1972 United States presidential election
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538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turnout | 55.2%[1] ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew and Blue denotes those won by McGovern/Shriver. Gold is the electoral vote for Hospers/Nathan by a Virginia faithless elector. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Watergate scandal |
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Events |
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The 1972 United States presidential election was the 47th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1972. Incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon from California defeated Democratic U.S. Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Until the 1984 election, this was the largest margin of victory in the Electoral College for a Republican in a U.S. presidential election, and as of 2020, it remains the largest margin of the popular vote won by any Republican presidential candidate. It was the first time when California had more electoral votes than New York.
Nixon easily swept aside challenges from two Republican congressmen in the 1972 Republican primaries to win re-nomination. McGovern, who had played a significant role in changing the Democratic nomination system after the 1968 election, mobilized the anti-Vietnam War movement and other liberal supporters to win his party's nomination. Among the candidates he defeated were early front-runner Edmund Muskie, 1968 nominee Hubert Humphrey, and Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm, the first African-American person to run for a major party's presidential nomination.
Nixon emphasized the strong economy and his success in foreign affairs, while McGovern ran on a platform calling for an immediate end to the Vietnam War, and the institution of a guaranteed minimum income. Nixon maintained a large, and consistent, lead in polling. Separately, Nixon's re-election committee broke into the Watergate complex to wiretap the Democratic National Committee's headquarters, a scandal that would later be known as "Watergate". McGovern's campaign was seriously damaged by the revelation that his running mate, Thomas Eagleton, had undergone electroconvulsive therapy as a treatment for depression. Eagleton was replaced on the ballot by Sargent Shriver.
Nixon won the election in a landslide, taking 60.7% of the popular vote and carrying 49 states, while being the first Republican to sweep the South. McGovern took just 37.5% of the popular vote, while John G. Schmitz of the American Independent Party won 1.4% of the vote. Nixon received almost 18 million more votes than McGovern, and he holds the record for the widest popular vote margin in any post–World War II United States presidential election. The 1972 presidential election was the first since the ratification of the 26th Amendment, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. Within two years of the election, both Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned from office: the former in August 1974, due to Watergate, the latter in October 1973, due to a separate corruption charge. Gerald Ford succeeded Agnew as vice president, then, in the following year, succeeded Nixon as president, making him the only U.S. president in history not to be elected to the office on a presidential ticket.
As of 2022[update], this was the last time that Minnesota voted for the Republican candidate in a presidential election, the longest such streak for any state, and only once since then have Rhode Island and Hawaii done so, when they voted for Ronald Reagan in the 1984 election. This was also the most recent presidential election in which the entire Midwest was won by a single candidate.
Despite this election delivering Nixon's greatest electoral triumph, Nixon later wrote in his memoirs that "it was one of the most frustrating and in many ways the least satisfying of all".[2]
Republican nomination[edit]
Republican candidates:
- Richard Nixon, President of the United States from California
- Pete McCloskey, Representative from California
- John M. Ashbrook, Representative from Ohio
1972 Republican Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Richard Nixon | Spiro Agnew | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
37th President of the United States (1969–1974) |
39th Vice President of the United States (1969–1973) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaign | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Primaries[edit]
Richard Nixon was a popular incumbent president in 1972, as he was credited with opening the People's Republic of China as a result of his visit that year, and achieving détente with the Soviet Union. Polls showed that Nixon held a strong lead in the Republican primaries. He was challenged by two candidates: liberal Pete McCloskey from California, and conservative John Ashbrook from Ohio. McCloskey ran as an anti-war candidate, while Ashbrook opposed Nixon's détente policies towards China and the Soviet Union. In the New Hampshire primary, McCloskey garnered 19.8% of the vote to Nixon's 67.6%, with Ashbrook receiving 9.7%.[3] Nixon won 1323 of the 1324 delegates to the Republican convention, with McCloskey receiving the vote of one delegate from New Mexico. Vice President Spiro Agnew was re-nominated by acclamation; while both the party's moderate wing and Nixon himself had wanted to replace him with a new running-mate (the moderates favoring Nelson Rockefeller, and Nixon favoring John Connally), it was ultimately concluded that such action would incur too great a risk of losing Agnew's base of conservative supporters.
Primary results[edit]
Primaries popular vote result:[4]
- Richard Nixon – 5,378,704 (86.92%)
- Unpledged – 317,048 (5.12%)
- John Ashbrook – 311,543 (5.03%)
- Pete McCloskey – 132,731 (2.15%)
Convention[edit]
Seven members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War were brought on federal charges for conspiring to disrupt the Republican convention.[5] They were acquitted by a federal jury in Gainesville, Florida.[5]
Democratic nomination[edit]
Overall, fifteen people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination. They were:[6][7]
- George McGovern, senator from South Dakota
- Hubert Humphrey, senator from Minnesota, former vice president, and presidential nominee in 1968
- George Wallace, Governor of Alabama
- Edmund Muskie, senator from Maine, vice presidential nominee in 1968
- Eugene J. McCarthy, former senator from Minnesota
- Henry M. Jackson, senator from Washington
- Shirley Chisholm, Representative of New York's 12th congressional district
- Terry Sanford, former governor of North Carolina
- John Lindsay, Mayor of New York City, New York
- Wilbur Mills, representative of Arkansas's 2nd congressional district
- Vance Hartke, senator from Indiana
- Fred Harris, senator from Oklahoma
- Sam Yorty, Mayor of Los Angeles, California
- Patsy Mink, representative of Hawaii's 2nd congressional district
- Walter Fauntroy, Delegate from Washington, D. C.
1972 Democratic Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
George McGovern | Sargent Shriver | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Senator from South Dakota (1963–1981) |
21st U.S. Ambassador to France (1968–1970) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaign | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Primaries[edit]
Senate Majority Whip Ted Kennedy, the youngest brother of late President John F. Kennedy and late United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy, was the favorite to win the 1972 nomination, but he announced he would not be a candidate.[8] The favorite for the Democratic nomination then became Senator Ed Muskie,[9] the 1968 vice-presidential nominee.[10] Muskie's momentum collapsed just prior to the New Hampshire primary, when the so-called "Canuck letter" was published in the Manchester Union-Leader. The letter, actually a forgery from Nixon's "dirty tricks" unit, claimed that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about French-Canadians – a remark likely to injure Muskie's support among the French-American population in northern New England.[11] Subsequently, the paper published an attack on the character of Muskie's wife Jane, reporting that she drank and used off-color language during the campaign. Muskie made an emotional defense of his wife in a speech outside the newspaper's offices during a snowstorm. Though Muskie later stated that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried, shattering the candidate's image as calm and reasoned.[11][12]
Nearly two years before the election, South Dakota Senator George McGovern entered the race as an anti-war, progressive candidate.[13] McGovern was able to pull together support from the anti-war movement and other grassroots support to win the nomination in a primary system he had played a significant part in designing.
On January 25, 1972, New York Representative Shirley Chisholm announced she would run, and became the first African-American woman to run for the Democratic or Republican presidential nomination. Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink also announced she would run, and became the first Asian American person to run for the Democratic presidential nomination.[14]
On April 25, George McGovern won the Massachusetts primary. Two days later, journalist Robert Novak quoted a "Democratic senator", later revealed to be Thomas Eagleton, as saying: "The people don't know McGovern is for amnesty, abortion, and legalization of pot. Once middle America – Catholic middle America, in particular – finds this out, he's dead." The label stuck, and McGovern became known as the candidate of "amnesty, abortion, and acid". It became Humphrey's battle cry to stop McGovern—especially in the Nebraska primary.[15][16]
Alabama Governor George Wallace, who ran on a third-party ticket in 1968, did well in the South (winning nearly every county in the Florida primary) and among alienated and dissatisfied voters in the North.[17] What might have become a forceful campaign was cut short when Wallace was shot in an assassination attempt by Arthur Bremer on May 15. Wallace was struck by five bullets and left paralyzed from the waist down. The day after the assassination attempt, Wallace won the Michigan and Maryland primaries, but the shooting effectively ended his campaign, and he pulled out in July.
In the end, McGovern won the nomination by winning primaries through grass-roots support, in spite of establishment opposition. McGovern had led a commission to re-design the Democratic nomination system after the divisive nomination struggle and convention of 1968. However, the new rules angered many prominent Democrats whose influence was marginalized, and those politicians refused to support McGovern's campaign (some even supporting Nixon instead), leaving the McGovern campaign at a significant disadvantage in funding, compared to Nixon. Some of the principles of the McGovern Commission have lasted throughout every subsequent nomination contest, but the Hunt Commission instituted the selection of Superdelegates a decade later, in order to reduce the nomination chances of outsiders like McGovern and Carter.
Primary results[edit]
Primaries popular vote results:[18]
- Hubert Humphrey – 4,121,372 (25.77%)
- George McGovern – 4,053,451 (25.34%)
- George Wallace – 3,755,424 (23.48%)
- Edmund Muskie – 1,840,217 (11.51%)
- Eugene McCarthy – 553,990 (3.46%)
- Henry M. Jackson – 505,198 (3.16%)
- Shirley Chisholm – 430,703 (2.69%)
- Terry Sanford – 331,415 (2.07%)
- John Lindsay – 196,406 (1.23%)
- Samuel Yorty – 79,446 (0.50%)
- Wilbur Mills – 37,401 (0.23%)
- Walter E. Fauntroy – 21,217 (0.13%)
- Unpledged – 19,533 (0.12%)
- Ted Kennedy – 16,693 (0.10%)
- Vance Hartke – 11,798 (0.07%)
- Patsy Mink – 8,286 (0.05%)
- None – 6,269 (0.04%)
Notable endorsements[edit]
- Former Governor of and Secretary of Commerce W. Averell Harriman from New York[18]
- Senator Harold Hughes from Iowa[18]
- Senator Birch Bayh from Indiana[18]
- Senator Adlai Stevenson III from Illinois[19]
- Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska[20]
- Former Senator Stephen M. Young from Ohio[21]
- Governor Milton Shapp of Pennsylvania[18]
- Former Governor Michael DiSalle of Ohio[21]
- Ohio State Treasurer Gertrude W. Donahey[22]
- Astronaut John Glenn from Ohio[22]
Hubert Humphrey
- Mayor Jack Sensenbrenner of Columbus, Ohio[23]
George McGovern
- Senator Frank Church from Idaho[18]
- Senator John V. Tunney from California[18]
George Wallace
- Former Governor Lester Maddox of Georgia[18]
Shirley Chisholm
- Representative Ron Dellums from California[18]
- Feminist leader and author Betty Friedan[24]
- Reverend Jesse Jackson from Illinois[18]
- Feminist leader, journalist, and DNC official Gloria Steinem[25]
Terry Sanford
- Former President Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas[26]
Henry M. Jackson
1972 Democratic National Convention[edit]
Results:
- George McGovern – 1864.95
- Henry M. Jackson – 525
- George Wallace – 381.7
- Shirley Chisholm – 151.95
- Terry Sanford – 77.5
- Hubert Humphrey – 66.7
- Wilbur Mills – 33.8
- Edmund Muskie – 24.3
- Ted Kennedy – 12.7
- Sam Yorty – 10
- Wayne Hays – 5
- John Lindsay – 5
- Fred Harris – 2
- Eugene McCarthy – 2
- Walter Mondale – 2
- Ramsey Clark – 1
- Walter Fauntroy – 1
- Vance Hartke – 1
- Harold Hughes – 1
- Patsy Mink – 1
Vice presidential vote[edit]
Most polls showed McGovern running well behind incumbent President Richard Nixon, except when McGovern was paired with Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy. McGovern and his campaign brain trust lobbied Kennedy heavily to accept the bid to be McGovern's running mate, but he continually refused their advances, and instead suggested U.S. Representative (and House Ways and Means Committee chairman) Wilbur Mills of Arkansas and Boston Mayor Kevin White.[28] Offers were then made to Hubert Humphrey, Connecticut Senator Abraham Ribicoff, and Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, all of whom turned it down. Finally, the vice presidential slot was offered to Senator Thomas Eagleton of Missouri, who accepted the offer.[28]
With hundreds of delegates displeased with McGovern, the vote to ratify Eagleton's candidacy was chaotic, with at least three other candidates having their names put into nomination and votes scattered over 70 candidates.[29] A grass-roots attempt to displace Eagleton in favor of Texas state representative Frances Farenthold gained significant traction, though was ultimately unable to change the outcome of the vote.[30]
The vice-presidential balloting went on so long that McGovern and Eagleton were forced to begin making their acceptance speeches at around 2 am, local time.
After the convention ended, it was discovered that Eagleton had undergone psychiatric electroshock therapy for depression and had concealed this information from McGovern. A Time magazine poll taken at the time found that 77 percent of the respondents said, "Eagleton's medical record would not affect their vote." Nonetheless, the press made frequent references to his "shock therapy", and McGovern feared that this would detract from his campaign platform.[31] McGovern subsequently consulted confidentially with pre-eminent psychiatrists, including Eagleton's own doctors, who advised him that a recurrence of Eagleton's depression was possible and could endanger the country, should Eagleton become president.[32][33][34][35][36] McGovern had initially claimed that he would back Eagleton "1000 percent", only to ask Eagleton to withdraw three days later. This perceived lack of conviction in sticking with his running mate was disastrous for the McGovern campaign.
McGovern later approached six different prominent Democrats to run for vice-president: Ted Kennedy, Edmund Muskie, Hubert Humphrey, Abraham Ribicoff, Larry O'Brien, and Reubin Askew. All six declined. Sargent Shriver, brother-in-law to John, Robert, and Ted Kennedy, former Ambassador to France, and former Director of the Peace Corps, later accepted.[37] He was officially nominated by a special session of the Democratic National Committee. By this time, McGovern's poll ratings had plunged from 41 to 24 percent.
Third parties[edit]
1972 American Independent Party Ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John G. Schmitz | Thomas J. Anderson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Representative For California's 35th (1970–1973) |
US Navy Lieutenant, Magazine publisher | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Campaign | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other Candidates | ||||||||
Lester Maddox | Thomas J. Anderson | George Wallace | ||||||
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Lieutenant Governor of Georgia (1971–1975) Governor of Georgia (1967–1971) |
US Navy Lieutenant, Magazine publisher | Governor of Alabama (1963–1967), (1971–1979) 1968 AIP Presidential Nominee | ||||||
Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | ||||||
56 votes | 24 votes | 8 votes |
The only major third party candidate in the 1972 election was conservative Republican Representative John G. Schmitz, who ran on the American Independent Party ticket (the party on whose ballot George Wallace ran in 1968). He was on the ballot in 32 states and received 1,099,482 votes. Unlike Wallace, however, he did not win a majority of votes cast in any state, and received no electoral votes, although he did finish ahead of McGovern in four of the most conservative Idaho counties.[38] Schmitz's performance in archconservative Jefferson County was the best by a third-party Presidential candidate in any free or postbellum state county since 1936 when William Lemke reached over twenty-eight percent of the vote in the North Dakota counties of Burke, Sheridan and Hettinger.[39]
John Hospers and Tonie Nathan of the newly formed Libertarian Party were on the ballot only in Colorado and Washington, but were official write-in candidates in four others, and received 3,674 votes, winning no states. However, they did receive one Electoral College vote from Virginia from a Republican faithless elector (see below). The Libertarian vice-presidential nominee Theodora "Tonie" Nathan became the first Jew and the first woman in U.S. history to receive an Electoral College vote.[40]
Linda Jenness was nominated by the Socialist Workers Party, with Andrew Pulley as her running-mate. Benjamin Spock and Julius Hobson were nominated for president and vice-president, respectively, by the People's Party.
General election[edit]
Campaign[edit]
McGovern ran on a platform of immediately ending the Vietnam War and instituting guaranteed minimum incomes for the nation's poor. His campaign was harmed by his views during the primaries (which alienated many powerful Democrats), the perception that his foreign policy was too extreme, and the Eagleton debacle. With McGovern's campaign weakened by these factors, the Republicans successfully portrayed him as a radical left-wing extremist incompetent to serve as president. Nixon led in the polls by large margins throughout the entire campaign. With an enormous fundraising advantage and a comfortable lead in the polls, Nixon concentrated on large rallies and focused speeches to closed, select audiences, leaving much of the retail campaigning to surrogates like Vice President Agnew. Nixon did not, by design, try to extend his coattails to Republican congressional or gubernatorial candidates, preferring to pad his own margin of victory.
Results[edit]
Nixon's percentage of the popular vote was only marginally less than Lyndon Johnson's record in the 1964 election, and his margin of victory was slightly larger. Nixon won a majority vote in 49 states, including McGovern's home state of South Dakota. Only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia voted for the challenger, resulting in an even more lopsided Electoral College tally. McGovern garnered only 37.5 percent of the national popular vote, the lowest share received by a Democratic Party nominee since John W. Davis won only 28.8 percent of the vote in the 1924 election. The only major party candidate since 1972 to receive less than 40 percent of the vote was Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush who won 37.4 percent of the vote in the 1992 election, a race that (as in 1924) was complicated by a strong third party vote.[41]
Although the McGovern campaign believed that its candidate had a better chance of defeating Nixon because of the new Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution that lowered the national voting age to 18 from 21, most of the youth vote went to Nixon.[42] This was the first election in American history in which a Republican candidate carried every single Southern state, continuing the region's transformation from a Democratic bastion into a Republican stronghold as Arkansas was carried by a Republican presidential candidate for the first time in a century. By this time, all the Southern states, except Arkansas and Texas, had been carried by a Republican in either the previous election or the one in 1964 (although Republican candidates carried Texas in 1928, 1952 and 1956). As a result of this election, Massachusetts became the only state that Nixon did not carry in any of the three presidential elections in which he was a candidate. This is one of only two elections since 1856 that Massachusetts and Rhode Island did not support the same candidate. The other election which the two states did not do so is 1980.
This presidential election was the first since 1808 in which New York did not have the largest number of electors in the Electoral College, having fallen to 41 electors vs. California's 45. Additionally, through 2020 it remains the last one in which Minnesota was carried by the Republican candidate.[43]
McGovern won a mere 130 counties, plus the District of Columbia and four county-equivalents in Alaska,[c] easily the fewest counties won by any major-party presidential nominee since the advent of popular presidential elections.[44] In nineteen states, McGovern failed to carry a single county;[d] he carried a mere one county-equivalent in a further nine states,[e] and just two counties in a further seven.[f] In contrast to Walter Mondale's narrow 1984 win in Minnesota, McGovern comfortably did win Massachusetts, but lost every other state by no less than five percentage points, as well as 45 states by more than ten percentage points – the exceptions being Massachusetts, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, and his home state of South Dakota. This election also made Nixon the second former vice president in American history to serve two terms back-to-back, after Thomas Jefferson in 1800 and 1804. Since McGovern carried only one state, bumper stickers reading "Nixon 49 America 1",[45] "Don't Blame Me, I'm From Massachusetts", and "Massachusetts: The One And Only" were popular for a short time in Massachusetts.[46]
Nixon managed to win 18% of the African American vote (Gerald Ford would get 16% in 1976).[47] He also remains the only Republican in modern times to threaten the oldest extant Democratic stronghold of South Texas: this is the last election when the Republicans have won Hidalgo or Dimmit counties, the only time Republicans have won La Salle County between William McKinley in 1900 and Donald Trump in 2020, and one of only two occasions since Theodore Roosevelt in 1904[g] that Republicans have gained a majority in Presidio County.[43] More significantly, the 1972 election was the most recent time several highly populous urban counties – including Cook in Illinois, Orleans in Louisiana, Hennepin in Minnesota, Cuyahoga in Ohio, Durham in North Carolina, Queens in New York, and Prince George's in Maryland – have voted Republican.[43]
Nixon, who became term-limited under the provisions of the Twenty-second Amendment as a result of his victory, became the first (and, as of 2020, only) presidential candidate to win a significant number of electoral votes in three presidential elections since ratification of that Amendment. Prior to ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment, three other presidential candidates (Andrew Jackson, Grover Cleveland, and Franklin D. Roosevelt) also polled significant electoral votes in at least three elections (unlike Nixon, Jackson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt also won the popular vote at least three times, although only Roosevelt was elected President more than twice). Counting Nixon's successful runs for vice president in the 1950s, he matched Franklin Roosevelt's achievements of winning the presidency or vice-presidency in four elections (and polling significant electoral votes in five), while over-reaching Roosevelt by winning electoral votes for president or vice president in every state.
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote[48] | Electoral vote[49] |
Running mate | |||
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Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote[49] | ||||
Richard Milhous Nixon (Incumbent) | Republican | California | 47,168,710 | 60.67% | 520 | Spiro Theodore Agnew | Maryland | 520 |
George Stanley McGovern | Democratic | South Dakota | 29,173,222 | 37.52% | 17 | Robert Sargent Shriver | Maryland | 17 |
John G. Schmitz | American Independent | California | 1,100,868 | 1.42% | 0 | Thomas J. Anderson | Tennessee | 0 |
Linda Jenness | Socialist Workers | Georgia | 83,380[h] | 0.11% | 0 | Andrew Pulley | Illinois | 0 |
Benjamin Spock | People's | California | 78,759 | 0.10% | 0 | Julius Hobson | District of Columbia | 0 |
Louis Fisher | Socialist Labor | Illinois | 53,814 | 0.07% | 0 | Genevieve Gunderson | Minnesota | 0 |
John G. Hospers | Libertarian | California | 3,674 | 0.00% | 1[i][40] | Theodora Nathan | Oregon | 1[i][40] |
Other | 81,575 | 0.10% | — | Other | — | |||
Total | 77,744,030 | 100% | 538 | 538 | ||||
Needed to win | 270 | 270 |
![](http://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20220324194051im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/John_Hospers_1998.jpg/220px-John_Hospers_1998.jpg)
Results by state[edit]
- Legend
States/districts won by Nixon/Agnew | |
States/districts won by McGovern/Shriver | |
† | At-large results (Maine used the Congressional District Method) |
Richard Nixon Republican |
George McGovern Democratic |
John Schmitz American Independent |
John Hospers Libertarian |
Margin | State Total | ||||||||||||
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State | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | # | |
Alabama | 9 | 728,701 | 72.43 | 9 | 256,923 | 25.54 | 11,918 | 1.18 | 471,778 | 46.89 | 1,006,093 | AL | |||||
Alaska | 3 | 55,349 | 58.13 | 3 | 32,967 | 34.62 | 6,903 | 7.25 | 22,382 | 23.51 | 95,219 | AK | |||||
Arizona | 6 | 402,812 | 61.64 | 6 | 198,540 | 30.38 | 21,208 | 3.25 | 204,272 | 31.26 | 653,505 | AZ | |||||
Arkansas | 6 | 445,751 | 68.82 | 6 | 198,899 | 30.71 | 3,016 | 0.47 | 246,852 | 38.11 | 647,666 | AR | |||||
California | 45 | 4,602,096 | 55.00 | 45 | 3,475,847 | 41.54 | 232,554 | 2.78 | 980 | 0.01 | 1,126,249 | 13.46 | 8,367,862 | CA | |||
Colorado | 7 | 597,189 | 62.61 | 7 | 329,980 | 34.59 | 17,269 | 1.81 | 1,111 | 0.12 | 267,209 | 28.01 | 953,884 | CO | |||
Connecticut | 8 | 810,763 | 58.57 | 8 | 555,498 | 40.13 | 17,239 | 1.25 | 255,265 | 18.44 | 1,384,277 | CT | |||||
Delaware | 3 | 140,357 | 59.60 | 3 | 92,283 | 39.18 | 2,638 | 1.12 | 48,074 | 20.41 | 235,516 | DE | |||||
D.C. | 3 | 35,226 | 21.56 | 127,627 | 78.10 | 3 | −92,401 | −56.54 | 163,421 | DC | |||||||
Florida | 17 | 1,857,759 | 71.91 | 17 | 718,117 | 27.80 | 1,139,642 | 44.12 | 2,583,283 | FL | |||||||
Georgia | 12 | 881,496 | 75.04 | 12 | 289,529 | 24.65 | 812 | 0.07 | 591,967 | 50.39 | 1,174,772 | GA | |||||
Hawaii | 4 | 168,865 | 62.48 | 4 | 101,409 | 37.52 | 67,456 | 24.96 | 270,274 | HI | |||||||
Idaho | 4 | 199,384 | 64.24 | 4 | 80,826 | 26.04 | 28,869 | 9.30 | 118,558 | 38.20 | 310,379 | ID | |||||
Illinois | 26 | 2,788,179 | 59.03 | 26 | 1,913,472 | 40.51 | 2,471 | 0.05 | 874,707 | 18.52 | 4,723,236 | IL | |||||
Indiana | 13 | 1,405,154 | 66.11 | 13 | 708,568 | 33.34 | 696,586 | 32.77 | 2,125,529 | IN | |||||||
Iowa | 8 | 706,207 | 57.61 | 8 | 496,206 | 40.48 | 22,056 | 1.80 | 210,001 | 17.13 | 1,225,944 | IA | |||||
Kansas | 7 | 619,812 | 67.66 | 7 | 270,287 | 29.50 | 21,808 | 2.38 | 349,525 | 38.15 | 916,095 | KS | |||||
Kentucky | 9 | 676,446 | 63.37 | 9 | 371,159 | 34.77 | 17,627 | 1.65 | 305,287 | 28.60 | 1,067,499 | KY | |||||
Louisiana | 10 | 686,852 | 65.32 | 10 | 298,142 | 28.35 | 52,099 | 4.95 | 388,710 | 36.97 | 1,051,491 | LA | |||||
Maine † | 2 | 256,458 | 61.46 | 2 | 160,584 | 38.48 | 117 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.00 | 95,874 | 22.98 | 417,271 | ME | |||
Maine-1 | 1 | 135,388 | 61.42 | 1 | 85,028 | 38.58 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 50,360 | 22.85 | 220,416 | ME1 | |||
Maine-2 | 1 | 121,120 | 61.58 | 1 | 75,556 | 38.42 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 45,564 | 23.17 | 196,676 | ME2 | |||
Maryland | 10 | 829,305 | 61.26 | 10 | 505,781 | 37.36 | 18,726 | 1.38 | 323,524 | 23.90 | 1,353,812 | MD | |||||
Massachusetts | 14 | 1,112,078 | 45.23 | 1,332,540 | 54.20 | 14 | 2,877 | 0.12 | 43 | 0.00 | −220,462 | −8.97 | 2,458,756 | MA | |||
Michigan | 21 | 1,961,721 | 56.20 | 21 | 1,459,435 | 41.81 | 63,321 | 1.81 | 502,286 | 14.39 | 3,490,325 | MI | |||||
Minnesota | 10 | 898,269 | 51.58 | 10 | 802,346 | 46.07 | 31,407 | 1.80 | 95,923 | 5.51 | 1,741,652 | MN | |||||
Mississippi | 7 | 505,125 | 78.20 | 7 | 126,782 | 19.63 | 11,598 | 1.80 | 378,343 | 58.57 | 645,963 | MS | |||||
Missouri | 12 | 1,154,058 | 62.29 | 12 | 698,531 | 37.71 | 455,527 | 24.59 | 1,852,589 | MO | |||||||
Montana | 4 | 183,976 | 57.93 | 4 | 120,197 | 37.85 | 13,430 | 4.23 | 63,779 | 20.08 | 317,603 | MT | |||||
Nebraska | 5 | 406,298 | 70.50 | 5 | 169,991 | 29.50 | 236,307 | 41.00 | 576,289 | NE | |||||||
Nevada | 3 | 115,750 | 63.68 | 3 | 66,016 | 36.32 | 49,734 | 27.36 | 181,766 | NV | |||||||
New Hampshire | 4 | 213,724 | 63.98 | 4 | 116,435 | 34.86 | 3,386 | 1.01 | 97,289 | 29.12 | 334,055 | NH | |||||
New Jersey | 17 | 1,845,502 | 61.57 | 17 | 1,102,211 | 36.77 | 34,378 | 1.15 | 743,291 | 24.80 | 2,997,229 | NJ | |||||
New Mexico | 4 | 235,606 | 61.05 | 4 | 141,084 | 36.56 | 8,767 | 2.27 | 94,522 | 24.49 | 385,931 | NM | |||||
New York | 41 | 4,192,778 | 58.54 | 41 | 2,951,084 | 41.21 | 1,241,694 | 17.34 | 7,161,830 | NY | |||||||
North Carolina | 13 | 1,054,889 | 69.46 | 13 | 438,705 | 28.89 | 25,018 | 1.65 | 616,184 | 40.58 | 1,518,612 | NC | |||||
North Dakota | 3 | 174,109 | 62.07 | 3 | 100,384 | 35.79 | 5,646 | 2.01 | 73,725 | 26.28 | 280,514 | ND | |||||
Ohio | 25 | 2,441,827 | 59.63 | 25 | 1,558,889 | 38.07 | 80,067 | 1.96 | 882,938 | 21.56 | 4,094,787 | OH | |||||
Oklahoma | 8 | 759,025 | 73.70 | 8 | 247,147 | 24.00 | 23,728 | 2.30 | 511,878 | 49.70 | 1,029,900 | OK | |||||
Oregon | 6 | 486,686 | 52.45 | 6 | 392,760 | 42.33 | 46,211 | 4.98 | 93,926 | 10.12 | 927,946 | OR | |||||
Pennsylvania | 27 | 2,714,521 | 59.11 | 27 | 1,796,951 | 39.13 | 70,593 | 1.54 | 917,570 | 19.98 | 4,592,105 | PA | |||||
Rhode Island | 4 | 220,383 | 53.00 | 4 | 194,645 | 46.81 | 25 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.00 | 25,738 | 6.19 | 415,808 | RI | |||
South Carolina | 8 | 478,427 | 70.58 | 8 | 189,270 | 27.92 | 10,166 | 1.50 | 289,157 | 42.66 | 677,880 | SC | |||||
South Dakota | 4 | 166,476 | 54.15 | 4 | 139,945 | 45.52 | 26,531 | 8.63 | 307,415 | SD | |||||||
Tennessee | 10 | 813,147 | 67.70 | 10 | 357,293 | 29.75 | 30,373 | 2.53 | 455,854 | 37.95 | 1,201,182 | TN | |||||
Texas | 26 | 2,298,896 | 66.20 | 26 | 1,154,291 | 33.24 | 7,098 | 0.20 | 1,144,605 | 32.96 | 3,472,714 | TX | |||||
Utah | 4 | 323,643 | 67.64 | 4 | 126,284 | 26.39 | 28,549 | 5.97 | 197,359 | 41.25 | 478,476 | UT | |||||
Vermont | 3 | 117,149 | 62.66 | 3 | 68,174 | 36.47 | 48,975 | 26.20 | 186,947 | VT | |||||||
Virginia | 12 | 988,493 | 67.84 | 11 | 438,887 | 30.12 | 19,721 | 1.35 | 1 | 549,606 | 37.72 | 1,457,019 | VA | ||||
Washington | 9 | 837,135 | 56.92 | 9 | 568,334 | 38.64 | 58,906 | 4.00 | 1,537 | 0.10 | 268,801 | 18.28 | 1,470,847 | WA | |||
West Virginia | 6 | 484,964 | 63.61 | 6 | 277,435 | 36.39 | 207,529 | 27.22 | 762,399 | WV | |||||||
Wisconsin | 11 | 989,430 | 53.40 | 11 | 810,174 | 43.72 | 47,525 | 2.56 | 179,256 | 9.67 | 1,852,890 | WI | |||||
Wyoming | 3 | 100,464 | 69.01 | 3 | 44,358 | 30.47 | 748 | 0.51 | 56,106 | 38.54 | 145,570 | WY | |||||
TOTALS: | 538 | 47,168,710 | 60.67 | 520 | 29,173,222 | 37.52 | 17 | 1,100,868 | 1.42 | 0 | 3,674 | 0.00 | 1 | 17,995,488 | 23.15 | 77,744,027 | US |
For the first time since 1828 Maine allowed its electoral votes to be split between candidates. Two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote to the winner of each congressional district. This was the first time the Congressional District Method had been used since Michigan used it in 1892. Nixon won all four votes.[51]
Close states[edit]
States where margin of victory was more than 5 percentage points, but less than 10 percentage points (43 electoral votes):
|
Tipping point states:
- Ohio, 21.56% (882,938 votes) (tipping point for a Nixon victory)
- Maine-1, 22.85% (50,360 votes) (tipping point for a McGovern victory)[52]
Statistics[edit]
Counties with highest percentage of the vote (Republican)
- Dade County, Georgia 93.45%
- Glascock County, Georgia 93.38%
- George County, Mississippi 92.90%
- Holmes County, Florida 92.51%
- Smith County, Mississippi 92.35%
Counties with highest percentage of the vote (Democratic)
- Duval County, Texas 85.68%
- Washington, D. C. 78.10%
- Shannon County, South Dakota 77.34%
- Greene County, Alabama 68.32%
- Charles City County, Virginia 67.84%
Counties with highest percentage of the vote (Other)
- Jefferson County, Idaho 27.51%
- Lemhi County, Idaho 19.77%
- Fremont County, Idaho 19.32%
- Bonneville County, Idaho 18.97%
- Madison County, Idaho 17.04%
Voter demographics[edit]
Nixon won 36 percent of the Democratic vote, according to an exit poll conducted for CBS News by George Fine Research, Inc.[53] This represents more than twice the percentage of voters who typically defect from their party in presidential elections. Nixon also became the first Republican presidential candidate in American history to win the Roman Catholic vote (53–46), and the first in recent history to win the blue-collar vote, which he won by a 5-to-4 margin. McGovern narrowly won the union vote (50–48), though this difference was within the survey's margin of error of 2 percentage points. McGovern also narrowly won the youth vote (i. e., those aged 18 to 24) 52–46, a narrower margin than many of his strategists had predicted. Early on, the McGovern campaign also significantly over-estimated the number of young people who would vote in the election: They predicted that 18 million would have voted in total, but exit polls indicate that the actual number was about 12 million. McGovern did win comfortably among both African-American and Jewish voters, but by somewhat smaller margins than usual for a Democratic candidate.[53]
Post-election investigations into the Watergate break-in[edit]
On June 17, 1972, five months before election day, five men broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel in Washington, D. C.; the resulting investigation led to the revelation of attempted cover-ups of the break-in within the Nixon administration. What became known as the Watergate scandal eroded President Nixon's public and political support in his second term, and he resigned on August 9, 1974, in the face of probable impeachment by the House of Representatives and removal from office by the Senate.
As part of the continuing Watergate investigation in 1974–1975, federal prosecutors offered companies that had given illegal campaign contributions to President Nixon's re-election campaign lenient sentences if they came forward.[54] Many companies complied, including Northrop Grumman, 3M, American Airlines, and Braniff Airlines.[54] By 1976, prosecutors had convicted 18 American corporations of contributing illegally to Nixon's campaign.[54]
See also[edit]
- 1972 United States House of Representatives elections
- 1972 United States Senate elections
- 1972 United States gubernatorial elections
- George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign
- Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
- Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72, a collection of articles by Hunter S. Thompson on the subject of the election, focusing on the McGovern campaign.
Explanatory notes[edit]
- ^ Thomas Eagleton had originally been nominated as McGovern's running mate; however, Eagleton withdrew on August 1 and was subsequently replaced by Shriver.
- ^ A faithless Republican elector voted for the Libertarian ticket: Hospers–Nathan
- ^ These were North Slope Borough, plus Bethel, Kusilvak and Hoonah-Angoon Census Areas
- ^ McGovern failed to carry a single county in Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont or Wyoming
- ^ McGovern carried only one county-equivalent in Arizona (Greenlee), Illinois (Jackson), Louisiana (West Feliciana Parish), Maine (Androscoggin), Maryland (Baltimore City), North Dakota (Rolette), Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Virginia (Charles City), and West Virginia (Logan)
- ^ McGovern carried just two counties in Colorado, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio and Washington State
- ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 also obtained a plurality in Presidio County
- ^ In Arizona, Pima and Yavapai counties had a confusing ballot that resulted in many voters voting for both a major party candidate, and six individual Socialist Workers Party presidential electors. Technically, these were overvotes, and should not have counted for either the major party candidates or the Socialist Workers Party electors. Within two days of the election, the Attorney General and Pima County Attorney had agreed that all votes should count. The Socialist Workers Party had not qualified as a party, and thus did not have a presidential candidate. In the official state canvass, votes for Nixon, McGovern, or Schmitz, are shown as being for the presidential candidate, the party, and the elector slate of the party; while those for the Socialist Worker Party elector candidates were for those candidates only. In the view of the Secretary of State, the votes were not for Linda Jenness. Some tabulations count the votes for Jenness. Historically, presidential candidate names did not appear on ballots, and voters voted directly for the electors. Nonetheless, votes for the electors are attributed to the presidential candidate. Counting the votes in Arizona for Jenness is consistent with this practice. Because of the confusing ballots, Socialist Workers Party electors received votes on about 21 percent and 8 percent of ballots in Pima and Yavapai, respectively. 30,579 of the party's 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties.
- ^ A Virginia faithless elector, Roger MacBride, though pledged to vote for Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew, instead voted for Libertarian candidates John Hospers and Theodora "Tonie" Nathan.
Citations[edit]
- ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ^ Emig, David (November 7, 2009). "My Morris Moment »".
- ^ "New Hampshire Primary historical past election results. 2008 Democrat & Republican past results. John McCain, Hillary Clinton winners". Primarynewhampshire.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
- ^ "R Primaries Race – Mar 07, 1972". US President. Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ a b Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 52. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ "CQ Almanac Online Edition". Library.cqpress.com. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
- ^ "Hawai'i, nation lose "a powerful voice" | The Honolulu Advertiser | Hawaii's Newspaper". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
- ^ Jack Anderson (June 4, 1971). "Don't count out Ted Kennedy". The Free Lance–Star. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
- ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 298. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ "Muskie, Edmund Sixtus, (1914–1996)". United States Congress.
- ^ a b Mitchell, Robert (February 9, 2020). "The Democrat who cried (maybe) in New Hampshire and lost the presidential nomination". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ "Remembering Ed Muskie Archived April 27, 1999, at the Wayback Machine", Online NewsHour, PBS, March 26, 1996.[dead link]
- ^ R. W. Apple, Jr. (January 18, 1971). "McGovern Enters '72 Race, Pledging Troop Withdrawal" (fee required). The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
- ^ Jo Freeman (February 2005). "Shirley Chisholm's 1972 Presidential Campaign". University of Illinois at Chicago Women's History Project. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015.
- ^ Robert D. Novak (2008). The Prince of Darkness: 50 Years Reporting in Washington. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 225. ISBN 9781400052004.
- ^ Nancy L. Cohen (2012). Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America. Counterpoint Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9781619020689.
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "United States presidential election of 1972". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
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- ^ "D Primary Race – Mar 21, 1972". IL US President. Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ "More Muskie Support". New York Times. January 15, 1972. Retrieved September 27, 2008.
- ^ a b "Stephen M. Young". Candidate. Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ a b "Gertrude W. Donahey". Candidate. Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ "D Primary Race – May 2, 1972". OH US President. Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Friedan, Betty (August 1, 2006). Life So Far: A Memoir – Google Books. ISBN 978-0-7432-9986-2. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ "POV – Chisholm '72 . Video: Gloria Steinem reflects on Chisholm's legacy". PBS. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Covington, Howard E.; Ellis, Marion A. (1999). Terry Sanford: politics, progress ... – Google Books. ISBN 978-0-8223-2356-3. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ "D Convention Race – Jul 10, 1972". US President. Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ a b "Introducing... the McGovern Machine". Time Magazine. July 24, 1972. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "All Politics: CNN Time. "All The Votes...Really"". Cnn.com. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ "A Guide to the Frances Tarlton Farenthold Papers, 1913–2013", Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
- ^ Garofoli, Joe (March 26, 2008). "Obama bounces back – speech seemed to help". Sfgate.com. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ McGovern, George S., Grassroots: The Autobiography of George McGovern, New York: Random House, 1977, pp. 214–215
- ^ McGovern, George S., Terry: My Daughter's Life-and-Death Struggle with Alcoholism, New York: Random House, 1996, pp. 97
- ^ Marano, Richard Michael, Vote Your Conscience: The Last Campaign of George McGovern, Praeger Publishers, 2003, pp. 7
- ^ The Washington Post, "George McGovern & the Coldest Plunge", Paul Hendrickson, September 28, 1983
- ^ The New York Times, "'Trashing' Candidates" (op-ed), George McGovern, May 11, 1983
- ^ Liebovich, Louis (2003). Richard Nixon, Watergate, and the Press: A Historical Retrospective. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 53. ISBN 9780275979157.
- ^ Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868–2004, p. 100 ISBN 0786422173
- ^ Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920–1964; pp. 339, 343 ISBN 0405077114
- ^ a b "Libertarians trying to escape obscurity". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. December 30, 1973. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
- ^ Feinman, Ronald (September 2, 2016). "Donald Trump Could Be On Way To Worst Major Party Candidate Popular Vote Percentage Since William Howard Taft In 1912 And John W. Davis In 1924!". The Progressive Professor. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
- ^ Jesse Walker (July 2008). "The Age of Nixon: Rick Perlstein on the left, the right, the '60s, and the illusion of consensus". Reason. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ a b c Sullivan, Robert David; 'How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century'; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- ^ Menendez, Albert J.; The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868–2004, p. 98 ISBN 0786422173
- ^ "New York Intelligencer". New York. Vol. 6, no. 35. New York Media, LLC. August 27, 1973. p. 57. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
- ^ Lukas, J. Anthony (January 14, 1973). "As Massachusetts went—". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
- ^ "Exit Polls – Election Results 2008". The New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
- ^ Leip, David. "1972 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
- ^ "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2005.
- ^ a b "1972 Presidential General Election Data — National". Retrieved March 18, 2013.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Matthews, Douglas; Ujifusa, Grant (1973). The Almanac of American Politics, 1974. National Journal.
- ^ Leip, David "How close were U.S. Presidential Elections?", Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved: January 24, 2013.
- ^ a b Rosenthal, Jack (November 9, 1972). "Desertion Rate Doubles". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ a b c Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 31. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
Bibliography and further reading[edit]
- Giglio, James N. (2009). "The Eagleton Affair: Thomas Eagleton, George McGovern, and the 1972 Vice Presidential Nomination". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 39 (4): 647–676. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2009.03731.x.
- Graebner, Norman A. (1973). "Presidential Politics in a Divided America: 1972". Australian Journal of Politics and History. 19 (1): 28–47. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1973.tb00722.x.
- Hofstetter, C. Richard; Zukin, Cliff (1979). "TV Network News and Advertising in the Nixon and McGovern Campaigns". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 56 (1): 106–152. doi:10.1177/107769907905600117. S2CID 144048423.
- Nicholas, H. G. (1973). "The 1972 Elections". Journal of American Studies. 7 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0021875800012585.
- White, Theodore H. (1973). The Making of the President, 1972. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-10553-3.
- Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: Volume I. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852 (1947).
- Rayback, Joseph G. Free Soil: The Election of 1848. (1970).
- Silbey, Joel H. Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 (2009). 205 pp.
Primary sources[edit]
- Chester, Edward W. (1977). A guide to political platforms.
- Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1972 (1973)
External links[edit]
- The Election Wall's 1972 Election Video Page
- 1972 popular vote by counties
- 1972 popular vote by states
- 1972 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)
- How close was the 1972 election? at the Wayback Machine (archived August 25, 2012) — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Campaign commercials from the 1972 election
- C-SPAN segment on 1972 campaign commercials
- C-SPAN segment on the "Eagleton Affair"
- Election of 1972 in Counting the Votes