Close back unrounded vowel
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| Close back unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɯ | |||
| IPA Number | 316 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɯ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+026F | ||
| X-SAMPA | M | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Audio sample | |||
.svg)
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels beside dots are: unrounded • rounded |
The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɯ⟩. Typographically a turned letter ⟨m⟩, given its relation to the sound represented by the letter ⟨u⟩ it can be considered a ⟨u⟩ with an extra "bowl".
Features[edit]
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese[2] | eu | [ɯ] | 'see' | Also described as closer to [ɨ].[3][4] | |
| Arara[5] | [ɯput̚] | 'my skin' | Frequent realisation of /ɨ/.[5] | ||
| Azerbaijani | bahalı | [bɑhɑˈɫɯ] | 'expensive' | Closer to an [ɘ][6] | |
| Bashkir | ҡыҙ / qyž | [qɯð] | 'girl' | ||
| Chinese | Hokkien Quanzhou dialect | 豬 / tu | [tɯ] | 'pig' | Allophone of [ɨ]. Written 'tir' in Pe̍h-ōe-jī. |
| Some Wu dialects | 父 / vu | [vɯ] | 'father' | ||
| Xiang | 火 / xu | [xɯ] | 'fire' | ||
| Chuvash | ыхра | [ɯɣra] | 'garlic' | ||
| Crimean Tatar | джаным | [dʒanɯm] | 'please' | ||
| English | African-American[7] | hook | [hɯ̞k] | 'hook' | Near-close; possible realization of /ʊ/.[7] |
| Tidewater[8] | Near-close; may be rounded [ʊ] instead.[8] | ||||
| California[9] | goose | [ɡɯˑs] | 'goose' | Corresponds to [uː] in other dialects. | |
| New Zealand[10][11] | treacle | [ˈtɹ̝̊iːkɯ] | 'treacle' | Possible realization of the unstressed vowel /ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[10][11] Corresponds to /əl/ in other accents. Develops from dark L; See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Some Philadelphia speakers[12] | plus | [pɫ̥ɯs] | 'plus' | Used by some speakers; the exact height and backness is variable.[12] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other accents. See English phonology | |
| South African[13] | pill | [pʰɯ̞ɫ] | 'pill' | Near-close; possible allophone of /ɪ/ before the velarised allophone of /l/.[13] See South African English phonology | |
| Estonian[14] | kõrv | [kɯrv] | 'ear' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid central [ɘ] or close-mid back [ɤ] instead, depending on the speaker.[14] See Estonian phonology | |
| Irish | Ulster | caol | [kʰɯːl̪ˠ] | 'narrow' | See Irish phonology |
| Japanese[15] | 空気 / kūki |  [kɯːki] |
'air' | May be compressed [ɯᵝ].[16] See Japanese phonology | |
| Katukina[17] | [babɯˈdʒɯ] | 'oscar (fish)' | |||
| Korean[18] | 음식 飮食 / eumsik | [ɯːmɕ͈ik̚] | 'food' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Kurmanji (Northern) | tirş | [tˤɯɾʃ] | 'sour' | See Kurdish phonology. The "i" after "t" always uses this sound if the "t" is "tˤ". However, it can also appear at other places. |
| Sorani (Central) | ترش / tirš | ||||
| Kyrgyz | кыз / qyz | [qɯz] | 'girl' | See Kyrgyz phonology | |
| Panará[19] | [tɯˈsəʰ] | 'to breathe' | Contrasts with [ɨ] and [ʉ].[19] | ||
| Portuguese | European[20] | pegar | [pɯ̞ˈɣäɾ] (help·info) |
'to grab' | Reduced vowel. Near-close.[20] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Portuguese phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic | caol | [kʰɯːl̪ˠ] | 'thin' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Sob | düm | [dɯm] | 'tree' | See Sop language | |
| Tamil | அழகு / aḻagu | [əɻəɣɯ] | 'beauty' | ||
| Thai | Standard[21] | ขึ้น / khuen | [kʰɯn˥˩] | 'to go up' | |
| Turkish[22] | sığ | [sɯː] | 'shallow' | Described variously as close back [ɯ],[22] near-close near-back [ɯ̞][23] and close central [ɨ].[24] See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | ýaşyl | [jäːˈʃɯl] | 'green' | ||
| Uyghur | تىلىم / tulum | [tɯlɯm] | 'my language' | In complementary distribution with /ɪ/. See Uyghur phonology | |
| Vietnamese | tư | [tɯ] | 'fourth' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Mid-vowels in Acehnese Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Agreement System in Acehnese" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ Acehnese Coda Condition
- ^ a b Alves (2013), p. 269.
- ^ Mokari & Werner 2016, p. 514.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 557.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 536.
- ^ Ladefoged (1999), pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b "NZE Phonology" (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3.
- ^ a b Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
- ^ a b Gordon (2004), p. 290.
- ^ a b Bowerman (2004), p. 936.
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 369.
- ^ Labrune (2012), p. 25.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ dos Anjos (2012), p. 129.
- ^ Lee (1999), p. 122.
- ^ a b Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
- ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
References[edit]
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). "Estonian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x.
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–44
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gordon, Matthew J. (2004), "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 282–299, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–123, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993). "Thai". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 24–26. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746.
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128541-0.
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-20
- Vasconcelos, Eduardo A. (2013). Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará (PhD). Campinas: University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2013.929939. hdl:20.500.12733/1622968.
- Alves, Ana Carolina Ferreira (2013). "Aspectos do sistema fonológico de Arara (Karib)". Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas. 8 (2). doi:10.1590/S1981-81222013000200003.
- dos Anjos, Zoraide (2012). "Fonologia Katukina-Kanamari". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 12 (1). doi:10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486.
External links[edit]
- List of languages with [ɯ] on PHOIBLE