Central Tibetan
Central Tibetan | |
---|---|
Ü-Tsang | |
དབུས་སྐད་, Dbus skad / Ükä དབུས་གཙང་སྐད་, Dbus-gtsang skad / Ü-tsang kä | |
Pronunciation | [wýkɛʔ, wýʔtsáŋ kɛʔ] |
Native to | India, Nepal, China (Tibet Autonomous Region) |
Native speakers | (1.2 million cited 1990 census)[1] |
Standard forms | |
Tibetan script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:bod – Lhasa Tibetandre – Dolpohut – Humla, Limilhm – Lhomi (Shing Saapa)muk – Mugom (Mugu)kte – Nubriola – Walungge (Gola)loy – Lowa/Loke (Mustang)tcn – Tichurong |
Glottolog | tibe1272 Tibetansout3216 South-Western Tibetic (partial match)basu1243 Basum |
ELP | Walungge |
Dolpo[2] | |
Lhomi[3] |
Central Tibetan, also known as Dbus, Ü or Ü-Tsang, is the most widely spoken Tibetic language and the basis of Standard Tibetan.
Dbus and Ü are forms of the same name. Dbus is a transliteration of the name in Tibetan script, དབུས་, whereas Ü is the pronunciation of the same in Lhasa dialect, [wy˧˥˧ʔ] (or [y˧˥˧ʔ]). That is, in Tibetan, the name is spelled Dbus and pronounced Ü. All of these names are frequently applied specifically to the prestige dialect of Lhasa.
There are many mutually intelligible Central Tibetan dialects besides that of Lhasa, with particular diversity along the border and in Nepal:[4]
- Limi (Limirong), Mugum, Dolpo (Dolkha), Mustang (Lowa, Lokä), Humla, Nubri, Lhomi, Dhrogpai Gola, Walungchung Gola (Walungge/Halungge), Tseku, Basum
Ethnologue reports that Walungge is highly intelligible with Thudam, Glottolog that Thudam is not a distinct variety. Tournadre (2013) classifies Tseku with Khams.
Consonants[edit]
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- འ isn't commonly transliterated to Roman, in the Wade–Giles system ' is used.
Vowels[edit]
ཨ(◌)
ཨ། | ཨའུ། | ཨག། ཨགས། |
ཨང༌། ཨངས། |
ཨབ། ཨབས། |
ཨམ། ཨམས། |
ཨར། | ཨལ། ཨའི། |
ཨད། ཨས། |
ཨན། |
a | au | ag | aŋ | ab | am | ar | ai/ä | ai/ä | ain/än |
ཨི། ཨིལ། ཨའི། |
ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ། |
ཨིག། ཨིགས། |
ཨིང༌། ཨིངས། |
ཨིབ། ཨིབས། |
ཨིམ། ཨིམས། |
ཨིར། | ཨིད། ཨིས། |
ཨིན། | |
i | iu | ig | iŋ | ib | im | ir | i | in | |
ཨུ། | ཨུག། ཨུགས། |
ཨུང༌། ཨུངས། |
ཨུབ། ཨུབས། |
ཨུམ། ཨུམས། |
ཨུར། | ཨུལ། ཨུའི།[VOW 1] |
ཨུད། ཨུས། |
ཨུན། | |
u | ug | uŋ | ub | um | ur | ü | ü | ün | |
ཨེ། ཨེལ། ཨེའི། |
ཨེག། ཨེགས། |
ཨེང༌། ཨེངས། |
ཨེབ། ཨེབས། |
ཨེམ། ཨེམས། |
ཨེར། | ཨེད། ཨེས། |
ཨེན། | ||
ê | êg | êŋ | êb | êm | êr | ê | ên | ||
ཨོ། | ཨོག། ཨོགས། |
ཨོང༌། ཨོངས། |
ཨོབ། ཨོབས། |
ཨོམ། ཨོམས། |
ཨོར། | ཨོལ། ཨོའི། |
ཨོད། ཨོས། |
ཨོན། | |
o | og | oŋ | ob | om | or | oi/ö | oi/ö | oin/ön |
- ^ 特殊
Pronunciation[edit]
IPA | Wade–Giles | Tibetan Pinyin | IPA | Wade–Giles | Tibetan Pinyin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[a] | a | a | |||
[ɛ] | al, a'i | ai/ä | [ɛ̃] | an | ain/än |
[i] | i, il, i'i | i | [ĩ] | in | in |
[u] | u | u | |||
[y] | ul, u'i | ü | [ỹ] | un | ün |
[e] | e, el, e'i | ê | [ẽ] | en | ên |
[o] | o | o | |||
[ø] | ol, o'i | oi/ö | [ø̃] | on | oin/ön |
一"ai, ain, oi, oin" is also written to "ä, än, ö, ön".
Conjunct vowels[edit]
IPA | Wade–Giles | Tibetan Pinyin |
---|---|---|
[au] | a'u | au |
[iu] | i'u, e'u | iu |
Last consonant[edit]
IPA | Wade–Giles | Tibetan Pinyin |
---|---|---|
[ʔ] | d, s | none |
[n] | n | |
[k/ʔ] | g, gs | g |
[ŋ] | ng, ngs | ng |
[p] | b, bs | b |
[m] | m, ms | m |
[r] | r | r |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Lhasa Tibetan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Dolpo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Humla, Limi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Lhomi (Shing Saapa) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Mugom (Mugu) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Nubri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Dolpo.
- ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Lhomi.
- ^ N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 [1]
Central Tibetan edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |