DSV Alvin
![]() Alvin in 1978, a year after first exploring hydrothermal vents. The rack hanging at the bow holds sample containers.
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History | |
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Name | Alvin |
Namesake | Allyn Vine |
Operator | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution |
Builder | Litton Systems |
Acquired | 26 May 1964 |
In service | 5 June 1964 |
Status | in active service, as of 2020[ref] |
General characteristics [1] | |
Type | Deep-submergence vehicle |
Tonnage | 17 t (17 long tons) |
Length | 7.1 m (23 ft 4 in) |
Beam | 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) |
Height | 3.7 m (12 ft 2 in) |
Draft | 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) |
Speed | 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) |
Range | 5 km (3.1 mi) |
Endurance | 72 hours with 3 crew |
Test depth | 6,500 m (21,300 ft) |
Capacity | 680 kg (1,500 lb) payload |
Crew | 3 (1 pilot, 2 scientific observers) |
Alvin (DSV-2) is a crewed deep-ocean research submersible owned by the United States Navy and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The vehicle was built by General Mills' Electronics Group[2] in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Named to honor the prime mover and creative inspiration for the vehicle, Allyn Vine, Alvin was commissioned on 5 June 1964. The submersible is launched from the deep submergence support vessel RV Atlantis (AGOR-25), which is also owned by the U.S. Navy and operated by WHOI. The submersible has made more than 5,000 dives, carrying two scientists and a pilot, to observe the lifeforms that must cope with super-pressures and move about in total darkness, as well as exploring the wreck of Titanic. Research conducted by Alvin has been featured in nearly 2,000 scientific papers.
Design[edit]
Alvin was designed as a replacement for bathyscaphes and other less maneuverable oceanographic vehicles. Its more nimble design was made possible in part by the development of syntactic foam, which is buoyant and yet strong enough to serve as a structural material at great depths.
The vessel weighs 17 tons. It allows for two scientists and one pilot to dive for up to nine hours at 4,500 meters (14,800 ft). The submersible features two robotic arms and can be fitted with mission-specific sampling and experimental gear. The plug hatch of the vessel is 0.48 m (1 ft 7 in) in diameter and somewhat thicker than the 2-inch (51 mm) thick titanium sphere pressure hull;[1] it is held in place by the pressure of the water above it.
In an emergency, if Alvin were stuck underwater with occupants inside, the outer body, or cladding, of the submersible could be released and discarded using controls inside the hull. The titanium sphere would then rise to the surface uncontrolled.
Harold E. Froehlich was one of the principal designers of Alvin.[3]
History[edit]
Early career[edit]
Alvin, first of its ship class of deep submergence vehicle (DSV), was built to dive to 2,440 meters (8,010 ft). Each of the Alvin-class DSVs have different depth capabilities. However Alvin is the only one seconded to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with the others staying with the United States Navy.
Alvin's first deep sea tests took place off Andros Island, the Bahamas, where it made a successful 12-hour, uncrewed tethered 7,500-foot (2,300 m) test dive. On 20 July 1965 Alvin made its first 6,000-foot (1,800 m) crewed dive for the Navy to obtain certification.[2] On 17 March 1966, Alvin was used to locate a submerged 1.45-megaton hydrogen bomb lost in a United States Air Force midair accident over Palomares, Spain. The bomb, found resting nearly 910 m (2,990 ft) deep, was raised intact on 7 April. On 6 July 1967, the Alvin was attacked by a swordfish during dive 202. The swordfish became trapped in the Alvin's skin, and the Alvin was forced to make an emergency surface. The attack took place at 2,000 feet (610 m) below the surface. The fish was recovered at the surface and cooked for dinner.[2] During Dive 209, on 24 September 1968 Alvin found an F6F Hellcat, #42782, 125 miles southeast of Nantucket.[4] The aircraft had ditched 30 September 1944 during carrier qualifications; the pilot survived.[2]
Sinking[edit]
Alvin, aboard the Navy tender ship Lulu, was lost as it was being transported on 16 October 1968. Lulu, a vessel created from a pair of decommissioned U.S. Navy pontoon boats with a support structure added on, was lowering Alvin over the side when two steel cables snapped. There were three crew members aboard Alvin at the time, and the hatch was open. Situated between the pontoons with no deck underneath, Alvin hit the water and rapidly began to sink. The three crew members managed to escape, but Alvin flooded and sank in 1,500 m (4,900 ft) of water in the Atlantic Ocean at approximately 39°53′30″N 069°15′30″W / 39.89167°N 69.25833°W, about 88 nautical miles (101 miles; 163 km) south of Nantucket Island.[5]
Severe weather prevented the recovery of Alvin throughout late 1968, but it was photographed at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean in June 1969 by a sled towed by USS Mizar. Alvin was found to be upright and appeared intact except for damage to the stern. It was decided to attempt recovery; although no object of Alvin's size had ever been recovered from a depth of 5,000 feet (1,500 m), recovery was "deemed to be within the state of the art". In August 1969, the Aluminaut, a DSV built by Reynolds Metals Company, descended to Alvin but had trouble attaching the required lines, and side effects from Hurricane Camille were producing worsening weather, causing the team to return to Woods Hole to regroup. The second attempt started on 27 August, and Aluminaut was able to secure a line and safety slings on Alvin, and wrapped a prefabricated nylon net around its hull, allowing it to be hauled up by Mizar. Alvin was towed, submerged at 40 feet (12 m), at a speed of 2 knots (3.7 km/h), back to Woods Hole.[5]
Post-sinking career[edit]
In 1973, Alvin's pressure hull was replaced by a newer titanium pressure hull. The new hull extended the submersible's depth rating.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge[edit]
With a new, stronger pressure hull Alvin could now reach the floor of the rift valley of this seafloor spreading center. In the summer of 1974 American and French scientists joined in Project FAMOUS to explore the creation of new sea floor at this spreading center.[6][7] The French provided submersibles Archimède and CYANA. A total of forty-four dives were completed that succeeded in defining the crustal accretion zone[8] in the floor of the rift valley.[9]
Hydrothermal vents[edit]
Marine geologists using Alvin in the Pacific Ocean discovered deep-sea hydrothermal vents and associated biologic communities during two expeditions to ocean spreading centers. In 1977 scientists in Alvin discovered low temperature (~20 °C) vents on the Galapagos spreading center east of those same islands.[10] During the RISE expedition in 1979 scientists using Alvin discovered high temperature vents (380 °C) popularly known as ‘black smokers’ on the crest of the East Pacific Rise at 21° N.[11] These discoveries revealed deep-sea ecosystems that exist without sunlight and are based on chemosynthesis.[10]
Exploration of RMS Titanic[edit]
Most famously, Alvin was involved in the exploration of the wreckage of RMS Titanic in 1986. Launched from her support ship RV Atlantis II, she carried Dr. Robert Ballard and two companions to the wreckage of the great liner. Titanic sank in 1912 after striking an iceberg while crossing the North Atlantic Ocean on her maiden voyage.
Alvin, accompanied by a small remotely operated vehicle (ROV) named Jason Jr., was able to conduct detailed photographic surveys and inspections of Titanic's wreckage. Many of the photographs of the expedition have been published in the magazine of the National Geographic Society which was a major sponsor of the expedition.
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution team involved in the Titanic expedition also explored the wreck of the USS Scorpion (SSN-589), a Skipjack-class submarine armed with nuclear torpedoes, which sank off the coast of the Azores in 1968 in uncertain circumstances. Alvin obtained photographic and other environmental monitoring data from the remains of Scorpion.
Recent overhauls[edit]
Over the years, Alvin has undergone many overhauls to improve its equipment and extend its lifetime. In 2001, among other equipment, motor controllers and computer systems were added. The current Alvin is the same as the original vessel in name and general design only. All components of the vessel, including the frame and personnel sphere, have been replaced at least once: see Ship of Theseus. Alvin is completely disassembled every three to five years for a complete inspection.[12] A new robotic arm was added in 2006.
Recent work[edit]
In June 2008 construction started on a stronger and slightly larger personnel sphere which may be used to upgrade Alvin (for use from 2011), before being used in an entirely new vehicle.[13] The new sphere was designed, and then forged, from solid titanium ingots, in two equal halves, at Ladish Forge, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and then the 15.5 tonnes of titanium was machined and assembled, utilizing five view ports (instead of the current three) and is designed for depths of over 6,000 m (20,000 ft), where Alvin's constructed depth limit was 4,500 m (14,800 ft).[14] This, along with a general upgrade of support systems, instruments and materials, will allow Alvin to reach 98% of the ocean floor.[15] After one last dive to assess damage to the Gulf of Mexico's seafloor after the Deepwater Horizon disaster, Alvin was refitted starting January 2011, with an expected return to the ocean in 2012 and full depth potential achieved in 2014.[16]
2014 overhaul[edit]
In early 2014, an extensively refitted Alvin started verification testing in the Gulf of Mexico. Featuring new cameras, lighting, and a larger titanium personnel sphere, this new Alvin is the result of a three-and-a-half-year effort to bring the sub to new depths.[17] In March and April 2014, Alvin was used to explore the site of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[18]
Current status[edit]
As of early 2021 Alvin is in active service with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. The research ship RV Atlantis serves as her support ship.
Awards[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2021) |
- National Defense Service Medal with 2 stars (3 awards)
- Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
Operation[edit]
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
Alvin uses four 208-pound (94 kg) steel weights (~1.7 cubic feet of steel) to provide negative buoyancy for the trip to the ocean floor. Alvin contains a ballast and trim system, but the steel weights allow deep dives to be achieved more rapidly. These weights are jettisoned on each dive and left at the bottom.[19][20]
![](http://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20220321092343im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ALVIN_Panorama.jpg/800px-ALVIN_Panorama.jpg)
See also[edit]
- Black smoker
- Deep-submergence vehicle – Deep-diving crewed submarine that is self-propelled
- Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
- RISE project
- Jack Corliss – Geochemical oceanographer, discoverer of geothermal vent life, origin of life investigator
- Bruce P. Luyendyk – American geophysicist and oceanographer (born 1943)
- Kenneth C. Macdonald – American oceanographer (born 1947)
- Fred Spiess – American marine biologist
Alvin-class DSV[edit]
- Turtle (DSV-3) – US Navy crewed deep-ocean research submersible
- Sea Cliff (DSV-4) – US Navy crewed deep-ocean research submersible
- Nemo (DSV-5) – Submersible used by the United States Navy
Other deep submergence vehicles[edit]
- Aluminaut – First aluminium hulled submarine
- Trieste – Deep sea scientific submersible
- Trieste II (DSV-1)
- SP-350 Denise – French two-person submarine
- Jiaolong – Chinese crewed deep-sea research submersible
- DSRV-1 Mystic – US Navy deep-submergence rescue vehicle
- DSRV-2 Avalon – Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle
- NR-1 – Experimental nuclear submarine
- MIR 1 and MIR 2 – Self-propelled deep submergence vehicle
- Nautile – Crewed submersible owned by Ifremer
- Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle – Three person research deep-submergence vehicles
- Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe – Class of bathyscaphe of the People's Republic of China
- Dragon class bathyscaphe – Class of bathyscaphe of the People's Republic of China
- Harmony class bathyscaphe – Class of bathyscaphe of the People's Republic of China
- DSV Shinkai 6500 – Japanese crewed research submersible that can dive up to a depth of 6,500 metres
- Shinkai 2000 – Japanese crewed research submersible
- Deepsea Challenger – Bathyscaphe designed to reach the bottom of Challenger Deep
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b "Alvin Specifications". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ a b c d "History of Alvin". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 1 December 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
- ^ Pearce, Jeremy (26 May 2007). "Harold Froehlich, 84, Dies; Designed Deep-Sea Minisub". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ "F6F 42782 - Luftwaffe and Allied Air Forces Discussion Forum". forum.12oclockhigh.net. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- ^ a b Anonymous, SALVOPS 69, Washington, D.C.:Department of the Navy Naval Ship Systes Command, 1969, pp. 1–18. Archived 24 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Heirtzler, J. R.; Van Andel, Tjeerd H. (1 April 1977). "Project FAMOUS: Its origin, programs, and setting". GSA Bulletin. 88 (4): 481–487. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<481:pfiopa>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
- ^ Heirtzler, James R.; Le Pichon, Xavier (1 June 1974). "FAMOUS: A Plate Tectonics Study of the Genesis of the Lithosphere". Geology. 2 (6): 273–274. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<273:faptso>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
- ^ Luyendyk, Ken C.; Macdonald, Ken C. Bruce P. (1 June 1976). "Spreading center terms and concepts". Geology. 4 (6): 369–370. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<369:sctac>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
- ^ Moore, James G.; Fleming, Henry S.; Phillips, Joseph D. (1 September 1974). "Preliminary Model for Extrusion and Rifting at the Axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 36°48′ North". Geology. 2 (9): 437–440. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<437:pmfear>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
- ^ a b Corliss, John B.; Dymond, Jack; Gordon, Louis I.; Edmond, John M.; von Herzen, Richard P.; Ballard, Robert D.; Green, Kenneth; Williams, David; Bainbridge, Arnold (16 March 1979). "Submarine Thermal Springs on the Galápagos Rift". Science. 203 (4385): 1073–1083. doi:10.1126/science.203.4385.1073. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17776033.
- ^ Spiess, F. N.; Macdonald, K. C.; Atwater, T.; Ballard, R.; Carranza, A.; Cordoba, D.; Cox, C.; Garcia, V. M. D.; Francheteau, J. (28 March 1980). "East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments". Science. 207 (4438): 1421–1433. doi:10.1126/science.207.4438.1421. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17779602.
- ^ "Human Occupied Vehicle Alvin". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ Broad, William J. (26 August 2008). "Forging a new sphere". The New York Times. p. F1.
- ^ Borel, Brooke, "Alvin Redux", Popular Science, March 2013
- ^ Hsu, Jeremy (16 December 2010). "Upgraded Sub Could Reach 98 Percent of Ocean Deep". OurAmazingPlanet.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ Amos, Jonathan (16 December 2010). "Ocean science giant Alvin set for upgrade". BBC News. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ Lippsett, Lonny (13 March 2014). "Not Your Grandfather's Cadillac". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ Juhasz, Antonia (1 April 2014), "The Deepwater Horizon Spill, Four Years On", Harper's
- ^ deGruy, Mike (18 November 1999). "Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center – Expedition Log". marinetech.org. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ Nevala, Amy E. (3 August 2005). "Alvin's Pilots". Oceanus. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
References[edit]
- Kaharl, Victoria A. (1 October 1990). Water Baby: The Story of Alvin. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-506191-8.
- Kunzig, Robert (1 March 1999). The Restless Sea: Exploring the World Beneath the Waves (1st ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04562-5.
External links[edit]
Media related to Alvin (DSV-2) at Wikimedia Commons
- WHOI's Alvin pages