西
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Translingual[edit]
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character[edit]
西 (Kangxi radical 146, 襾+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一金田 (MCW), four-corner 10600, composition ⿱一𠁤)
Derived characters[edit]
- 哂, 㛉, 𡶼, 廼, 徆, 恓, 拪, 洒, 𤞏, 迺, 䧈, 𢬣, 晒, 栖, 毢, 𤈇, 牺, 𤥒, 𦚵, 𠒓, 𥙘, 硒, 䄽, 𬭄, 粞, 絤(𬘟), 𦕩, 舾, 𬠂, 𧧍, 跴, 𨠴, 𫘊, 𫙘
- 𪠧, 𨚹, 𤿢, 𪀹, 酉, 𡧳, 茜, 䇴, 𤶈, 𪎢, 氥, 閪
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 1128, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34763
- Dae Jaweon: page 1595, character 19
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2805, character 2
- Unihan data for U+897F
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
西 | |
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alternative forms | 㢴 卤 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 西 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Pictogram (象形) – a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare 東 (OC *toːŋ, “bundle > east”). Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed (Sears), but Sagart (2004) stands by it.
Etymology[edit]
The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a /*s/-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. /*sɯːl/ in Zhengzhang (2003). However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as /*s-nˤ/, one of the reasons being 西 appears to be the phonetic in 迺 (nǎi), the archaic graphic variant of 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). The new reconstruction, /*s-nˤər/ in Baxter and Sagart (2014), also accounts for how 西 can be the phonetic in 哂 (shěn, “to smile”). For more information, see Sagart (2004), Baxter and Sagart (2014) and Nohara (2018).
In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster /*s-nˤ/, the possibilities of the etymology of 西, aside from being cognate with 棲/栖 (qī, “to roost; to rest”) (B-S OC /*s-nˤər/), include:
- Related to Tibetan ནེར་བ (ner ba, “to sink; to fall gradually”) (Unger, 1990).
- Related to Chepang नेलःसा (nelʔ‑, “to go down; to sink”), which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above (Schuessler, 2007).
- Related to the root 尼 (nǐ, “to stop”) (OC /*nˤərʔ/ for intransitive form, /*nˤərʔ-s/ for transitive form in Baxter and Sagart (2014)).
- Related to Tibetan མནལ (mnal, “sleep”) and Burmese နား (na:, “to rest; to stop for a while”) (Hill, 2019).
- An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in Old Mon cnis (“ghat”) < Old Mon cis (“to go down”) , with Proto-Austroasiatic *tsn- > Proto-Sinitic *sn-. Therefore, this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west". The base form is 濟 (OC *ʔsliːls) via Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
西
Coordinate terms[edit]
- (compass points) 方位;
西北 | 北 | 東北 |
西 | 東 | |
西南 | 南 | 東南 |
Compounds[edit]
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Descendants[edit]
Others:
- Japanese: 西 (shā, “west wind (mahjong tile)”)
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
- west
- Europe, European
- kanji used to transliterate foreign languages
- Short for 西班牙 (Supein): Spain, Spanish
- autumn
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: さい (sai, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
- Tō-on: すい (sui); す (su)
- Kun: にし (nishi, 西, Jōyō)
- Nanori: あき (aki); いり (iri); かわち (kawachi)←かはち (kafati, historical); ひし (hishi); むら (mura)
Compounds[edit]
- 西域 (saiiki)
- 西下 (saika)
- 西国 (saikoku), 西国 (saigoku)
- 西方 (saihō)
- 西方 (seihō)
- 西域 (seiiki)
- 西欧 (Seiō, “Western Europe”)
- 西紀 (seiki)
- 西経 (seikei, “west longitude”)
- 西蔵 (Seizō)
- 西哲 (seitetsu)
- 西部 (seibu)
- 西風 (seifū)
- 西洋 (seiyō, “the West, western countries”)
- 西暦 (seireki, “western calendar”)
- 西瓜 (suika, “watermelon”)
- 西海 (saikai), 西海 (Saikai)
- 以西 (isei)
- 関西 (Kansai)
- 泰西 (taisei)
- 鎮西 (Chinzei)
- 東西 (tōzai)
- 日西 (Nissei)
- 米西戦争 (Bei-Sei Sensō)
- 北西 (hokusei)
- 西比利亜 (Shiberia)
- 西班牙 (Supein)
- 西蔵 (Chibetto)
- 仏蘭西 (Furansu)
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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西 |
にし Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From adnominal 往にし (inishi, “leaving, passing”), as the direction of sunset. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- west (one of the four cardinal directions)
- Antonym: 東 (higashi)
- the West
- wind blowing from the west
- Antonym: 東 (higashi)
- (theater) in kabuki:
- (sumo) lower-ranked wrestlers listed on the left side of a banzuke
- Antonym: 東 (higashi)
- a capitalist state (originally western Europe, as opposed to Eastern Bloc countries)
Coordinate terms[edit]
- (compass points) 方角 (hōgaku);
西北 (seihoku) 北西 (hokusei) |
北 (kita) | 東北 (tōhoku) 北東 (hokutō) |
西 (nishi) | 東 (higashi) | |
西南 (seinan) 南西 (nansei) |
南 (minami) | 東南 (tōnan) 南東 (nantō) |
Derived terms[edit]
Idioms[edit]
- 西向く侍 → 二四六九士 (nishi muku samurai, “westward-facing samurai → mnemonic for months with less than 31 days, with 士 standing for 十一”)
Proverbs[edit]
- 西と言うたら東を悟れ (nishi to iu tara higashi o satore, “what is called in the west is realized in the east → necessary to understand the back as well as the front”)
- 西と言えば東と言う (nishi to ieba higashi to iu, “if they say West, say East → tell the opposite thing every time”)
- 西も東も分からない (nishi mo higashi mo wakaranai, “cannot tell east from west → cannot be understood at all”)
- 犬が西向きゃ尾は東 (inu ga nishi mukya o wa higashi, “dog faces west while its tail points east → clearly obvious”)
Proper noun[edit]
- (Buddhism) Synonym of 西方浄土 (Saihō Jōdo): the western paradise of Amitabha Buddha
- (Buddhism) Short for 西本願寺 (Nishi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Kyoto
- Synonym: お西 (o-Nishi)
- (historical) a red-light district in Edo-period Shinjuku (as it was located west of Edo Castle)
- a place name, especially the name of various wards in major cities throughout Japan
- a surname
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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西 |
しゃー Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
Possibly a corruption of Mandarin 西 (xī, “west”).
Noun[edit]
- (mahjong) west wind (mahjong tile)
- Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
- (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of west wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
- Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
See also[edit]
- 風牌 (kazehai, “wind tiles”): 東 (ton, “east wind”), 南 (nan, “south wind”), 西 (shā, “west wind”), 北 (pē, “north wind”)
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 西 (MC sei).
Historical Readings | ||
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Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 솅 (Yale: syèy) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] | 셧녁 (Yale: syè-s-nyèk) | 셔 (Yale: syè) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰʌ̹]
- Phonetic hangul: [서]
Hanja[edit]
西 (eumhun 서녘 서 (seonyeok seo))
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
Noun[edit]
- the West
Compounds[edit]
- 西風 (いりかじ, irikazi, “west wind”)
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
西: Hán Nôm readings: tây, tê, sài
- Sơn Tây : 山西
- Tây Sơn : 西山
- Sài Gòn : 西貢
- phía tây : 費西
References[edit]
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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