Ministry of Public Security (China)

Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国公安部; Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Gōng'ānbù
	Emblem of the People's Republic of China
	Badge of the People's Police of China
	; Flag of the People's Police of China
Agency overview
Formed	1954; 68 years ago
Preceding agency	Ministry of Public Security of the Central People's Government; (1949–1954);
Type	Constituent Department of the State Council (cabinet-level)
Jurisdiction	China
Headquarters	Beijing
Employees	1.9 million
Ministers responsible	Zhao Kezhi, Minister; Wang Xiaohong; Du Hangwei; Xu Ganlu; Liu Zhao, Vice-Ministers; Sun Xinyang, Leader of the Discipline Inspection & Supervision Team Dispatched from the CCDI & the NSC; Feng Yan, Politics Supervisor; Chen Siyuan, the Assistant to the Minister;
Parent agency	State Council
Child agencies	National Immigration Administration (NIA); China National Central Bureau of Interpol; China Immigration Inspection (CII);
Website	mps.gov.cn

The Ministry of Public Security (Chinese: 公安部; pinyin: Gōng'ānbù)^{[note 1]} is a government ministry of the People's Republic of China responsible for public and political security. It oversees more than 1.9 million of the country's law enforcement officers and as such the vast majority of the People's Police (Chinese: 人民警察; pinyin: Rénmín Jǐngchá). The MPS is a nationwide police force, but counterintelligence and "political security" remain core functions.^[1]^[2]

The ministry was established in 1949 (after the Chinese Communist Party's victory in the Chinese Civil War) as the successor to the Central Department of Social Affairs and was known as "Ministry of Public Security of the Central People's Government" until 1954.^[3] Grand General Luo Ruiqing of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) was its first minister. As the ministry's organization was based on Soviet and Eastern Bloc models, it was responsible for all aspects of national security; ranging from regular police work to intelligence, counterintelligence and the suppression of anti-communist political and societal sentiments.^[3]^[4] Military intelligence affairs remained with the General Staff Department, while the International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was active in fomenting revolutionary tendencies worldwide by funneling weapons, money and resources to various pro-CCP movements.^[5]

The ministry employs a system of Public Security Bureaus throughout all provinces, cities, municipalities and towns of China. The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau maintain nominally separate police forces. The ministry is headed by the Minister of Public Security, who is nominated by the Premier of the People's Republic of China and confirmed by the National People's Congress (NPC). Zhao Kezhi has been the current minister since November 2017.

History[edit]

The Ministry of Public Security was among the first government organs of the PRC. It superseded the Ministry of Public Security of the CCP's Central Military Commission (CMC), a transitional body created in July 1949 by removing the security service remit from the CCP's Central Department of Social Affairs (CDSA). The MPS began operations on 1 November 1949, at the end of a two-week-long National Conference of Senior Public Security Cadres. Most of its initial staff of less than 500 cadres came from the (former) regional CCP North China Department of Social Affairs. At the national level, its creation signaled the formal abolition of the CDSA. The ministry moved to its present location, in the heart of the one-time foreign legation quarters in Beijing, in the spring of 1950.^[6]

The MPS's Guangzhou office historically handled foreign spies such as Larry Wu-tai Chin.^[1]

With the creation of the Ministry of State Security (MSS) in July 1983, MPS lost much of its counterintelligence personnel and remit.^[1] Scholars Jichang Lulu and Filip Jirouš have argued that the establishment of the MSS "may have contributed to the illusion that the MPS is simply a law-enforcement police body, separate from intelligence agencies."^[2] According to analyst Alex Joske, "the MPS lost much of its foreign intelligence remit after the MSS’s creation, but has established new units for cross-border clandestine operations since then."^[1]

Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, the MPS worked to counter Operation Yellowbird.^[2]

MPS officials have been active abroad in Operation Fox Hunt and Operation Sky Net.^[7]^[8] The MPS under Sun Lijun had reporters from The Wall Street Journal in Hong Kong under "full operational surveillance" for their reporting of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal.^[9]^[1]

Starting in 2019, the MPS began replacing "domestic security" with "political security" in the names of its units.^[2]

List of Ministers[edit]

No.	Name	From	To	Premier
1	Luo Ruiqing	October 1949	September 1959	Zhou Enlai
2	Xie Fuzhi	September 1959	March 1972	Zhou Enlai
3	Li Zhen	March 1972	1973	Zhou Enlai
4	Hua Guofeng	1973	March 1977	Zhou Enlai Hua Guofeng
5	Zhao Cangbi	March 1977	April 1983	Hua Guofeng Zhao Ziyang
6	Liu Fuzhi	May 1983	August 1985	Zhao Ziyang
7	Ruan Chongwu	September 1985	March 1987	Zhao Ziyang
8	Wang Fang	April 1987	November 1990	Zhao Ziyang Li Peng
9	Tao Siju	December 1990	March 1998	Li Peng
10	Jia Chunwang	March 1998	December 2002	Li Peng Zhu Rongji
11	Zhou Yongkang	December 2002	October 2007	Zhu Rongji Wen Jiabao
12	Meng Jianzhu	October 2007	December 2012	Wen Jiabao
13	Guo Shengkun	December 2012	November 2017	Wen Jiabao Li Keqiang
14	Zhao Kezhi	November 2017	Incumbent	Li Keqiang

Organization[edit]

Headquarters of the Ministry of Public Security in Beijing

The MPS is organized into functional departments (see below). Subordinate to the MPS are the provincial- and municipal-level PSB's (Public Security Bureau) and sub-bureaus at the county and urban district levels. At the grassroots level, finally, there are police stations (Chinese: 派出所; pinyin: Pàichūsuǒ) which serve as the direct point of contact between police and ordinary citizens. While public security considerations have weighed heavily at all levels of administration since the founding of the PRC, the police are perceived by some outside observers to wield progressively greater influence at lower levels of government. Provincial public security bureaus are subject to dual supervision by both local provincial governments and the central government.^[10] The ministry is also closely associated with the development of surveillance technologies used by police in China through the Third Research Institute (Chinese: 第三研究所; pinyin: Dì-sān Yánjiūsuǒ; lit. 'No. 3 Research Institute') focused on the development of AI based “smart surveillance,” and censorship technologies.^[11]

Departmental structure[edit]

At the time of its creation, the Ministry of Public Security had a simple departmental structure comprising one general office and six functional directorates, numbered sequentially and responsible for political security, economic security, public order and administration, border security, armed security, and personnel. Today the ministry is organized into the following departments:

Central Office,
Supervision,
Personnel & Training,
Public Relations,
Economic Crime Investigation,
Public Order Administration,
Border Control (see: China Immigration Inspection (CII))
Criminal Investigation,
Exit & Entry Administration (see: National Immigration Administration (NIA)),
Fire Control,
State Protection,
Public Information Network Security Supervision (Cybersecurity or 11th Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security),
Penitentiary Administration,
Traffic Control,
Legal Affairs,
International Cooperation,
Equipment and Finance,
Drug Control,
Science & Technology,
Counter-terrorism, and
Info-communications.
Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security

Railway, navigation, civil aviation, forestry and anti-smuggling public security departments are under the dual leadership of their superior administration and the MPS.^[12]

Public relations[edit]

Internal[edit]

The Public Security Construction (《公安建设》) was a classified serial publication for internal purposes.^[13] During the disastrous Great Leap Forward between 1958 and 1961, the Public Security Work Bulletin (《公安工作简报》) was a top-secret serial which often described China's serious food shortages, directly contradicting Mao Zedong's promises of "bountiful economic fruit".^[14]^[15] Another periodical People’s Public Security (《人民公安》)^{[note 2]} was also produced and classified as "for official use only".^[16]^[17]

Firearms[edit]

A decision has been taken to train in the use of sidearms to all frontline MPS personnel since 2006. The 9×19mm double-action revolver manufactured by the China North Industries Corporation^[18] are issued to frontline personnel, and officers armed them routinely.^{[citation needed]}

For more firepower, detectives and special units are routinely armed with NP 22 and QSZ-92 semi-automatic pistols. Sub-machine guns, rifles and light machine guns are deployed when more firepower is required.^{[citation needed]}

Handguns
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**Product list and details**
Make/Model	Type	Origin	Usage since	Main users
Norinco	Type 54	People's Republic of China	1954–1988	Frontline officers (obsolete, mostly phased out by QSZ-92)
Norinco	Type 64	People's Republic of China	1980–2008	Detectives & frontline officers(obsolete, mostly phased out by QSW-06)
Norinco	9mm Revolver	People's Republic of China	2006–Present	Patrol police
Norinco	Type 77	People's Republic of China	1981–Present	Detectives
Norinco	QSZ-92	People's Republic of China	1996–Present	Frontline officers
Norinco	QSW-06	People's Republic of China	2006–Present	Special forces
Norinco	NP 22	People's Republic of China	2015–Present	Special forces & detectives
Taurus	PT109	Brazil	2014–Present	Limited use in guard details

Submachine guns

**Product list and details**
Make/Model	Type	Origin	Usage since	Main users
Norinco	Type 79^[19]	People's Republic of China	1979–Present	Special units
Norinco	NR-08	People's Republic of China	2008–Present	Special units
Norinco	JS 9 mm	People's Republic of China	2006–Present	Special units

Rifles

Product list and details
Make/Model	Type	Origin	Usage since	Main users
Norinco	QBZ-95	People's Republic of China	1997–Present	Special units
Norinco	QBZ-03	People's Republic of China	2002–Present	Special units
Norinco	Type 81	People's Republic of China	1983–Present	Reserve units
Norinco	Norinco CQ	People's Republic of China	1980–Present	Some police units, notably Sichuan Police Department and Chongqing SWAT

Shotguns

Product list and details
Make/Model	Type	Origin	Usage since	Main users
Norinco	Norinco HP9-1	People's Republic of China	2001–Present	Patrol Units

Notes[edit]

^ Mandarin pronunciation: [kʊ́ŋ.án.pû]; abbr. from Chinese: 公共安全部; pinyin: Gōnggòng Ānquán Bù; lit. 'Public Security Ministry' Mandarin pronunciation: [kʊ́ŋ.kʊ̂ŋ án.tɕʰɥɛ̌n pû]
^ Its official English-language title is People's Police.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Joske, Alex (January 25, 2022). "Secret police: The Ministry of Public Security's clandestine foreign operations" (PDF). Sinopsis. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lulu, Jichang; Jirouš, Filip (February 21, 2022). "Back to the Cheka: The Ministry of Public Security's political protection work" (PDF). Sinopsis. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Guo, Xuezhi (2012). "From the Social Affairs Department to Ministry of Public Security". China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–105. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139150897.003. ISBN 978-1-139-15089-7. OCLC 1277069527.
^ Schoenhals, Michael (2012). Spying for the People: Mao's Secret Agents, 1949–1967. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084765. ISBN 978-1-139-08476-5. OCLC 1030095349.
^ Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency (December 1971). "Intelligence Report: The International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ Wang Zhongfang, "Gonganbu shi zemyang chenglide," in Zhu Chunlin (ed.) Lishi shunjian (Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 1999), Vol. 1, pp. 3–16.
^ Rotella, Sebastian; Berg, Kirsten (July 22, 2021). "Operation Fox Hunt: How China Exports Repression Using a Network of Spies Hidden in Plain Sight". ProPublica. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
^ Walden, Max (January 18, 2022). "'Why stop?': NGO says Australia's failure to block forced return of residents to China has encouraged Beijing". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
^ Wright, Tom; Hope, Bradley (January 7, 2019). "China Offered to Bail Out Troubled Malaysian Fund in Return for Deals". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
^ Cheng, Ming (March 1, 1997). "Spy Headquarters Behind the Shrubs -- Supplement to 'Secrets About CPC Spies'". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
^ Kania, Elsa (November 16, 2017). "Seeking a Panacea: The Party-State's Plans for Artificial Intelligence (Part 2)". Centre for Advanced China Research (CACR). Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Schoenhals, Michael (February 18, 2013). Spying for the People: Mao's Secret Agents, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–6. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084765. ISBN 9781139619714. OCLC 1030095349. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ Cheek, Timothy, ed. (August 23, 2010). A Critical Introduction to Mao. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781476. ISBN 9781139789042. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ Schoenhals, Michael (February 18, 2013). Spying for the People: Mao's Secret Agents, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31, 42, 106. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084765. ISBN 9781139619714. OCLC 1030095349. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ Schoenhals, Michael (February 18, 2013). Spying for the People: Mao's Secret Agents, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084765. ISBN 9781139619714. OCLC 1030095349. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ Lim, J.; Petrone, K. (December 14, 2010). Gender Politics and Mass Dictatorship: Global Perspectives. Springer. p. 238. doi:10.1057/9780230283275. ISBN 9780230283275. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "9mm Chinese Police revolver". Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
^ "Archived copy". www.cn-news.info. Archived from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Sources[edit]

John Pike, Federation of American Scientists, Intelligence Resource Program, Ministry of Public Security Archived March 6, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
Kam C. Wong, Chinese Policing: History and Reform (N.Y.: Peter Lang, 2009)
Kam C. Wong, Police Reform in China: A Chinese Perspective (Taylor and Francis, 2011) (July 2011)
Angelo Paratico, The Karma Killers IUniverse, 2009

External links[edit]

Official website

[1] Mandarin pronunciation: [kʊ́ŋ.án.pû]; abbr. from Chinese: 公共安全部; pinyin: Gōnggòng Ānquán Bù; lit. 'Public Security Ministry' Mandarin pronunciation: [kʊ́ŋ.kʊ̂ŋ án.tɕʰɥɛ̌n pû]

[17] Its official English-language title is People's Police.

[:2-2] Joske, Alex (January 25, 2022). "Secret police: The Ministry of Public Security's clandestine foreign operations" (PDF). Sinopsis. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.

[:1-3] Lulu, Jichang; Jirouš, Filip (February 21, 2022). "Back to the Cheka: The Ministry of Public Security's political protection work" (PDF). Sinopsis. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.

[:0-4] Guo, Xuezhi (2012). "From the Social Affairs Department to Ministry of Public Security". China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–105. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139150897.003. ISBN 978-1-139-15089-7. OCLC 1277069527.

[5] Schoenhals, Michael (2012). Spying for the People: Mao's Secret Agents, 1949–1967. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084765. ISBN 978-1-139-08476-5. OCLC 1030095349.

[CIA-6] Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency (December 1971). "Intelligence Report: The International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 31, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2019.

[7] Wang Zhongfang, "Gonganbu shi zemyang chenglide," in Zhu Chunlin (ed.) Lishi shunjian (Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 1999), Vol. 1, pp. 3–16.

[8] Rotella, Sebastian; Berg, Kirsten (July 22, 2021). "Operation Fox Hunt: How China Exports Repression Using a Network of Spies Hidden in Plain Sight". ProPublica. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.

[9] Walden, Max (January 18, 2022). "'Why stop?': NGO says Australia's failure to block forced return of residents to China has encouraged Beijing". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.

[10] Wright, Tom; Hope, Bradley (January 7, 2019). "China Offered to Bail Out Troubled Malaysian Fund in Return for Deals". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.

[11] Cheng, Ming (March 1, 1997). "Spy Headquarters Behind the Shrubs -- Supplement to 'Secrets About CPC Spies'". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.

[12] Kania, Elsa (November 16, 2017). "Seeking a Panacea: The Party-State's Plans for Artificial Intelligence (Part 2)". Centre for Advanced China Research (CACR). Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.

[13] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[14] Schoenhals, Michael (February 18, 2013). Spying for the People: Mao's Secret Agents, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–6. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084765. ISBN 9781139619714. OCLC 1030095349. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.

[15] Cheek, Timothy, ed. (August 23, 2010). A Critical Introduction to Mao. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781476. ISBN 9781139789042. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2021.

[16] Schoenhals, Michael (February 18, 2013). Spying for the People: Mao's Secret Agents, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31, 42, 106. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084765. ISBN 9781139619714. OCLC 1030095349. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.

[18] Schoenhals, Michael (February 18, 2013). Spying for the People: Mao's Secret Agents, 1949–1967. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084765. ISBN 9781139619714. OCLC 1030095349. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.

[19] Lim, J.; Petrone, K. (December 14, 2010). Gender Politics and Mass Dictatorship: Global Perspectives. Springer. p. 238. doi:10.1057/9780230283275. ISBN 9780230283275. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.

[20] "9mm Chinese Police revolver". Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2008.

[21] "Archived copy". www.cn-news.info. Archived from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[note 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[note 2]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

v t e National security and law enforcement in China
National organizations	Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party National Security Commission Central Military Commission People's Liberation Army Militia Maritime Militia NDMC United Front Work Department State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Ministry of National Defense Taiwan Affairs Office
Mainland organizations	Supervisory Commissions Public Security PP People's Police provincial public security bureaus city/county public security bureaus Internet police Immigration Immigration Inspection State Security PP Judicial Administrative PP People's Courts Judicial Police People's Procuratorates Judicial Police People's Armed Police Coast Guard Customs State Secrets Protection Cyberspace Admin Urban Admin
Hong Kong organizations	Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region PLA Hong Kong Garrison Independent Commission Against Corruption Hong Kong Disciplined Services Police Fire Correction Customs Immigration
Macau organizations	PLA Macau Garrison Commission Against Corruption Macau Security Force Public Security Police (including Migration Service) Judiciary Police [zh] Fire Services Bureau Correctional Services Bureau Macau Customs Service [zh]
Operations	Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950-53) Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns (1951-52) Sufan movement (1955-57) Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957-59) Red August (1966) Shadian incident (1975) 1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign (1983-87) Persecution of Falun Gong (1999) 6521 Project (2009) Anti-corruption campaign (2012-) Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism (2014-) Operation Fox Hunt (2014-) 709 crackdown (2015) Abroad Information operations and information warfare United States
Other topics	2011 crackdown 610 Office Black jails Capital punishment Censorship Central Case Examination Group Civil Servant-Family Pair Up Death sentence with reprieve Great Cannon Grid-style social management Hong Kong national security law Human rights Tibet Macao Hong Kong Internet censorship Inciting subversion of state power Judicial system Judiciary of Hong Kong Judiciary of Macau Laogai Life imprisonment Penal system PLA Unit 61398 Political offences Picking quarrels and provoking trouble Re-education through labor Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location Soft detention Shuanggui Two-faced person Uyghur genocide Xinjiang internment camps

v t e Police forces by country
Africa	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Americas	Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Greenland Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela
Asia and Oceania	Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia PR China Hong Kong Macau Cyprus India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kurdistan Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal New Zealand Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Thailand Tajikistan East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
Europe	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Scotland Northern Ireland England and Wales
Non-recognized	Kosovo Northern Cyprus Somaliland Republic of China (Taiwan)
Defunct	Albania (Royal Albanian Gendarmerie) Czechoslovakia East Germany Polish People's Republic Soviet Union Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)

v t e Border protection agencies
Africa	Algeria GNA PAF Angola PGFA SME Benin ABeGIEF DEI USSF Botswana Burkina Faso DPF DSE Burundi CGM PAFE Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad GN GNNT PNT Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo DGM DPF Republic of the Congo DGST DIE Côte d'Ivoire DST ONECI Djibouti Egypt Border Guard PINA Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana BGU GIS Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya BPU DIS Lesotho Liberia Libya LBG LPA Madagascar Malawi Mali DGGN DNF DPF DRGS Mauritania DGGN DST Mauritius Morocco DGSN DGST GRM Mozambique RPF SENAMI Namibia DICC NAB SFF Niger DST GN GNN Nigeria CMCF NIS Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal DPAF DPETV DST Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa BMA JOD SAIS SAPS South Sudan Sudan BIB GAB GDPI Tanzania Togo DGDN GNT Tunisia DGFE GNT Uganda DCIC FFU Zambia Zimbabwe DIZ PSU
Asia	Afghanistan Armenia AVV MS NSS SZ Azerbaijan BPQMI DMX DSX Bahrain Bangladesh BGB DIP SB Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China CII NIA Georgia BPG Migratsiis Politsiis SCMI Hong Kong India AR BOI BSF ITBP RR SFF SSB Indonesia Ditjenim Satgas Pamtas Iran BAFIA Immigration Marzbani NAJA Iraq Israel CPA Magav PIBA Yamam Yamas Japan Jordan BRD DBS Kazakhstan KQQK UQK SQ North Korea South Korea KIS ROK MP Kuwait GDLBS GDR Kyrgyzstan MCK OKMMK Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia AKSEM JIM RS Maldives Mongolia GIKG KKEG Myanmar BGF BGP MIP Nepal APF DOI Oman Border Guard DGPR Pakistan DGIP FC GB Scouts PR Palestine Philippines Qatar Border Guard GDP Saudi Arabia GDBG GDP Singapore Sri Lanka DIE NBMC Syria Border Guard BSF IAPD Republic of China (Taiwan) Tajikistan MS QS KDAM Thailand BPP IB TP Timor-Leste SM UPF Turkey GIGM Göçmen Hudut JGK Turkmenistan DMG DSG United Arab Emirates Border Guard ICA Manafth Uzbekistan DXX CQ MvaFRBB Vietnam Yemen Border Guard IPNA
Europe	Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Immigration UFE Austria BFA LPD Belarus DPK UGIM Belgium IBZ DGA Bosnia and Herzegovina GPBiH SPS Bulgaria DM GDBP Croatia UIDUP UZG Cyprus CRMD YAM Czech Republic OAMP SCP Denmark HS Politi SIRI US Estonia Finland Migri RVL France DCPAF DGEF OFII OFPRA Germany BAMF BPOL Gibraltar BCA Greece DAM KAPS Guernsey Hungary Border Guard OIF Iceland Ireland GNIB INIS Italy DCIPF DLCI GdF L'AC Jersey Latvia PMLP RS Liechtenstein APA LaPo SBG Lithuania MD VSAT Luxembourg Immigration PGD Malta IMA MPF AFM Moldova BMA PF Monaco Montenegro Netherlands AVIM IND KMar North Macedonia Norway Grensekom GSV PU UDI UNE Poland SG UDSC Portugal ACM SEF Romania IGI PFR Russia GUVM PSFSB San Marino Serbia KIRS UGP Slovakia MÚ ÚHCP Slovenia SMP SUNZ Spain CGEF GC OAR SEM Sweden NOA SMA Switzerland SBG SEM Ukraine DMS DPSU United Kingdom HMPO IE UKBF UKVI Vatican City
North America	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize BMA DINS Canada CBSA IRCC Costa Rica DGME Fronteras Cuba BF DIIE Dominica Dominican Republic CESFRONT DGMRD FTC-1 UPF El Salvador Border Patrol DGME DISEFRO Greenland Grenada Guatemala DIPAFRONT IGM Haiti DIE POLIFRONT Honduras DNSPF INM Jamaica Mexico GN INM PF Nicaragua Panama APAP SENAFRONT SNM Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States CBP DMB ICE USBP USCIS
Oceania	American Samoa Australia Federated States of Micronesia Border Control Immigration Fiji BAF FID Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea ICA PNGDF Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu BV VIS
South America	Argentina DNM GNA Bolivia Border Police DIGEMIG UPCOM Brazil BPFron GESFRON PF Chile CdC JENAMIG Colombia Ecuador Guyana DOC GPF Paraguay Peru Migraciones PNP Suriname Immigration KMP VZ Uruguay Venezuela GNB Immigration SAIME
International	United Nations International Organization for Migration CIS European Union
Non-recognized	Donetsk MS DNR SPO DNR Kosovo DCAM DPK Luhansk SPO LNR UMS LNR Northern Cyprus Somaliland SIBC Transnistria PU MGB UPVM MVD
Defunct	Albania (till 1939) Byzantine Empire Czechoslovakia (till 1939) East Germany Estonia (till 2010) Germany (till 1945) Italy (till 1943) Liechtenstein (till 1923) Poland KOP (till 1939) BPT (till 1991) Roman Empire Soviet Union Spain (till 1940) United Kingdom IND (till 2007) BIA (till 2008) UKBA (till 2013) West Germany
Coast guard Customs Law Enforcement Agency Intelligence agency

Authority control
General	ISNI 1
National libraries	Czech Republic

Ministry of Public Security (China)

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