Indus Kohistani
Indus Kohistani | |
---|---|
Maiyã | |
کوستَیں Kōstaiñ | |
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Region | Indus Kohistan (Upper Kohistan, Lower Kohistan, Kolai-Palas districts as well as Tangir and Darel valleys)[1] |
Ethnicity | Indus Kohistanis |
Native speakers | (200,000 cited 1992)[2] |
Perso-Arabic script (Nastaliq) | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mvy |
Glottolog | indu1241 |
![]() Kohistani is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in the Kohistan region, it is given a space in this map. |
Indus Kohistani (کوستَیں ژباں, Kōstaiñ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the former Kohistan District of Pakistan.[3] The language was referred to as Maiyã (Mayon) or Shuthun by early researchers, but subsequent observations have not verified that these names are known locally.[4]
Phonology[edit]
The phonology of Indus Kohistani varies between its major dialects as shown below.[5]
Vowels[edit]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | o oː | |
Open | a aː |
In the Kanyawali dialect, the back vowels /u/ and /o/ are described as variants of each other, as are the front vowels /i/ and /e/.
Consonants[edit]
![](http://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20230813113111im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/350px-Mother_Tongue_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png)
The consonant inventory of Indus Kohistani is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to the Kanyawali Dialect of Tangir and those found only in the Kohistan Dialects are color-coded respectively.)
Labial | Coronal | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | Voiced | m | n | ɳ | ||||
Breathy Voiced | (mʱ) | |||||||
Stop | Voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | (q) | ||
Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
Voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
Breathy Voiced | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | ɡʱ | ||||
Affricate | Voiceless | ts | tʂ | tʃ | ||||
Aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ | ||||||
Voiced | dʒ | |||||||
Fricative | Voiceless | f | s | ʂ | ʃ | x | h | |
Voiced | v | z | ʐ | ʒ | ɣ | |||
Lateral | l | |||||||
Rhotic | Voiced | r | ɽ | |||||
Breathy Voiced | rʱ | ɽʱ | ||||||
Semivowel | j | w |
The phonemes /x/, /ɣ/, and /q/ are mainly found in loan words. The status of /q/ in the Kanyawali Dialect is unclear. The sounds /f, v/ can also be bilabial [ɸ, β].[6]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Frembgen, Jurgen Wasin (1999). "Indus Kohistan An Historical and Ethnographie Outline". Central Asiatic Journal. 43 (1): 71. JSTOR 41928174.
- ^ Indus Kohistani at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 874. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
- ^ Zoller 2005, p. 2.
- ^ Edelman 1983, pp. 246, 253.
- ^ Zoller 2005, p. 36.
Bibliography[edit]
- Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: (Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR).
- Zoller, Claus Peter (2005). A grammar and dictionary of Indus Kohistani. Vol. 1: Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017947-7.