-inen
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See also: inen
Finnish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Finnic *-inen.
Suffix[edit]
-inen
- Creates adjectives signifying a certain quality; -like, -ous, -y.
- Creates adjectives indicating a material of which something is made; -en
- Creates adjectives from present active participles, indicating a tendency to be/do something.
- taipuva (“flexible”) + -inen → taipuvainen (“inclined, predisposed; to do something = tekemään jotakin”)
Usage notes[edit]
- Should not be confused with -nen, a diminutive suffix; however, the first two meanings may appear as -nen in colloquial contexts, where the -i- is dropped for words derived with -inen (but not -lainen, -mainen...) in case the root word is bisyllabic, ends in a short vowel and does not end in e or i. The two suffixes are however etymologically identical and hence the distinction may not be observed in some dialects.
- The combining form, which is used for most -inen derivatives (including basically all nouns) before other words in a compound, final -nen is dropped and replaced with -s-.
- For -inen words where the root is of Latin or Greek origin, the -s too is often dropped.
- nominaalinen → nominaali-
- For -inen words where the root is of Latin or Greek origin, the -s too is often dropped.
- When appended to verbs ending in -taa or -tää, the verb stem ending in -te is used (such as kerrostaa → kerrosteinen).
Declension[edit]
back vowels (contains a, o or u)
| Inflection of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -inen | -iset | |
| genitive | -isen | -isten -isien | |
| partitive | -ista | -isia | |
| illative | -iseen | -isiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -inen | -iset | |
| accusative | nom. | -inen | -iset |
| gen. | -isen | ||
| genitive | -isen | -isten -isien | |
| partitive | -ista | -isia | |
| inessive | -isessa | -isissa | |
| elative | -isesta | -isista | |
| illative | -iseen | -isiin | |
| adessive | -isella | -isilla | |
| ablative | -iselta | -isilta | |
| allative | -iselle | -isille | |
| essive | -isena | -isina | |
| translative | -iseksi | -isiksi | |
| instructive | — | -isin | |
| abessive | -isetta | -isitta | |
| comitative | — | -isine | |
| Possessive forms of -inen (type nainen) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -iseni | -isemme |
| 2nd person | -isesi | -isenne |
| 3rd person | -isensa | |
front vowels (no a, o or u)
| Inflection of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -inen | -iset | |
| genitive | -isen | -isten -isien | |
| partitive | -istä | -isiä | |
| illative | -iseen | -isiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -inen | -iset | |
| accusative | nom. | -inen | -iset |
| gen. | -isen | ||
| genitive | -isen | -isten -isien | |
| partitive | -istä | -isiä | |
| inessive | -isessä | -isissä | |
| elative | -isestä | -isistä | |
| illative | -iseen | -isiin | |
| adessive | -isellä | -isillä | |
| ablative | -iseltä | -isiltä | |
| allative | -iselle | -isille | |
| essive | -isenä | -isinä | |
| translative | -iseksi | -isiksi | |
| instructive | — | -isin | |
| abessive | -isettä | -isittä | |
| comitative | — | -isine | |
| Possessive forms of -inen (type nainen) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -iseni | -isemme |
| 2nd person | -isesi | -isenne |
| 3rd person | -isensä | |