Emerging market

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An emerging market (or an emerging country or an emerging economy) is a market that has some characteristics of a developed market, but does not fully meet its standards.[1] This includes markets that may become developed markets in the future or were in the past.[2] The term "frontier market" is used for developing countries with smaller, riskier, or more illiquid capital markets than "emerging".[3] As of 2006, the economies of China and India are considered to be the largest emerging markets.[4] According to The Economist, many people find the term outdated, but no new term has gained traction.[5] Emerging market hedge fund capital reached a record new level in the first quarter of 2011 of $121 billion.[6] The 10 largest emerging and developing economies by either nominal or PPP-adjusted GDP are 4 of the 5 BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) along with Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan and Turkey.

When countries "graduate" from their emerging status, they are referred to as emerged markets, emerged economies or emerged countries, where countries have developed from emerging economy status, but yet has reached a technological and economic development of the developed countries.[7]

Terminology[edit]

In the 1970s, "less developed countries" (LDCs) was the common term for markets that were less "developed" (by objective or subjective measures) than the developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and those in Western Europe. These markets were supposed to provide greater potential for profit but also more risk from various factors like patent infringement. This term was replaced by emerging market. The term is misleading[according to whom?] in that there is no guarantee that a country will move from "less developed" to "more developed"; although that is the general trend in the world, countries can also move from "more developed" to "less developed".

Originally coined in 1981 by then World Bank economist Antoine Van Agtmael,[8][9] the term is sometimes loosely used as a replacement for emerging economies, but really signifies a business phenomenon that is not fully described or constrained by such; these countries are considered to be in a transitional phase between developing and developed status. Examples of emerging markets include many countries in Africa, most countries in Eastern Europe, some countries of Latin America, some countries in the Middle East, Russia and some countries in Southeast Asia. Emphasizing the fluid nature of the category, political scientist Ian Bremmer defines an emerging market as "a country where politics matters at least as much as economics to the markets".[10]

The research on emerging markets is diffused within management literature. While researchers such as George Haley, Vladimir Kvint, Hernando de Soto, Usha Haley, and several professors from Harvard Business School and Yale School of Management have described activity in countries such as India and China, how a market emerges is little understood.

In 2009, Dr. Kvint published this definition: "an emerging market country is a society transitioning from a dictatorship to a free-market-oriented-economy, with increasing economic freedom, gradual integration with the Global Marketplace and with other members of the GEM (Global Emerging Market), an expanding middle class, improving standards of living, social stability and tolerance, as well as an increase in cooperation with multilateral institutions"[11] In 2008 Emerging Economy Report,[12] the Center for Knowledge Societies defines emerging economies as those "regions of the world that are experiencing rapid informationalization under conditions of limited or partial industrialization". It appears that emerging markets lie at the intersection of non-traditional user behavior, the rise of new user groups and community adoption of products and services, and innovations in product technologies and platforms.

More critical scholars have also studied key emerging markets like Mexico and Turkey. Thomas Marois (2012, 2) argues that financial imperatives have become much more significant and has developed the idea of 'emerging finance capitalism' – an era wherein the collective interests of financial capital principally shape the logical options and choices of government and state elites over and above those of labor and popular classes.[13]

Julien Vercueil recently proposed an pragmatic definition of the "emerging economies", as distinguished from "emerging markets" coined by an approach heavily influenced by financial criteria. According to his definition, an emerging economy displays the following characteristics:[14]

  1. Intermediate income: its PPP per capita income is comprised between 10% and 75% of the average EU per capita income.
  2. Catching-up growth: during at least the last decade, it has experienced a brisk economic growth that has narrowed the income gap with advanced economies.
  3. Institutional transformations and economic opening: during the same period, it has undertaken profound institutional transformations which contributed to integrate it more deeply into the world economy. Hence, emerging economies appears to be a by-product of the current globalization.

At the beginning of the 2010s, more than 50 countries, representing 60% of the world's population and 45% of its GDP, matched these criteria.[14]: 10  Among them, the BRICs.

Newly industrialized countries as of 2013. This is an intermediate category between fully developed and developing.

The term "rapidly developing economies" is being used to denote emerging markets such as The United Arab Emirates, Chile and Malaysia that are undergoing rapid growth.

In recent years, new terms have emerged to describe the largest developing countries such as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China),[15] along with BRICET (BRIC + Eastern Europe and Turkey), BRICS (BRIC + South Africa), BRICM (BRIC + Mexico), MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey), Next Eleven (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Turkey, and Vietnam) and CIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa).[16] These countries do not share any common agenda, but some experts believe that they are enjoying an increasing role in the world economy and on political platforms.

Lists of emerging (or developed) markets vary; guides may be found in such investment information sources as EMIS (a Euromoney Institutional Investor Company), The Economist, or market index makers (such as MSCI).

In an Opalesque.TV video, hedge fund manager Jonathan Binder discusses the current and future relevance of the term "emerging markets" in the financial world. Binder says that in the future investors will not necessarily think of the traditional classifications of "G10" (or G7) versus "emerging markets". Instead, people should look at the world as countries that are fiscally responsible and countries that are not. Whether that country is in Europe or in South America should make no difference, making the traditional "blocs" of categorization irrelevant. Guégan et al. (2014) also discuss the relevance of the terminology "emerging country" comparing the credit worthiness of so-called emerging countries to so-called developed countries. According to their analysis, depending on the criteria used, the term may not always be appropriate.[17]

The 10 Big Emerging Markets (BEM) economies are (alphabetically ordered): Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, South Korea and Turkey.[18] Egypt, Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia,[19] Taiwan, and Thailand are other major emerging markets.

Newly industrialized countries are emerging markets whose economies have not yet reached developed status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts.

Individual investors can invest in emerging markets by buying into emerging markets or global funds. If they want to pick single stocks or make their own bets they can do it either through ADRs (American depositor Receipts – stocks of foreign companies that trade on US stock exchanges) or through exchange traded funds (exchange traded funds or ETFs hold basket of stocks). The exchange traded funds can be focused on a particular country (e.g., China, India) or region (e.g., Asia-Pacific, Latin America).

Emerged market[edit]

Also referred to as "emerged economy" or "emerged country".

Emerging markets share the economic characteristics such as low income, high growth economies that use market liberalization as their main means of growth. Of course, emerging economies can develop out of such emerging status, entering the post-emerging stage. When emerging markets "graduate" from their economic status, they are referred to as emerged markets.[7] Countries like Israel, Poland, South Korea, Taiwan, the Czech Republic, and city-states such as Singapore have transitioned from emerging to “emerged”.[7] These emerged markets tend to be characterized by higher incomes and relatively stable political schemes, compared to those categorized as emerging markets.[7]

Commonly listed[edit]

Various sources list countries as "emerging economies" as indicated by the table below.

A few countries appear in every list (BRICS, Mexico, Turkey). Indonesia and Turkey are categorized with Mexico and Nigeria as part of the MINT economies. While there are no commonly agreed upon parameters on which the countries can be classified as "Emerging Economies", several firms have developed detailed methodologies to identify the top performing emerging economies every year[20]

Emerging markets by each group of analysts
Country IMF[21] BRICS+ Next Eleven FTSE[22] MSCI[23] S&P[24] EM bond index[25] Dow Jones[24] Russell[26] Columbia University EMGP[27] Cornell University EMI E20+1 (2021)[28]
 Argentina Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Bangladesh Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Brazil Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Bulgaria Green tickY
 Chile Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 China Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Colombia Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Czech Republic Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Egypt Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Greece Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Hungary Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 India Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Indonesia Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Iran Green tickY Green tickY
 Israel Green tickY Green tickY
 Kuwait Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Malaysia Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Mauritius Green tickY
 Mexico Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Morocco Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Nigeria Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Oman Green tickY
 Pakistan Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Peru Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Philippines Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Poland Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Qatar Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Romania Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Russia Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Saudi Arabia Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 South Africa Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 South Korea Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Taiwan Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Thailand Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Turkey Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Ukraine Green tickY Green tickY
 United Arab Emirates Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY
 Venezuela Green tickY Green tickY
 Vietnam Green tickY

BBVA Research[edit]

In November 2010, BBVA Research introduced a new economic concept, to identify key emerging markets.[29] This classification is divided into two sets of developing economies.

As of March 2014, the groupings are as follows:

EAGLEs (emerging and growth-leading economies): Expected Incremental GDP in the next 10 years to be larger than the average of the G7 economies, excluding the US.

NEST: Expected Incremental GDP in the next decade to be lower than the average of the G6 economies (G7 excluding the US) but higher than Italy's.

Other emerging markets[30]

Emerging Market Bond Index Global[edit]

The Emerging Market Bond Index Global (EMBI Global) by J.P. Morgan was the first comprehensive EM sovereign index in the market, after the EMBI+. It provides full coverage of the EM asset class with representative countries, investable instruments (sovereign and quasi-sovereign), and transparent rules. The EMBI Global includes only USD-denominated emerging markets sovereign bonds and uses a traditional, market capitalization weighted method for country allocation.[31] As of March end 2016, the EMBI Global's market capitalization was $692.3bn.[25]

For country inclusion, a country's GNI per capita must be below the Index Income Ceiling (IIC) for three consecutive years to be eligible for inclusion to the EMBI Global. J.P. Morgan defines the Index Income Ceiling (IIC) as the GNI per capita level that is adjusted every year by the growth rate of the World GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$), provided by the World Bank annually. An existing country may be considered for removal from the index if its GNI per capita is above the Index Income Ceiling (IIC) for three consecutive years as well as the country's long term foreign currency sovereign credit rating (the available ratings from all three agencies: S&P, Moody's & Fitch) is A-/A3/A- (inclusive) or above for three consecutive years.[31]

J.P. Morgan has introduced what is called an "Index Income Ceiling" (IIC), defined as the income level that is adjusted every year by the growth rate of the World GNI per capita, provided by the World Bank as "GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) annually". Once a country has GNI per capita below or above the IIC level for three consecutive years, the country eligibility will be determined.[31]

  • J.P. Morgan has established the base IIC level in 1987 to match the World Bank High Income threshold at US$6,000 GNI per capita.
  • Every year, growth in the World GNI per capita figure is applied to the IIC, establishing a new IIC that is dynamic over time.
  • This approach ensures that J.P. Morgan's cutoff for index removal is adjusted by the World income growth rate, and not by the inflation rate of a smaller sample of Developed economies.
  • This metric essentially incorporates real global growth, global inflation, and currency exchange rate (current USD-denominated) changes.
  • Essentially, the introduction of the IIC establishes a higher, more appropriate threshold for country eligibility in the EMBI Global/Diversified.

Emerging Markets Index[edit]

The Emerging Markets Index by MasterCard is a list of the top 65 cities in emerging markets. The following countries had cities featured on the list (as of 2008):

Countries with cities included in the 2008 Emerging Markets Index[edit]

Continent/Region Country
Africa  Egypt
 Kenya
 Morocco
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 South Africa
 Tunisia
Asia  China
 India
 Indonesia
 Lebanon
 Malaysia
 Pakistan
 Philippines
 Thailand
 Vietnam
Europe  Bulgaria
 Hungary
 Poland
 Romania
 Russia
 Turkey
 Ukraine
Latin America  Argentina
 Brazil
 Chile
 Colombia
 Dominican Republic
 Ecuador
 Mexico
 Peru
 Uruguay
 Venezuela

Emerging Market Multinationals Report[edit]

Released for the first time in 2016 by Lourdes Casanova, Anne Miroux and collaborators at the Emerging Markets Institute[32] at Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, the Emerging Market Multinationals Report annually compares the economic performance of the emerging economies with the rest of the World, as well as investment, revenues, valuation, transactions, and other business data of emerging markets multinationals companies (EMNCs) with big companies, based on a theme defined every year.

The report organizes emerging countries with the definition of the E20+1, considering the size, as measured by nominal gross domestic product (GDP), and weight each country in terms of the demography and social variables. It is also considered the emerging economy groupings of major international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations (UN) as well as those from think tanks and research institutes.[33]

In the first semester of 2021, EMI released the EMI Quarterly Report,[34] analyzing data of stock markets and M&A of emerging countries. In 2022, EMI launched the EMI EMNC Rankings,[35] ranking the 500 largest companies by revenue (EMNC 500R), the 500 largest market capitalized companies (500MC), and listing 200 best ESG performers companies (200ESG).

Global Growth Generators[edit]

"Global Growth Generators", or 3G (countries), is an alternative classification determined by Citigroup analysts as being countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050. These consist of Indonesia, Egypt, seven other emerging countries, and two countries not previously listed before, specifically Iraq and Mongolia. There has been disagreement about the reclassification of these countries, among others, for the purpose of acronym creation as was seen with the BRICS.

Estimating Demand in Emerging Markets[edit]

Estimating the demand for products or services in emerging markets and developing economies can be complex and challenging for managers. These countries have unique commercial environments and may be limited in terms of reliable data, market research firms, and trained interviewers. Consumers in some of these countries may consider surveys an invasion of privacy.[36] Survey respondents may try to please researchers by telling them what they want to hear rather than providing honest answers to their questions. However some companies have dedicated their entire business units for understanding the dynamics of emerging markets owing to their peculiarity.[37]

Economy[edit]

The following table lists the 25 largest emerging economies by GDP (nominal) and GDP (PPP) in their respective peak year.[38] Members of the G-20 major economies are in bold.

See also: List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal) and List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)
Rank Country GDP (nominal, Peak Year)
millions of USD 		Peak Year
1  China 19,911,593 2022
2  India 3,291,398 2022
3  Brazil 2,614,027 2011
4  Russia 2,288,428 2013
5  South Korea 1,804,680 2022
6  Iran 1,739,012 2022
7  Mexico 1,322,740 2022
8  Indonesia 1,289,295 2022
9  Saudi Arabia 1,040,166 2022
10  Turkey 957,504 2013
11  Taiwan 841,209 2022
12  Poland 699,559 2022
13  Argentina 643,861 2017
14  Nigeria 568,499 2014
15  Thailand 544,027 2019
16  Israel 520,703 2022
17  United Arab Emirates 501,354 2022
18  South Africa 458,708 2011
19  Malaysia 439,373 2022
20  Egypt 435,621 2022
21  Singapore 424,431 2022
22  Philippines 411,978 2022
23  Vietnam 408,947 2022
24  Bangladesh 396,543 2022
25  Colombia 382,094 2013
Rank Country GDP (PPP, Peak Year)
millions of USD 		Peak Year
1  China 30,177,926 2022
2  India 11,745,260 2022
3  Russia 4,490,456 2021
4  Indonesia 3,995,064 2022
5  Brazil 3,680,942 2022
6  Turkey 3,212,072 2022
7  Mexico 2,890,685 2022
8  South Korea 2,735,870 2022
9  Saudi Arabia 2,002,542 2022
10  Taiwan 1,603,723 2022
11  Poland 1,575,777 2022
12  Iran 1,573,467 2012
13  Egypt 1,562,377 2022
14  Thailand 1,475,656 2022
15  Pakistan 1,468,862 2022
16  Vietnam 1,278,061 2022
17  Nigeria 1,268,536 2022
18  Argentina 1,195,581 2022
19  Philippines 1,143,862 2022
20  Bangladesh 1,113,600 2022
21  Malaysia 1,089,499 2022
22  Colombia 940,589 2022
23  South Africa 937,964 2022
24  United Arab Emirates 779,234 2022
25  Romania 707,747 2022

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "MSCI Market Classification Framework" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Greece First Developed Market Cut to Emerging at MSCI – Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com. 12 June 2013.
  3. ^ MSCI will downgrade Argentina to frontier market – MarketWatch MarketWatch
  4. ^ "Emerging Economies and the Transformation of International Business" By Subhash Chandra Jain. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006 p. 384.
  5. ^ "Acronyms BRIC out all over". The Economist. September 18, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  6. ^ "BRICS is passe, time now for '3G': Citi". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2018 – via Business Standard.
  7. ^ a b c d Lee, Eun Su; Liu, Wei; Yang, Jing Yu (2021-09-23). "Neither developed nor emerging: Dual paths for outward FDI and home country innovation in emerged market MNCs". International Business Review: 101925. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101925. ISSN 0969-5931. S2CID 244268711.
  8. ^ "Subscribe to read". Financial Times. 20 October 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  9. ^ Simon Cox (5 October 2017). "Defining emerging markets". The Economist.
  10. ^ http://custom.hbsp.com/b01/en/implicit/product.jhtml?login=BREM060105&password=BREM060105&pid=1126[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ Kvint, Vladimir (2009). The Global Emerging Market: Strategic Management and Economics. New York, London: Routledge.
  12. ^ "emergingeconomyreport.com". www.emergingeconomyreport.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  13. ^ Marois, Thomas (2012). States, Banks and Crisis: Emerging Finance Capitalism in Mexico and Turkey. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK: Edward Elgar.
  14. ^ a b Vercueil, Julien: "Les pays émergents. Brésil – Russie – Inde – Chine... Mutations économiques et nouveaux défis " (Emerging Countries. Brazil – Russia – India – China.. Economic change and new challenges", in French). Paris: Bréal, 3rd Edition, 2012, 232 p.
  15. ^ Davide, Farah, Paolo (4 August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives About China's Compliance With Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". SSRN 916768. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Editorial, Reuters (27 April 2010). "After BRICs, look to CIVETS for growth – HSBC CEO". Reuters. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  17. ^ Guégan, D.; Hassani, B.K.; Zhao, X. (2014). "Emerging Countries Sovereign Rating Adjustment using Market Information: Impact on Financial Institutions Investment Decisions". In El Hedi Arouri, M.; Boubaker, S.; Khuong Nguyen, D. (eds.). Emerging Markets and the Global Economy: A Handbook. Oxford, UK: Academic Press. pp. 17–49.
  18. ^ "The Big Ten". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  19. ^ "Stock market buyers to come to Saudi as Tadawul gets MSCI nod". ameinfo.com. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  20. ^ "Boston Analytics – Pathways to identifying top performing Emerging Markets". 22 June 2016.
  21. ^ As of October, 2015. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf
  22. ^ Advanced and Secondary Emerging Markets listed at: "FTSE Annual Country Classification Review" (PDF). FTSE Group. September 2014. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  23. ^ "MSCI Emerging Markets Indexes". Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  24. ^ a b "S&P Dow Jones Indices' 2018 Country Classification Consultation" (PDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices. spice-indices.com. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  25. ^ a b J.P. Morgan (April 1, 2016). "Emerging Markets Bond Index Monitor March 2016". J.P. Morgan. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  26. ^ "Russell construction methodology" (PDF). October 2014. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  27. ^ "Emerging Market Global Players (EMGP)". Archived from the original on 2015-02-02. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  28. ^ Casanova, Lourdes; Miroux, Anne (2021). "Emerging Market Report 2021". doi:10.7298/cvhn-dc87. Retrieved 2022-02-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ https://www.bbvaresearch.com/KETD/fbin/mult/2014_EAGLEs_Economic_Outllok-Annual_tcm348-437158.pdf?ts=3132014[bare URL PDF]
  30. ^ http://www.bbvaresearch.com/KETD/ketd/Descargas?pais=EAGL&tematica=/MACR/RVSE/&canal=web&tipocontenido=AFON&idioma=ING&pdf=/fbin/mult/120221_EAGLEs_Outlook_Annual_Report_2012_tcm348-287658.pdf&ididoc=en&tipopublicacion=Eagles[dead link] EAGLEs_Outlook_Annual_Report_2012 (20 February 2012), page 9
  31. ^ a b c J.P. Morgan (2015). EMBI Global and EMBI Global Diversified Rules and Methodology. J.P. Morgan. pp. 10 pp.
  32. ^ "Emerging Markets Institute". Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  33. ^ Casanova, Lourdes; Miroux, Anne (2022). "Emerging Market Reports". doi:10.7298/jvad-h887. Retrieved 2022-02-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ^ "EMI Quarterly Report". Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  35. ^ "EMI EMNC Rankings". Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  36. ^ Cavusgil, Tamer (2008). International business: strategy, management, and the new realities. Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-173860-7.
  37. ^ "Boston Analytics – Doing Business in Emerging Markets Framework". 22 June 2016.
  38. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database April 2022". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2022-04-19.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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