampi Pamphylian.svgαι Πρειίαι Κλεμύτας Λϝαράμυ Ͷασιρϝο̄τας ἀνέθε̄κε (Vanassāi Preiiāi Klemutas Lwaramu Vasirwōtas anethēke, 'Klemutas the vasirwotas, son of Lwaramus, dedicated this to the Queen of Perge').[5]

In eastern Pamphylia, the Pamphylian cities Side and Lyrbe-Seleukia used another language and script, called Sidetic.

Relation with the Anatolian languages[edit]

Pamphylic Greek appears to have been heavily influenced by nearby Anatolian languages such as Lycian, Pisidian, and Sidetic, in both phonology and syntax. In morphology and lexicon, Anatolian influence apparently was much more limited.[6]

The phonological influence of Anatolian on Pamphylic has been characterized as "massive structural interference", affecting both the consonant and vowel repertoire.[7] Aspirates gave way to fricatives, as did stop consonants.

In syntax three specific peculiarities stand out: absence of the article "the", use of the dative with pre- and postpositions where other Greeks would use a genitive, and the use of a special expression και νι + imperative.

All of these features can be explained as an adaption of the Greek language by imperfect second-language speakers: if a small group of colonizing Greek immigrants remained a minority in an area inhabited by Anatolian speaking people, the heavily accented Greek spoken as a second language by the local population, coloured by their native Anatolian language, would become the norm in the area. Because Pamphylia was an isolated region ("a backwater, relatively inaccessible"), there were few external stimuli to later change this situation.[8]

Glossary[9][edit]

  • ἀβελιακόν/abeliakon – 'solar' (Attic: ἡλιακόν, heliakon)
  • Ἀβώβας/Abôbas – Adonis (Attic: ὁ Ἄδωνις)
  • ἄγεθλα/agethla – 'sacrificial victims' (Attic: 'the driven ones')
  • ἀγός/agos – 'priest' (Attic: hiereus, Cf. agô lead)
  • ἀδρί/adri (Attic: ἀνδρί, andri, dative of aner meaning 'to (for) the man')
  • Ἀηδών/Aêdôn or Ἀβηδών/Abêdôn – 'Athena'
  • αἰβετός/aibetos – 'eagle' (Attic: ἀετός, aetos)
  • ἀμείνασις/ameinasis – 'mentha' (Attic: ἡδύοσμον, hêdyosmon)
  • Ἀπέλο̄ν/Apelon (Attic: Ἀπόλλων)
  • ἄρκυμα/arkuma – 'locust' (Attic: ἀκρίς, akris)
  • ἀτρώποισι/atrôpoisi or ἀτρο̄́ποισι dative, plural (Attic: τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, tois anthropois, 'to/for the people')[10]
  • βαβέλιος/babelios – 'sun' (Cretan and Doric: ἀβέλιος, abelios; Laconian: βέλα, bela; Aeolic: ἀέλιος, aelios; Ionic: ἠέλιος, ēelios; Attic: helios)
  • βόͷα/bowa[11] – 'oxen, cattle'? (Attic: bota boes)
  • βο̄λε̄μενυς/bolemenus – 'willing' (Attic: boulomenos) (ἐβο̄λᾱσετυ/ebolasetu – 'they wanted to' (Attic: eboulêthêsan)[12]
  • βουρικυπάρισσος/bourikuparissos – 'vineyard' (Attic: ampelos)
  • Εστͷεδιιυς/Estwediius – 'Aspendios' or 'Aspendian'
  • ͷέτιια/wetiia – 'years' (Attic: etê; Homeric: etea; Locrian, Elean, and Arcadocypriot: Wetos; Latin: vetus)
  • ͷίλσις/wilsis – 'distress' (genitive of wilsiios).[13]
  • ἰκτίς/iktis – 'weasel, skunk, cat or member of Felidae' (Attic: αἴλουρος, aílouros; Attic: iktis)
  • ἴοδυ/iodu – imp. 'they should go' (Attic: iontôn)[14]
  • κασσύας/kassuas – 'thunnus' (Attic: ὄρκυνος, orkunos, orcynus)
  • κατεͷέρξοδυ/katewerxodu (katarxontôn?)[15]
  • κόρκορας/korkoras – 'bird or rooster' (Modern Greek: kókoras)
  • κόρταφος/kortaphos – 'temple (anatomy)' (Attic κρόταφος, krotaphos)
  • λάφνη/laphnê – 'Daphne' (Attic: δάφνη)
  • λάψα/lapsa – 'turnip' (Attic: γογγυλίς, gongulis)
  • νι/ni – 'in' or 'one' (Attic: en or hen)[16]
  • ὀρούβω/oroubô[17] – 'rush forward' (Homeric: orouô, ornumi)
  • πέδε/pede – 'five' (Attic: πέντε, pente; Modern Greek: pende, informal pede)[18]
  • περτέδο̄κε/pertedoke – 'he gave' (Attic: prosedôke; Aeolic: pres for Attic pros)[19]
  • πηρία/pêria – 'field or farm'
  • σαράπιοι/sarapiοi – 'small fish, picarel, or maenidae' (Attic: μαινίδες, mainides)
  • σισίλαρος/sisilaros – 'partridge' (Attic: πέρδιξ, perdix)
  • σκυδρὺ/skudru[15]
  • τριμίσκον/trimiskon – 'clothing' (Attic: himation, tribon; Koine: trimitos or trimiton meaning 'garment of drill or ticking')
  • ὕλογος/hulogos – 'army' (Attic: stratos; Attic: σύλλογος, syllogos meaning 'reunion' or 'gathering')
  • Ϝανάͳα Πρειία/Vanassa Preiia – 'lady-goddess' (Homeric: ϝάνασσα see wanax; Κλεμύτας Λϝαραμυ Ͷασιρϝο̄τας 'dedicated it to her')[20]
  • ϝοῖκυ/voiku – 'house' (Attic: oikos; Cretan and Locrian: ϝοικία, Woikia)[21]
  • ϝρυμάλια/ϝrumalia[22]
  • φάβος/phabos[17] – 'light' (Homeric: phaos; Attic: phôs)
  • φεννίον/phennion (Attic: μηδικὴ ὁδός, 'Medean road')
  • φίκατι/phikati[23][24] – 'twenty' (Attic: eikosi; Laconian: beikati; Aeolian, Doric: weikati).

Onomasticon[edit]

Source: Brixhe, Dialecte grec de Pamphylie

  • Ἀθιμῖͷυς Athimiwus and Ἀθιμεͷς
  • Ἀπελάϝρυϝις Apelavruvis
  • Ἀρτιμίνα Artimina Ἀρτιμίδωρυς Artimidôrus (Attic: Artemidôros)
  • Ἁφαστυς Aphastus (Attic: Hephaistos)
  • Ἀφορδίσιιυς Aphordisiius (Attic: Aphrodisios)
  • Βαλυς Balus
  • Βοβᾶς Bobas, Βοβᾶτυς
  • Γουκαλις Goukalis
  • Δέξιͷυς Dexiwus (Attic: Dexios)
  • Διβῶτυς Dibôtus
  • Διͷίδωρυς Diwidôrus (Attic: Diodôros) Διϝ- also in Cypriot names
  • Διͷονούσιυς Diwonousius (Attic: Dionysios)
  • Ἑλλόθεμις Ellothemis (Cf. Cypriot: Ἑλλόϝοικος, Ellowoikos from Homeric esthlos meaning 'good', 'brave')
  • Εστλεγιιυς Estlegiius
  • Εχͷαλια Echwalia
  • Ζοͷαμυς Zowamus
  • Ζώͷειτους Zôweitous
  • Ͷανάξαδρυς Wanaxadrus – wanax + anêr
  • Ͷαρνόπα Warnopa Ϝάρνιτους Warnitous
  • Ͷεχιδάμυς Wechidamus (Attic: Echedamos)
  • Ͷέχιτους Wechitous (Attic: Echetos)
  • Ͷουκω Woukô
  • Θανάδωρυς Thanadorus (Attic: Athenodôros)
  • Κέδαιͷις Kedaiwis
  • Κεσκεὺς Keskeus Κεσκῖϝους Keskiwous
  • Κοπερίνα Koperina
  • Κορͷαλίνα Korwalina – 'little girl' (Arcadocypriot: korwa)
  • Κόρραγυς Korragus Ἀσπέδιιυς Aspediius 'Aspendian'
  • Κουρασιὼ Kourasiô
  • Κυδρομολις Kudromolis
  • Λαυδίκα Laudika (Attic: Laodikê)
  • Μιαλίνα Mialina or Meialina (Attic: Megalina, Μιακλις Miaklis; Attic: Megaklês)
  • Μουριξους Mourixous
  • Μουρμακω Mourmakô
  • Νεͷοχάρις Newocharis (Attic: Neocharês and Νεϝόπολις Newopolis)
  • Ὀρυμνιͷυς Orumniwus
  • Πεδδᾶτος Peddatos
  • Πελλαυρύις Pellauruis
  • Περίͷεργυς Periwergus (Attic: periergos)
  • Ποναμελδῶς Ponameldôs
  • Πορσόπα Porsopa
  • Πρεῖͷυς Preiwus
  • Σͷαρδιας Swardias and Ισϝαρδιας (Lydian: Sfardẽtiš, 'inhabitant of the Lydian capital Sfard, Sardes')
  • Ϝαναξίωνυς Vanaxiônus
  • Φορδισία Phordisia (Attic: Aphrodisia)
  • Χορείνα Choreina

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "PHI Greek Inscriptions". Regions : Asia Minor : Pamphylia. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-11. Based on Claude Brixhe (1976), Le dialecte grec de Pamphylie, documents et grammaire (Bibliothèque de l'Institut français d'études anatoliennes d'Istambul, XXVI, 19). Paris, Lib. d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve; with supplements.
  2. ^ Ramsay, William M.; Sayce, A. H. (1880). "On some Pamphylian inscriptions". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1: 242–259. Retrieved 2021-11-11. (Archive.org)
  3. ^ Nick Nicholas: Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS Archived 2016-08-07 at the Wayback Machine. Technical report, Unicode Consortium, 2005. Citing C. Brixhe, Le dialecte grec de Pamphylie. Documents et grammaire. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1976; and L.H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
  4. ^ Ramsay and Sayce (1880), p. 259.
  5. ^ "PHI Greek Inscriptions – IK Perge 1". Archived from the original on 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2017-05-12.. Other editions read "Kleͷutas" and "Lwaraͷu".
  6. ^ Skelton, Christina (2017). "Greek-Anatolian Language Contact and the Settlement of Pamphylia" (PDF). Classical Antiquity. 36 (1): 104–129. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  7. ^ Skelton (2017), p. 111.
  8. ^ Skelton (2017), pp. 117-127.
  9. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α,". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  10. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.7
  11. ^ Pamph. — Sillyon 400-350 BC Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.24. Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.14, 3.8.
  13. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.2.
  14. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.19.
  15. ^ a b Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.12.
  16. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.
  17. ^ a b Eustahius Od.1654; Richard Valpy and Charles Anthon. The Elements of Greek Grammar (12th Edition). New York: W.E. Dean, Printer and Publisher, 1831, p. 297.
  18. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.5.
  19. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 17.
  20. ^ Pamph. — Perge ~400 BC Epigr.Anat. 11:97,1 Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.14,17.
  22. ^ Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 3.15, Cf. rhum-.
  23. ^ Pamph. — Aspendos 250-200 BC Brixhe, Dial.gr.Pamph. 17 Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Sources[edit]

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