Metis (mythology)
| Metis | |
|---|---|
Goddess of Wise counsel | |
| Member of the Oceanids | |
 A winged goddess depicted under Zeus' throne, possibly Metis. | |
| Abode | Ancient Greece |
| Personal information | |
| Parents | Oceanus and Tethys |
| Siblings | Oceanids, Potamoi |
| Consort | Zeus |
| Offspring | Athena, Poros |
| Part of a series on |
| Ancient Greek religion |
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| Greek deities series |
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| Titans |
| Personified concepts |
Metis (/ˈmɛtɪs/; Ancient Greek: Μῆτις, romanized: Mêtis, lit. 'wisdom', 'skill', or 'craft'), in ancient Greek religion, was a mythical goddess, an Oceanid nymph, daughter of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys.[1]
Function[edit]
By the era of Greek philosophy in the 5th century BC, Metis had become the mother of wisdom and deep thought, but her name originally connoted "magical cunning" and was as easily equated with the trickster powers of Prometheus as with the "royal metis" of Zeus.[2] The Stoic commentators allegorised Metis as the embodiment of "prudence", "wisdom" or "wise counsel", in which form she was inherited by the Renaissance.[3]
The Greek word metis meant a quality that combined wisdom and cunning. This quality was considered to be highly admirable, the hero Odysseus being the embodiment of it. In the Classical era, metis was regarded by Athenians as one of the notable characteristics of the Athenian character.[4]
Family[edit]
Metis was an Oceanid, the daughters of Oceanus and his sister Tethys, who were three thousand in number.[5] She was a sister of the Potamoi (river-gods), sons of Oceanus and Tethys, who also numbered three thousand. Metis was the first great spouse of Zeus,[6][2] Zeus is himself titled Metieta (Ancient Greek: Μητίετα, lit. 'the wise counsellor'), in the Homeric poems.
Mythology[edit]
Metis was the one who gave Zeus a potion to cause Cronus to vomit out Zeus' siblings.[7]
Metis was both a threat to Zeus and an indispensable aid.[8] Zeus lay with Metis but immediately feared the consequences. It had been prophesied that Metis would bear extremely powerful children: the first, a daughter, and the second, a son more powerful than Zeus himself, who would eventually overthrow Zeus and become king of the cosmos in his place.[9]
In order to forestall these dire consequences, Zeus tricked her into turning herself into a fly and promptly swallowed her.[10] He was too late however, for Metis was already pregnant with their child, Athena. Metis crafted armor, a spear, and a shield for her daughter, and raised her in Zeus' mind. Metis soon began to fade into pure thought, and Athena began to use the spear and shield her mother had made, banging them together to give her father a headache. Soon, Zeus couldn't take his headache anymore and had Hephaestus cut his head open to let out whatever was in there. Athena emerged from Zeus's mind in full glory, wearing the armor her mother made her. Athena was made the goddess wisdom, warfare, and handicraft.
But Zeus lay with the fair-cheeked daughter of Ocean and Tethys apart from Hera [..] deceiving Metis although she was full wise. But he seized her with his hands and put her in his belly, for fear that she might bring forth something stronger than his thunderbolt: therefore did Zeus, who sits on high and dwells in the aether, swallow her down suddenly. But she straightway conceived Pallas Athena: and the father of men and gods gave her birth by way of his head on the banks of the river Trito. And she remained hidden beneath the inward parts of Zeus, even Metis, Athena's mother, worker of righteousness, who was wiser than gods and mortal men.[11]
The similarities between Zeus swallowing Metis and Cronus swallowing his children have been noted by several scholars. This also caused some controversy in regard to reproduction myths.[12][13]
An alternative version of the same myth makes the Cyclops Brontes rather than Zeus the father of Athena before Metis is swallowed.[14]
Hesiod's account is followed by Acusilaus and the Orphic tradition, which enthroned Metis side by side with Eros as primal cosmogenic forces. Plato makes Poros, or "creative ingenuity", the child of Metis.[15]
According to Pseudo-Apollodorus, Metis lay with Zeus against her will, and changed many forms in order to escape him.[16]
In sociology[edit]
In his 1998 book Seeing Like a State, James C. Scott used “metis” to describe the knowhow, experience and wisdom that people acquire in building expertise, as a key contributor to success in society that is not accounted for by the high modernist approach to central administration.
Modern legacy[edit]
- Metis Island in Antarctica is named after the goddess.
- 9 Metis, one of the larger main-belt asteroids, is named after the goddess.
- Metis, a moon of Jupiter, is named after the goddess.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 357; Smith, s.v. Metis.
- ^ a b Norman O. Brown, "The Birth of Athena" Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 83 (1952), pp. 130–143.
- ^ A.B. Cook, Zeus (1914) 1940, noted in Brown 1952:133 note.
- ^ "METIS – TITAN OF WISDOM".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Bane, Theresa (2013). Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 232. ISBN 9780786471119.
- ^ M. Detienne and J.-P. Vernant, Les Ruses de l'intelligence: la Mètis des Grecs (Paris, 1974). ISBN 2-08-081036-7.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 471; Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.2.1; Grimal, s.v. Metis.
- ^ Brown 1952:133
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony, 886–900; Hard, p. 77; Caldwell, p. 16; Tripp, s.v. Metis.
- ^ Lang, Andrew (1901). Myth, Ritual and Religion. Vol. 2. Longmans, Green. pp. 194, 262–263. OCLC 13809803. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 929
- ^ King, Helen. "Reproduction Myths". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
- ^ Leeming, s.v. Metis.
- ^ Scholia on Homer, Iliad 8.39; Gantz, p. 51.
- ^ Plato, Symposium 203b; Morford, p. 133–134.
- ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.3.6
References[edit]
- Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). ISBN 978-0-941051-00-2.
- Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
- Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
- Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Leeming, David, "Metis". In The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, York University, 2004.
- Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-530805-1.
- Plato, (1989) The Symposium. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.
- Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). ISBN 069022608X.
External links[edit]
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