Dollar sign
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$ | |
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Dollar sign | |
Other names | peso sign |
In Unicode | U+0024 $ DOLLAR SIGN (HTML $ · $) |
Currency | |
Currency | many (see dollar, peso) |
Graphical variants | |
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The dollar sign, also known as peso sign, is a symbol consisting of a capital "S" crossed with one or two vertical strokes ($ or ), used to indicate the unit of various currencies around the world, including most currencies denominated "peso" and "dollar". The sign is also used as an element of several compound currency symbols, such as the Brazilian real (R$) and the Nicaraguan córdoba (C$).
The one- and two-stroke version are often considered mere stylistic (typeface) variants, although in some places and epochs one of them may have been specifically assigned, by law or custom, to a specific currency. The Unicode computer encoding standard defines a single code for both.
In most English-speaking countries that use that symbol, it is placed to the left of the amount specified, e.g. "$1", read as "one dollar".
History[edit]
Use for the Spanish American peso in the late 1700s[edit]
The symbol appears in Spanish American, early independent U.S. American, British American and other British business correspondence in the 1770s, referring to the Spanish American peso,[1][2] also known as "Spanish dollar" or "piece of eight" in the British America. Those coins provided the model for the currency that the United States adopted in 1792, and for the larger coins of the new Spanish American republics, such as the Mexican peso, Argentine peso, Peruvian real, and Bolivian sol coins.
With the Coinage Act of 1792, the United States Congress created the U.S. dollar, defining it to have "the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current"[3] but continued to use a variety of foreign coins until the Coinage Act of 1857 declared them illegal.[4][5]
The earliest U.S. dollar coins did not have any dollar symbol. The first occurrence in print is claimed to be from 1790s, by a Philadelphia printer Archibald Binny, creator of the Monticello typeface.[6] The $1 United States Note issued by the United States in 1869 included a symbol consisting of a "U" with the right bar overlapping an "S", as well as the double-stroke dollar sign in the legal warning against forgery.[7]
Earlier history of the symbol[edit]
It is still uncertain, however, how the dollar sign came to represent the Spanish American peso. There are currently several competing hypotheses:
- One theory holds that the sign grew out of the Spanish and Spanish American scribal abbreviation "ps" for pesos. A study of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century manuscripts shows that the s gradually came to be written over the p, developing into a close equivalent to the "$" mark.[8][9][10][11][12] However, there are documents showing the common use of the two-stroke version in Portugal already by 1775.[13]
- Another hypothesis derives the sign from a depiction of the Pillars of Hercules, a classical symbol for two sides of the Strait of Gibraltar, with a ribbon wrapped around both each pillar (or both pillars) in the form of an "S". This device is common support element of the Spanish coat of arms, and appeared on the most common real de ocho coins circulating at the time in the Americas and Europe; namely, those minted at the Potosí mint in Bolivia, which operated from 1573 to 1825.[14][10] Indeed, one of the names used for Spanish dollars in Qing Dynasty China was shuāngzhù (双柱, 雙柱), "double-pillar".[15]
- A variant of the above theory claims that the sign comes from the mark of the mint at Potosí, where a large portion of the Spanish Empire's silver was mined, also featured on those coin, which consisted of the letters "P T S I" superimposed. The core of this monogram is a (single-stroked) "$" sign.[16]
- Yet another hypothesis notes that the English word "dollar" for the Spanish piece of eight originally came (through Dutch daaler) from Joachimsthaler or thaler, a similar large German silver coin was widely used in Europe. It is therefore conjectured that the dollar sign derived from a symbol consisting of a superimposing S and I or J that was used to denote the German silver coin. Such symbol appears in the 1686 edition of An Introduction to Merchants' Accounts by John Collins.[17] Alternatively, the symbol would have came from a snake and cross emblem on the thaler coins.[6]
Less likely theories[edit]
The following theories seem to have been discredited or contradicted by documentary evidence:
- Some historians have attributed the symbol to Oliver Pollock, a wealthy Irish trader and early supporter of the American Revolution, who used the abbreviation "ps", sometimes run together, in a letter dated 1778.[6][18]
- In 1937, historian James Alton James claimed that the symbol with two strokes was an adapted design of patriot Robert Morris in 1778, in letters written to Pollock.[19][20][18]
- In 1939, H. M. Larson suggested that the sign could derive from a combination of the Greek character "psi" (ψ) and "S".[21]
- Writer Ayn Rand claimed in her 1957 book Atlas Shrugged that the sign started off as a monogram of "US", with a narrow "U" superimposed on the "S", which would have been used on money bags issued by the United States Mint. In her theory, the bottom part of the "U" would have been lost, producing the dollar sign with two vertical lines.[22][6]
- Authors T. Seijas and J. Frederick noted that the captors of slaves in Spanish territories sometimes branded enslaved people with a symbol very similar to a one-barred dollar sign. Esclavo is Spanish for "slave," and clavo means nail. A dollar sign is S + clavo.[14]
- A theory often cited in Portuguese speaking countries is that the "S" part of the doubly-stroked sign is a schematic representation of the path followed by the Umayyad Caliphate general Tariq Ibn Ziyad in his conquest of the Visigoth kingdom in 711 CE, and the two strokes represent the Pillars of Hercules that he would have crossed along that path. That symbol would have been engraved in coins commemorating his victory, and then became symbolic of currency in general.[23]
Currencies that use the dollar sign[edit]
As symbol of the currency[edit]
The numerous currencies called "dollar" use the dollar sign to express money amounts. The sign is also generally used for the many currencies called "peso" (except the Philippine peso, which uses the symbol "₱").
The dollar sign, alone or in combination with other glyphs, is or was used to denote several currencies with other names, including:
- Brazilian cruzeiro (various currencies, all defunct): ₢$, , , , etc.
- Brazilian real: R$
- Ethiopian birr (until 1976): E$
- Macanese pataca: MOP$
- Nicaraguan córdoba: C$
- Samoan tālā (a transliteration of the word dollar): $
- Tongan paʻanga: T$
- Malaya and British Borneo dollar (1957–1967): $
- Malaysian ringgit (1967–1997): $,
Placement[edit]
In the United States, Mexico, Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pacific Island nations, and English-speaking Canada, the sign is written before the number, even though the corresponding word is written or pronounced after it. "Five dollars" or "cinco pesos" is written and printed as "$5". (On the other hand, the cent symbol in many of those countries is written after the number, as in "5¢"). In French-speaking Canada, exceptionally, the dollar symbol usually appears after the number[citation needed], as in "5$".
Use in the Portuguese Empire[edit]
In Portugal, Brazil, and other parts of the Portuguese Empire, the two-stroke variant of the sign (with the name cifrão) was used as the thousands separator of amounts in the national currency, the real (plural "réis", abbreviated "Rs."): 123$500 meant "123 500 réis". This usage is attested in 1775, but may be older by a century or more.[13]
In 1911 Portugal redefined the national currency as the escudo, worth 1000 réis, and divided into 100 centavos; but the cifrão continued to be used as the decimal separator,[24] so that 123$50 meant 123.50 escudos or 123 escudos and 50 centavos. This usage ended in 1999 when the country switched to the euro.
Cape Verde, a Portuguese colony since the late 1400s, similarly switched from the real to their local escudo and centavos in 1914, and retains the cifrão usage as decimals separator as of 2021. Local versions of the Portuguese escudo were for a time created also for other overseas colonies, including East Timor (1958–1975), Portuguese India (1958–1961), Angola (1914–1928 and 1958–1977), Mozambique (1914–1980), Portuguese Guinea (1914–1975), and São Tomé and Príncipe (1914–1977); presumably all using the cifrão as decimals separator.
Brazil retained the real and the cifrão as thousands separator until 1942, when it switched to the Brazilian cruzeiro, with comma as the decimals separator. The dollar sign, officially with one stroke but often rendered with two, was retained as part of the currency symbol "Cr $", so one would write Cr$13,50 for 13 cruzeiros and 50 centavos.[25]
Fictional currencies[edit]
Some virtual world and gaming platforms have used the $ symbol to refer to their own virtual currencies, for example:
- S$ – Sansar Dollars (Sansar)
- L$ – Linden Dollars (Second Life)
- M$ – Minecoins (Minecraft)
- D$ - Dark Dollars (Deltarune)
One stroke vs. two strokes[edit]
In some places and at some times, the one- and two-stroke variants have been used in the same contexts to distinguish between the U.S. dollar and other local currency, such as the Portuguese escudo,[24] or the Mexican peso.[citation needed].
However, such usage is not standardized, and furthermore the two versions are generally considered mere graphic variants of the same symbol. Computer and typewriter keyboards usually have a single key for that sign, and many character encodings (including ASCII and Unicode) reserve a single numeric code for it. Indeed, dollar signs in the same digital document may be rendered with one or two strokes, depending on the fonts used. Should that ambiguity be significant, one may use explicit abbreviations (like "US$" or "$NZ"), or ISO 4217 three-letter currency codes (such as USD and MXN) to distinguish different currencies that use the symbol.
When a specific variant is not mandated by law or custom, the choice is usually a matter of expediency or aesthetic preference. Both versions were used in the US in the 18th century. (A 1861 Civil War era advertisement depicts the two-stroked symbol as a snake.[18]) The two-stroke version seems to be generally less popular today, though used in some "old-style" fonts like Baskerville.
Use in computer software[edit]
Because of its use in early American computer applications such as business accounting, the dollar sign is almost universally present in computer character sets, and thus has been appropriated for many purposes unrelated to money in programming languages and command languages.
Encoding[edit]
The dollar sign "$" has Unicode code point U+0024 (inherited from ASCII via Latin-1).
There are no separate encodings for one- and two-line variants. The choice is typeface-dependent, they are allographs. However, there are three other code points that originate from other East Asian standards: the Taiwanese small form variant, the CJK fullwidth form, and the Japanese emoji. The glyphs for these code points are typically larger or smaller than the primary code point, but the difference is mostly aesthetic or typographic, and the meanings of the symbols are the same.
- U+FE69 ﹩ SMALL DOLLAR SIGN (HTML ﹩)
- U+FF04 $ FULLWIDTH DOLLAR SIGN (HTML $)
- U+1F4B2 💲 HEAVY DOLLAR SIGN (HTML 💲)
However, for usage as the special character in various computing applications (see following sections), U+0024 is typically the only code that is recognized.
Programming languages[edit]
$
was used for defining string variables in older versions of the BASIC language, e.g.CHR$
($
was often pronounced "string" instead of "dollar" in this use).$
is prefixed to names to define variables in the PHP language and the AutoIt automation script language, scalar variables in the Perl language (see sigil (computer programming)), and global variables in the Ruby language. In Perl programming this includes scalar elements of arrays$array[7]
and hashes$hash{foo}
.- In most shell scripting languages,
$
is used to indicate the insertion into strings of environment variables, special variables, input data fields, previous commands, arithmetic computations, and special characters, and for performing translation of localised strings. In the shell script languages of CP/M, DOS, and several Unix-like systems, it is used to insert variable information (such as the current working directory, user name, or sequential command number) in the command prompt. $
is used for defining hexadecimal constants in Pascal-like languages such as Delphi, and in some variants of assembly language.$
is used in the ALGOL 68 language to delimit transput format regions.$
is used in the TeX typesetting language to delimit mathematical regions.- In many versions of FORTRAN 66,
$
could be used as an alternative to a quotation mark for delimiting strings. - In PL/M,
$
can be used to put a visible separation between words in compound identifiers. For example,Some$Name
refers to the same thing as 'SomeName'. - In Haskell,
$
is used as a function application operator. - In an AutoHotkey script, a hotkey declared with
$
is not triggered by a 'Send' command elsewhere in the script. - In several JavaScript frameworks such as Prototype.js and jQuery,
$
is a common utility class, and is often referred to as the buck.[citation needed] - In JavaScript from ES6 onward it is used inside template literals to insert the value of a variable. For example, if
var word = "such"
then'as ${word}'
would equal'as such'
- In C#,
$
marks a string literal as an interpolated string. - In ASP.NET, the dollar sign used in a tag in the web page indicates an expression will follow it. The expression that follows is .NET language-agnostic, as it will work with C#, VB.NET, or any CLR supported language.
- In Erlang, the dollar sign precedes character literals. The dollar sign as a character can be written
$$
. - In COBOL the
$
sign is used in the Picture clause to depict a floating currency symbol as the left most character. The default symbol is$
; however, if theCURRENCY=
orCURRENCY SIGN
clause is specified, many other symbols can be used. - In some assembly languages, such as MIPS, the
$
sign is used to represent registers. - In Honeywell 6000 series assembler, the
$
sign, when used as an address, meant the address of the instruction in which it appeared. - In CMS-2, the
$
sign is used as a statement terminator. - In R, the
$
sign is used as a subsetting operator. - In Q (programming language from Kx Systems), the
$
sign is used as a casting/padding/enumeration/conditional operator. - In Sass, the
$
sign is prefixed to define a variable.
Operating systems[edit]
- In CP/M and subsequently in all versions of DOS (86-DOS, MS-DOS, PC DOS, more) and derivatives,
$
is used as a string terminator (Int 21h
withAH=09h
). - In Microsoft Windows,
$
is appended to the share name to hide a shared folder or resource. For example,\\server\share
will be visible to other computers on a network, while\\server\share$
will be accessible only by explicit reference. Hiding a shared folder or resource will not alter its access permissions but may render it inaccessible to programs or other functions which rely on its visibility. Most administrative shares are hidden in this way. - In the LDAP directory access protocol,
$
is used as a line separator in various standard entry attributes such as postalAddress. - In the UNIVAC EXEC 8 operating system,
$
means "system". It is appended to entities such as the names of system files, the "sender" name in messages sent by the operator, and the default names of system-created files (like compiler output) when no specific name is specified (e.g.,TPF$
,NAME$
, etc.) - In RISC OS,
$
is used in system variables to separate the application name from the variables specific to that application. For exampleDraw$Dir
specifies the directory where the!Draw
application is located. It is also used to refer to the root directory of a file system.
Applications[edit]
- Microsoft Excel[27] and other spreadsheet software use the dollar sign ($) to denote a fixed row, fixed column reference, or an absolute cell reference.
- The dollar sign introduces a subfield delimiter in computer coding of library catalog records.
$
matches the end of a line or string in sed, grep, and POSIX and Perl regular expressions, as well as the end of a line or the file in text editors ed, ex, vi, pico, and derivatives.
Other uses[edit]
The symbol is sometimes used derisively, in place of the letter S, to indicate greed or excess money such as in "Micro$oft", "Di$ney", "Chel$ea" and "GW$"; or supposed overt Americanisation as in "$ky". The dollar sign is also used intentionally to stylize names such as A$AP Rocky, Ke$ha, and Ty Dolla $ign or words such as ¥€$. In 1872, Ambrose Bierce referred to California governor Leland Stanford as $tealand Landford.[28]
In Scrabble notation, a dollar sign is placed after a word to indicate that it is valid according to the North American word lists, but not according to the British word lists.[29]
A dollar symbol is used as unit of reactivity for a nuclear reactor, 1 $ being the threshold of slow criticality, meaning a steady reaction rate, while 2 $ is the threshold of prompt criticality, which means a nuclear excursion or explosion.[30]
The dollar sign was used as a letter in the Turkmen alphabet from 1993 to 1999.
The dollar sign plays an important role in the plot of Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged, with the book's radical Free Market activists adopting it as their insignia.
See also[edit]
- Spanish dollar
- Cifrão
- Euro sign
- Indian rupee sign
- Pound sign
- Ruble sign
- Rupee sign
- Turkish lira sign
- Yen sign
- Yuan sign
- Won sign
Notes[edit]
- ^ Kinnaird, Lawrence (July 1976). "The Western Fringe of Revolution". The Western Historical Quarterly. 7 (3): 259. doi:10.2307/967081. JSTOR 967081.
- ^ Popular Science (February 1930). "Origin of Dollar Sign is Traced to Mexico". Popular Science: 59. ISSN 0161-7370.
- ^ "Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
- ^ "Massachusetts Copyright Statute,(1783), p. 370".
- ^ "Maryland Copyright Statute (1783)".
- ^ a b c d Hephzibah Anderson (2019): "The curious origins of the dollar symbol". Online article at the BBC website, dated 29th May 2019. Accessed on 2021-08-12.
- ^ Reverse of $1 United States Note (Greenback), series of 1869
- ^ Cajori, Florian (1993) [1929]. A History of Mathematical Notations. Vol. 2. pp. 15–29. ISBN 9780486677668.
- ^ Aiton, Arthur S.; Wheeler, Benjamin W. (May 1931). "The First American Mint". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 11 (2): 198. doi:10.1215/00182168-11.2.198. JSTOR 2506275.
- ^ a b Nussbaum, Arthur (1957). A History of the Dollar. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 56.
The foreign coins remained in circulation [in the United States], and the more important among them, especially the Spanish (including the Mexican) dollars, were declared by Congress on February 9, 1793, to be legal tender. The dollar sign, $, is connected with the peso, contrary to popular belief, which considers it to be an abbreviation of 'U.S.' The two parallel lines represented one of the many abbreviations of 'P,' and the 'S' indicated the plural. The abbreviation '$.' was also used for the peso, and is still used in Argentina.
- ^ Riesco Terrero, Ángel (1983). Diccionario de abreviaturas hispanas de los siglos XIII al XVIII: Con un apendice de expresiones y formulas juridico-diplomaticas de uso corriente. Salamanca: Imprenta Varona. p. 350. ISBN 84-300-9090-8.
- ^ Bureau of Engraving and Printing. "What is the origin of the $ sign?". Resources: FAQs. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
- ^ a b João Joseph Du Beux (1775): Receipt of 270$000 Rs. for purchase by of 50 volumes of the Acta Santorum by the College of the Carmo of Coimbra. Quote: "Recebemos [...] a quantia de Duzentos Settenta mil reis[...] por Clareza passamos este Coimbra 15 de Março de 1775. São 270$000 Rs". Cartório do Colégio do Carmo, Maço 35, n.o 17. apud ALMEIDA, Manuel Lopes in "Livro, livreiros, impressores em documentos da Universidade", Arquivo de Bibliografia Portuguesa, ano X-XII, Atlântida, Coimbra, 1964-66, n o 37-48.
- ^ a b Seijas, Tatiana and Jake Frederick (2017). Spanish Dollars and Sister Republics: The Money That Made Mexico and the United States. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9781538100462.
- ^ Ulrich Theobald (2016): "Qing Period Money: Foreign Silver 'Dollars'". Online article in the website ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art, dated Apr 13, 2016. Accessed on 2021-08-14.
- ^ Sandra Choron and Harry Choron (2011): Money Everything You Never Knew About Your Favorite Thing to Find, Save, Spend & Covet. Chronicle Books LLC 336 pages. ISBN 9781452105598
- ^ Florence Edler de Roover. Concerning the Ancestry of the Dollar Sign. - Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr., 1945), pp. 63-64
- ^ a b c Joshua D. Rothman (2018): "The Curious Origins of the Dollar Sign" Online article on the We're History website, dated 2018-04-01. Accessed on 2021-08-12.
- ^ James, James Alton (1970) [1937]. Robert Morris: The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot. Freeport: Books for Libraries Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-8369-5527-9.
- ^ James, James Alton (1929). "'Robert Morris, Financier of the Revolution in the West'". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review.
- ^ Larson, Henrietta M. (October 1939). "Note on Our Dollar Sign". Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 13 (4): 57–58. doi:10.2307/3111350. JSTOR 3111350.
- ^ (2018): "Where did the dollar sign come from?" Online article of the History channel webste, dated 2018-08-22. Accessed on 2021-08-12.
- ^ (2015): "Origem do Cifrão". Note on the webesite of the Casa da Moeda do Brasil (Brazilian Mint). Accessed on 2021-08-12.
- ^ a b Eduardo Marín Silva (22 July 2019). "Currency signs missing in Unicode" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
- ^ (1960): Price "Cr$ 15,00" on the front cover of the 1960-05-07 issue of O Cruzeiro magazine, reproduced on the Muzeez website on 2016-12-105. Accessed on 2021-08-14.
- ^ HTML5 is the only version of HTML that has a named entity for the dollar sign, see https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html ("The following sections present the complete lists of character entity references.") and https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-html5-20140731/syntax.html#named-character-references ("dollar;").
- ^ "Relative & Absolute Cell References in Excel".
- ^ Roy Morris (1995). Ambrose Bierce: Alone in Bad Company. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780195126280.
- ^ "Scrabble Glossary". Tucson Scrabble Club. Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- ^ Weinberg, Alvin M.; Wigner, Eugene P. (1958). The Physical Theory of Neutron Chain Reactors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 595.
References[edit]
- Cajori, Florian (1993). A History of Mathematical Notations (Reprint ed.). New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-67766-4. Contains section on the history of the dollar sign, with much documentary evidence supporting the "pesos" hypothesis.
- Cuhaj, George (2009). Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money (28th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-89689-939-1.
- Ovason, David (2004-11-30). The Secret Symbols of the Dollar Bill (Reprint ed.). Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-053045-6.