1260s
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The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.
Events
1260
By place[edit]
Africa[edit]
- October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.[1][2]
- The civil servant and bard longing for lost al-Andalus, Ibn al-Abbar, is burnt at the stake by the Marinid ruler.[3]
Asia[edit]
- The Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, for the title of Great Khan.[4]
- May 5 – Kublai Khan becomes a claimant to the Mongol Empire, after the death of Möngke Khan.[4]
- May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song Dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangtze River is destroyed, by a Chinese army of the Southern Song Dynasty. Chancellor Jia Sidao imprisons the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song, due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq Böke.[citation needed]
- September 3 – Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee: The Mamluks defeat the Mongols, marking their first decisive defeat, and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire. Isa ibn Muhanna is appointed amir al-ʿarab under the Mamluks.[5][6]
- The Chinese era Jingding begins and ends in the Southern Song Dynasty of China.[7]
- The Japanese Shōgen era ends, and the Bun'ō era begins.[8][9]
Europe[edit]
- July 12 – Battle of Kressenbrunn: King Ottokar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Béla IV of Hungary.[10]
- July 13 – Livonian Crusade: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decisively defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Durbe. This leads the Estonians of Saaremaa Island to once again rebel against the Livonian Order.[11]
- September 4 – Battle of Montaperti: The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs.[12][13]
- September 20 – Second of the two major Prussian uprisings by the Old Prussian tribe of Balts against the Teutonic Order begins.
- The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.[14]
- War breaks out in the Valais (in modern-day Switzerland), as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.[citation needed]
- Croatia is divided into two sub-regions ruled by ban: the Croatian region on the south and Slavonian region on the north, by King Béla IV of Hungary.[15][16]
By topic[edit]
Arts and culture[edit]
- October 24 – The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France (the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).[17]
- Jacobus de Voragine compiles his work, the Golden Legend, a late medieval best-seller.[18][19]
- The mosaic Christ between the Virgin and St Minias is made on the facade of Florence's Basilica di San Miniato al Monte.[20]
- German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes Ars Cantus Mensurabilis, in which he advances a new theory of musical notation, in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.[21][22]
- Construction begins on the Dunkeld Cathedral in Perthshire, Scotland.[23]
- Construction begins on the cathedrals at Meißen and Schwerin.[24]
- Nicola Pisano sculpts the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistery.[25]
Religion[edit]
- The newly formed Sukhothai Kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.[26]
- The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted by Joachim of Fiore, according to his interpretation of the Book of Revelation, chapter 6.[27]
1261
- January – Pope Alexander IV prohibits the Flagellants.
- March 13 – The Treaty of Nymphaeum, directed against the Latin Empire of Constantinople, is signed between the Republic of Genoa and the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.[28]
- June 12 – King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull releasing him from his oath to maintain the Provisions of Oxford, setting the stage for the Second Barons' War (1263–1267).[29]
- July 4 – Baybars becomes the new Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.[28]
- July 23 – Battle of Callann: The Normans, under John FitzGerald, 1st Baron Desmond, are defeated by the Gaelic forces of Fínghin Mac Carthaigh, King of Desmond.[30]
- July 25 – Reconquest of Constantinople by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, thus ending the Latin Empire and re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.[28]
- August 15 – The Nicaean ruler Michael VIII Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople.[28]
- August 29 – Pope Urban IV succeeds Pope Alexander IV as the 182nd pope, the last man to do so without being a cardinal first.
- December 25 – The 11-year-old John IV Laskaris is blinded by order of his cousin and nominal co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire, Michael VIII Palaiologos, in Nicaea to render him ineligible for the throne, and he is exiled.
- The population of Greenland accepts the overlordship of the King of Norway.
- Livonian Crusade: The Estonian rebellion on Saaremaa Island is forced down by the Livonian Order.
- The Japanese Bun'ō era ends, and the Kōchō era begins.
- Baibars reestablishes the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo.
- Béla IV of Hungary repels a Tatar invasion.
- Kublai Khan, who became a Khagan claimant in the previous year, releases 75 Song dynasty Chinese merchants from captivity, after they had been captured along the border of his Empire and the Southern Song dynasty of China. This is an act to increase his reputation amongst the Chinese, shore up his legitimacy as a just ruler, and to gain more defectors from the Southern Song dynasty.
- The Convent of Wurmsbach is established in Switzerland.
- The earliest extant Chinese illustration of "Pascal's triangle" is from Yang Hui's book Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa, published this year, although knowledge of it existed in China by at least 1100.
1262
By area[edit]
Asia[edit]
- King Mangrai of the Lanna Kingdom (present day Northern Thailand, Shan State and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture) founds the city of Chiang Rai, as the kingdom's capital.
Europe[edit]
- King Mindaugas of Lithuania renounces Christianity, returning to his pagan roots, and reverting to Grand Duke of Lithuania.
- The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into the Old Covenant (Gissurarsáttmáli), establishing a union with Norway, and acknowledges King Haakon IV of Norway as its ruler.
- March 8 – Battle of Hausbergen. Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
By topic[edit]
Arts and culture[edit]
- Adam de la Halle writes the first operetta, "Le Jeu de la Feuillee".
Markets[edit]
- The Venetian Senate starts consolidating all of the city's outstanding debt into a single fund, later known as the Monte Vecchio. The holders of the newly created prestiti are promised a 5% annual coupon. These claims can be sold, and quickly (before 1320) give rise to the first recorded secondary market for financial assets, in medieval Europe.[31]
Religion[edit]
- Richard of Chichester is canonized as a saint; he is best known for authoring the prayer later adapted into the song Day by Day, in the musical Godspell.
1263
By area[edit]
Europe[edit]
=Northern and eastern Europe=
- July – Scottish–Norwegian War: Haakon IV of Norway sets sail to defend the Hebrides, against Alexander III of Scotland.
- October 2 – Battle of Largs: an inconclusive battle in the Scottish–Norwegian War fought in Scotland, between kings Haakon IV of Norway and Alexander III of Scotland.
- Mindaugas, the only Christian king of Lithuania, is assassinated by his cousin Treniota.
- The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to the King of Norway, bringing a more complete end to the Icelandic Commonwealth and the Age of the Sturlungs.
- Hulagu Khan is defeated in an attempted invasion, north of the Caucasus.
- Based on Magdeburg Law, Żnin (Poland) is given city rights.
=Mediterranean=
- First half of the year – Battle of Settepozzi: A Venetian fleet defeats a superior Genoese-Byzantine fleet.
- King James I of Aragon conquers Crevillente, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista.
- Alfonso X of Castile conquers Niebla from Ibn Mahfuz, thus terminating any Muslim presence in the western part of the peninsula.[32]
- Genoa captures the city of Chania on Crete, from the Venetians.
By topic[edit]
Arts and culture[edit]
- The Savoy Palace is constructed in London by Peter II, Count of Savoy.
Education[edit]
- Balliol College, Oxford is founded by John I de Balliol.
Markets[edit]
- Edward, heir to the throne of England, seizes £10,000, which had been deposited to the trust of the Knights Templar in London, by foreign merchants and English magnates.[33]
- The Bonsignori firm gains the full market of the transfer of fiscal revenue, from the papal estates to Rome.[34]
Religion[edit]
- Nahmanides, chief rabbi of Catalonia, defends the Talmud in an important disputation against Pablo Christiani, before King James I of Aragon.
- The doctrines of theologian Joachim of Fiore are condemned as heresy by the Roman Catholic Church, at a synod in Arles.
1264
By area[edit]
Asia[edit]
- The Toluid Civil War ends: Kublai Khan defeats his brother and pretender to the title of Khagan, or Khan of Khans, Ariq Boke, who surrenders to Kublai and is summarily imprisoned. He dies a year later under mysterious circumstances, possibly by poisoning, but the cause of death is still uncertain. However, this battle essentially marks the end of a unified Mongol Empire.
- Kublai Khan decides to move his capital, from Shangdu in Inner Mongolia, to the Chinese city of Dadu (now Beijing).
- Kublai Khan publicly reprimands his own officers, for executing two Song Dynasty Chinese generals without trial or investigation. This act is one of many in order to enhance his reputation amongst the Chinese, to increase his legitimacy as a just ruler, and win over more defectors from the Southern Song.
- The Japanese era Kōchō ends, and the Bun'ei era begins.
Europe[edit]
- January 23 – King Louis IX of France issues the Mise of Amiens, a settlement between King Henry III of England and barons led by Simon de Montfort, heavily favouring the former, which leads to the Second Barons' War, a civil war in England, when Henry returns to his kingdom.[35]
- April – Targeting of Jews during the conflict with the Barons in England: Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury;[36] at about the same time, another of de Montfort's followers, John fitz John, leads a massacre of Jews in London.[37]
- May 14 – Battle of Lewes, between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex. By the end of the battle, de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his son, future King Edward I, making de Montfort the "uncrowned king of England" for 15 months, before Edward escapes captivity and recaptures the throne.
- June 17 – A fire destroys many of the wooden houses in the English city of Gloucester.[38]
- June 18 – The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitely known meeting of this Irish legislature.
- August 5 – Anti-Jewish riots break out in Arnstadt (modern-day Germany).
- August 8 – Mudéjar revolt: Muslim rebel forces take the Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera after defeating the Castilian garrison.
- August 14 – After tricking the Venetian galley fleet into sailing east to the Levant, the Genoese capture an entire Venetian trade convoy at the Battle of Saseno.[39]
- October 9 – Mudéjar revolt: King Alfonso X of Castile "the Wise" recaptures the town of Jerez de la Frontera from the Muslim rebels.
- In Spain, King James I of Aragon reconquers the cities of Orihuela in Alicante and Elx in Valencia from the Moors, ending over 500 years of Islamic rule.[citation needed]
- The War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264) ends with the state of Hesse gaining its independence from Thuringia and becoming a free state of the Holy Roman Empire.
- High Duke Boleslaus V of Poland promulgates legal protection for his Jewish subjects, including protection from the kidnapping and forcible baptism of Jewish children.
- In the Peerage of England, the title Baron de Ros, the oldest continuously held peerage title in England, is created by writ of summons.
- Sinucello della Rocca becomes lord of Corsica and rules the island, benefiting from the rivalry of Pisa and Genoa.[40]
- A dynastic conflict between Béla IV of Hungary and his son Younger King Stephen escalates into a large-scale civil war in the last months of the year.[41]
By topic[edit]
Education[edit]
- September 14 – Walter de Merton formally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton (later Merton College, Oxford), to provide education in Malden and the University of Oxford.
Religion[edit]
- August 11 – By the Bull Transiturus, Pope Urban IV declares the Feast of Corpus Christi to be celebrated by the entire Catholic Church.
- In Barcelona, a commission of Dominicans censors portions of the Talmud for the first time, by ordering the cancellation of passages found reprehensible from a Christian point of view.
- Thomas Aquinas completes his theological work Summa contra Gentiles (traditional dating).
1265
By topic[edit]
War and politics[edit]
- January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.[42]
- March – End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265), Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army at the Battle of Isaszeg.[43]
- May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.[44]
- June 18 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno[45]
- August 4 – Second Barons' War: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.[46]
- The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.[47]
- Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.[48][49]
- In the first major battle in five years (since the Song Dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River, after Möngke Khan's failed invasion in 1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.[50]
Culture[edit]
- The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.[51]
- The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.[52]
- Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.[53][54]
- February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.[55]
By place[edit]
Africa and Asia[edit]
- The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.[56][57]
- Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.[58]
- Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.[59]
- India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.[60]
1266
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- February 26 – Battle of Benevento: The army of Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle, and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.
- June 23 – War of Saint Sabas – Battle of Trapani: The Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
- July – Mary de Ferrers is ordered to surrender land and Liverpool Castle to Edmund, second son of Henry III.
- October – In England, the Second Barons' War winds down, as supporters of the slain rebel leader Simon de Montfort make an offer of peace to the king, in the Dictum of Kenilworth; after slight modifications to the peace settlement, it is agreed to the following year.
- The war between Scotland and Norway ends, as King Alexander III of Scotland and King Magnus VI of Norway agree to the Treaty of Perth, which cedes the Western Isles and Isle of Man to Scotland, in exchange for 4,000 merks.[61]
Asia[edit]
- Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of Marco Polo, reach Kublai Khan's capital Khanbaliq (now Beijing) in China, setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later. Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message, requesting that the Pope dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored.
- The Mamluk sultan Baibars expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos (in present-day Lebanon) and the important castle of Toron from the crusader states, and defeating the Armenians at Cilicia.
- Sang Sapurba and his younger brother Sang Ledhangwadja battle with Raidashir, on top of Bukit Siguntang in Palembang. The brothers win and Sang Sapurba is proclaimed Maharaja.
America[edit]
- In today's United States, a period of drought begins in the Four Corners Region (this period is up until the year 1299), putting an end to the ancient Puebloans Civilization.
By topic[edit]
Economics[edit]
Religion[edit]
- Ode de Pougy, Abbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains, sends a gang to attempt to destroy the nearly-completed Church of St Urbain, Troyes.
1267
By topic[edit]
War and politics[edit]
- February 16 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of León, and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.[62]
- May 27 – Treaty of Viterbo: Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gifts the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily, in the hope that Charles can help him restore the Latin Empire.[63]
- The Second Barons' War in England ends, as the rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace terms, as laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth.[64]
- Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.[65]
- The city of Ostrava is founded.[66]
Culture[edit]
- Roger Bacon completes his work Opus Majus and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes Opus Minus, a summary of Opus Majus, later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the Opus Tertium, written in 1267, that "forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet". The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220.[67][68]
- The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.[69]
- In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.[70][71]
By place[edit]
Asia and Africa[edit]
- The "Grand Capital" is constructed in Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.[72]
- Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.[73]
- Spain attempts an invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defend against the invasion, and drive out Spanish forces.[74]
1268
By topic[edit]
War and politics[edit]
- February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.[75]
- April 4 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on 30 June.[76]
- August 23 – Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.[77]
- October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.[78]
- King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.[79][80]
- The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg.[81]
- New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected.[82]
- Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.[83]
Culture[edit]
- Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit, at the Duomo di Siena.[84]
- The carnival in Venice is first recorded.[85]
- In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.[86]
- The town of Guta is founded (currently Kolárovo, Slovakia).[87][better source needed]
By place[edit]
Asia[edit]
- May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.[88]
- The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.[89]
- Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.[90]
- An earthquake in Cilicia kills an estimated 60,000 people.[91]
- The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.[92]
1269
By area[edit]
Africa[edit]
- End of the Almohad Dynasty:
- The Berber Marinid completes the conquest of Morocco, replacing the Almohad dynasty which it defeated in Marrakesh.
- The Almohad Dynasty of caliphs (not universally accepted), that once ruled most of North Africa and Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain), is extinguished when Idris II is murdered in the dynasty's last remaining possession, Marrakesh.
Europe[edit]
- June 19 – King Louis IX of France orders all Jews found in public, without an identifying yellow badge, to be fined ten livres of silver.
- King Otakar II of Bohemia inherits Carinthia and part of Carniola, making him the most powerful prince within the Holy Roman Empire; the empire lacking an emperor during the ongoing “Great Interregnum”.
- To finance his crusade, Edward I of England obtains the right to levy a twentieth of the value of the Church’s wealth in England. That sum turns out to be insufficient, and Edward has to borrow to reach his target.[93]
- John Comyn begins the construction of Blair Castle, in Scotland.
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- March – Ode de Pougy, Abbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains, is excommunicated.
- The Latin Patriarch of Antioch is exiled after 171 years of holding the See, being displaced because of the East–West Schism of 1054. It, once again, reverts from possession of the Roman Catholic to the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Science[edit]
- Pélerin de Maricourt first describes magnetic poles, and remarks on the nonexistence of isolated magnetic poles.
Significant people[edit]
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Births[edit]
1260
- May 15 or July 25 – John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos (d. 1319)[citation needed]
- August 2 – Kyawswa of Pagan, last ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1299)[94]
- approximate date
- Enguerrand de Marigny, minister to King Philip IV of France[95]
- Fatima bint al-Ahmar, Nasrid princess in the Emirate of Granada (d. 1349)
- Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (d. 1339)[96]
- Matthew III Csák, Hungarian oligarch[97]
- Meister Eckhart, German theologian, philosopher and mystic (d. 1328)[98][99]
- Guillaume de Nogaret, keeper of the seal to King Philip IV of France (d. 1313)[100]
- Maximus Planudes, Byzantine grammarian and theologian (approximate date; d. 1330)[101][102]
- Khutulun, Mongol princess and warrior (d. 1306)[103]
1261
- February 1 – Walter de Stapledon, English bishop (d. 1326)
- February 11 – Otto III, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1312)
- February 28 – Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway (d. 1283)
- March 1 – Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (d. 1326)
- July 25 – Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
- October 9 – King Denis of Portugal (d. 1325)
- date unknown
- Bohemond VII, Count of Tripoli, prince of Antioch (d. 1287)
- Prince Daniel of Moscow, son of Alexander Nevsky (d. 1303)
- Konoe Iemoto, Japanese kugyō (d. 1296)
- Albertino Mussato, Italian statesman and writer (d. 1329)
- Władysław I the Elbow-high, King of Poland (d. 1333)
- Constantine Palaiologos, Byzantine prince and general (d. 1306)
1262
- August 5 – Ladislaus IV of Hungary (d. 1290)
- probable – Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Germany (d. 1312)
1263
- January 22 – Ibn Taymiyyah, Syrian philosopher and jurist (d. 1328)
- Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1312)
- Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland (d. 1322)
1264
- January 21 – Alexander, Prince of Scotland (d. 1284)
- May 26 – Prince Koreyasu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1326)
- Pope Clement V (d. 1314)
- Giovanna da Orvieto, Italian saint (d. 1306)
1265
- May 10 – Emperor Fushimi of Japan (d. 1317)[104][105]
- December 17 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (d. 1324)[106][107]
- King Alfonso III of Aragon[108]
- approximate date – Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (d. 1321)[109]
- approximate date – Maria de Molina, regent of Castile (d. 1321)[110]
- approximate date – Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven in The Divine Comedy (d. 1290)[111][112]
1266
- Hethum II of Armenia (d. 1307)
- John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond (d. 1334)
- Margaret of Villehardouin, Lady of Akova (d. 1315)
- Rigdzin Kumaradza, Buddhist master (d. 1343)
- Zhou Daguan, Mongol diplomat and geographer (d. 1346)
- Duns Scotus, Scottish philosopher (approximate date; d. 1308)
- Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden, nicknamed "The Clock" (d. 1291)
- Jadwiga of Kalisz, Queen of Poland (d. 1339)
- Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara, ruler of Venad (d. 1316/1317)
1267
- February 3 (or February 3, 1266) – Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (d. 1302)[113]
- August 10 – King James II of Aragon (d. 1327)[114]
- Giotto di Bondone, Italian artist who marked the shift from medieval art to Proto-Renaissance art. (d. 1337)[115]
- Roger de Flor, Sicilian military adventurer, leader of the mercenary group Catalan Company[116][117]
1268
- April/June – Philip IV of France (d. 1314)[118]
- Saint Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308)[119]
- Emperor Duanzong of China (d. 1278)[120]
- Mahaut, Countess of Artois (d. 1327)[121]
- Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu poet and philosopher[122]
1269
- June 18 – Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar (d. 1298)
- date unknown
- Philip of Artois, Lord of Conches, Nonancourt, and Domfront
- Huang Gongwang, Chinese painter (d. 1354)
Deaths[edit]
1260
- April 28 – Luchesius Modestini, founding member of the Third Order of St. Francis[123]
- May – Marie of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress, wife of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (alternative date is June)[124]
- August 9 – Walter of Kirkham, Bishop of Durham[125][126]
- October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt[1]
- December 4 – Aymer de Valence, Bishop of Winchester (b. 1222)[127]
- date unknown
- Kitbuqa, Mongol military leader (executed)[128]
- Sicko Sjaerdema, ruler of Friesland[citation needed]
- Ibn al-Abbar, Andalusian diplomat and scholar (b. 1199)[3]
- probable – Franciscus Accursius, Italian jurist[129]
1261
Bettisia Gozzadini, lithograph from Carolina Bonafede, Cenni biografici..., 1845
- February 28 – Henry III, Duke of Brabant
- May 25 – Pope Alexander IV
- July 8 – Adolf IV of Holstein, Count of Schauenburg
- September – Plaisance of Antioch, queen of Cyprus
- September 18 – Konrad von Hochstaden, Archbishop of Cologne
- November 9 – Sanchia of Provence, queen consort of Germany
- date unknown
- An-Nasir Dawud, Ayyubid sultan of Damascus and Emir of Kerak
- Bettisia Gozzadini, Italian scholar (b. 1209)
- Qin Jiushao, Chinese mathematician of the Song dynasty (b. 1202)
- Patriarch Nicephorus II of Constantinople
- Stephen of Bourbon, French Dominican preacher (b. c. 1180)
1262
- April 23 – Aegidius of Assisi, companion of Saint Francis of Assisi
- July 14 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (b. 1222)
- date unknown – Matilda II, Countess of Nevers, French vassal (b. c. 1235)
1263
- January 16 – Shinran Shonin, Japanese founder of the Jodo Shinshu branch of Pure Land Buddhism (b. 1173)
- March – Manuel I Megas Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond
- March 19 – Hugh of Saint-Cher, French cardinal
- November 8 – Matilda of Béthune, French countess
- November 14 – Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
- December 16 – King Haakon IV of Norway (b. 1204)
- December 24 – Hōjō Tokiyori, regent of Japan (b. 1227)
- date unknown
- Boniface, Count of Savoy
- Boroldai, general of the Golden Horde
- Chandrabhanu, Thai king of Tambralinga
- Hamo de Crevecoeur, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
- King Mindaugas of Lithuania
1264
- April 25 – Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester, English politician (b. 1195)
- October 2 – Pope Urban IV
- November 16 – Emperor Lizong of China
- date unknown
- John II of Beirut, crusader state ruler
- Vincent of Beauvais, French encyclopedist (b. 1190)
- Danylo of Halych, King of Galicia (b. 1201)
- Isabella of Cyprus, regent of Jerusalem
- Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir
1265
- January 20 – John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of England[130]
- February 8 – Hulagu Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1217)[131]
- May 16 – Simon Stock, English prior, canonized (b. c. 1165)[132]
- June 26 – Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia (b. 1203 or 1204)[133]
- August 4 (Killed in the Battle Of Evesham)
- November 24 – Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles[136]
- December 3 – Odofredus, Italian jurist[137][138]
- Al-Abharī, Persian philosopher and mathematician (b. 1200)[139]
1266
- January 11 – Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania
- February 12 – Amadeus of the Amidei, Italian saint
- February 26 – Manfred, King of Sicily (b. 1232)[140]
- June 12 – Henry II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben (b. 1215)
- August 4 – Eudes of Burgundy, Count of Nevers (b. 1230)
- September 20 – Jan Prandota, Bishop of Kraków
- October 21 – Birger Jarl, Swedish regent and founder of Stockholm (b. c. 1210)
- October 28 – Saint Arsenije I Sremac
- October 29 – Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia (b. c. 1204)
- December – John of Ibelin, jurist of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (b. 1215)
- December 3 – Henry III the White, Duke of Wroclaw
- Berke, khan of the Golden Horde
- Hugh Bigod, Justiciar of England
- Ariq Böke, regent of the Mongol Empire
- Maol Choluim II, Earl of Fife[141]
- Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi, Syrian astronomer and mathematician
- Nasiruddin Mahmud, sultan of Delhi (b. 1246)
1267
- February 21 – Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus[142]
- March 3 or 4 – Lars, Archbishop of Uppsala[143]
- March 17 – Peter of Montereau, French architect (b. c. 1200)[144]
- September 23 – Beatrice of Provence, countess regnant of Provence (b. 1234)[145]
- November 26 – Sylvester Gozzolini, Italian founder of the Sylvestrines (b. 1177)[146][147]
- November/December – Hugh II of Cyprus, king of Cyprus and regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. (b. 1253)[148]
- date unknown – John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel, Breton-English nobleman and Marcher Lord (b. 1223)[149]
1268
- May 15 – Peter II, Count of Savoy (b. 1203)[150]
- July 7 – Reniero Zeno, Doge of Venice[151]
- August 11 – Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy[152]
- October 29
- November 29 – Pope Clement IV[83]
- December 9 – Vaišvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia[155]
- date unknown
- Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily[156]
- George (son of David VII of Georgia), Crown Prince of Georgia (b. 1250)[citation needed]
- Henry de Bracton, English jurist[157]
1269
- September – Idris II, Almohad Caliph
- October 27 – Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia (b. c.1220)
- date unknown
- Guigues VII of Viennois, dauphin of Vienne (b. 1225)
- Constance of Aragon, Lady of Villena, Aragonese princess (b. 1239)
- Oberto Pallavicino, Italian nobleman and military commander (b. 1197)
- Vilain I of Aulnay, Marshal of Romania and Baron of Arcadia
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