Angika language (𑂃𑂁𑂏𑂱𑂍𑂰 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰/अंगिका भाषा/অঙ্গিকা ভাষা)[4] or alternatively classified as Chhika-Chhiki[5][6] variant of Maithili is the primary language of the Anga region of Bihar, Jharkhand[7] states of India. In addition to India, it is also spoken in some parts of the Terai region of Nepal.[1] It belongs to the Eastern Indo-Aryan language family. It is claimed to be closely related to languages such as Assamese, Bengali and Magahi.
| Angika | |
|---|---|
| Chhika-Chhiki Maithili | |
| 𑂃𑂁𑂏𑂱𑂍𑂰, अंगिका, অঙ্গিকা | |
| Native to | India and Nepal |
| Region | Bihar,West Bengal and Jharkhand states of India and Terai region of Nepal[1] |
Native speakers | (743,600 cited 1996)[2] |
| Devanagari Tirhuta Kaithi | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  India
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | anp |
| ISO 639-3 | anp |
| Glottolog | angi1238 Angika |
| Angika test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
Angika is not listed in the 8th schedule of the constitution of India. Nevertheless, Angika language movements have advocated its inclusion, and a submitted request is currently pending with the Government.[8] Angika is written in the Devanagari script; although the Tirhuta and Kaithi scripts were used historically.
TerritoryEdit
Angika or Chhika-Chhiki is mainly spoken in Anga area which includes Munger, Bhagalpur and Banka districts of Bihar and the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.[9] Its speakers number around 15 million people.[10] Apart from Bihar and Jharkhand states of India, it is also spoken in the Morang district of Nepalese Terai as a minority language. 1.9% people of Morang returned Angika as their mother tongue during the 2011 Nepal census.[11]
Relationship to MaithiliEdit
Angika is classified as a dialect of Maithili by George A. Grierson in the Linguistic Survey of India (1903).[12] However,few people now assert its status as an independent language. When the proponents of the Maithili language in Bihar demanded the use of Maithili-medium primary education in the early 20th century, the few anti-Maithili people did not support them, and instead favoured Hindi-medium education.[13]
Maithili proponents believe that the Government of Bihar and the pro-Hindi Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad promoted Angika and Bajjika as distinct languages to weaken the Maithili language movement. [13] People from mainly Maithil Brahmins and Karan Kayasthas castes supported the Maithili movement in the days when it was to be subsumed as a dialect of Hindi / Bengali, hence anti-Maithili factions branded the Maithili Language as a brahminical language while inciting various other castes in the Mithila region to project Angika and Bajjika as their mother tongues, attempting to break away from the Maithili-based regional identity.[14]
Official statusEdit
Angika has the status of "second state language" in the Indian state of Jharkhand since 2018. It shares this status with 15 other languages, including Maithili.[3][15]
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ a b "Angika". Archived from the original on 21 March 2018.
- ^ Angika at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Sudhir Kumar Mishra (22 March 2018). "Bhojpuri, 3 more to get official tag". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018.
- ^ Tosha, M., & Dwivedi, R. R. Angika Folksongs and Physical Environment: A Critical Perspective on Parallel Decline.
- ^ "LSI Vol-5 part-2". dsal. p. 95.
Chhika-Chhiki
- ^ "LSI Vol-5 part-2". dsal. p. 13.
- ^ Kumari, K., & Upadhyay, R. K. (2020). SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECT OF ANGIKA. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(6), 6797-6804.
- ^ "Languages in the Eighth Schedule". Ministry of Home Affairs. 22 December 2004. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
- ^ Colin P. Masica 1993, p. 12.
- ^ Sevanti Ninan (2007). Headlines From the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere. SAGE Publications. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7619-3580-3. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018.
- ^ 2011 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables
- ^ "The Record News". dsal.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014.
- ^ a b Mithilesh Kumar Jha 2017, p. 163.
- ^ Manish Kumar Thakur 2002, p. 208.
- ^ "Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali". United News of India. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018.
BibliographyEdit
- Colin P. Masica (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
- Kathleen Kuiper, ed. (2010). The Culture of India. Rosen. ISBN 978-1-61530-149-2.
- Manish Kumar Thakur (2002). "The politics of minority languages: Some reflections on the Maithili language movement" (PDF). Journal of Social and Economic Development. 4 (2): 199–212.
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha (2017). Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India: Making of the Maithili Movement. Oxford University Press India. ISBN 978-0-19-909172-0.
- "An Crúbadán - Angika ( anp )". crubadan.org. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- "Angika Dictionary". SIL International. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- "Angika Dictionary -". Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- "Glottolog 4.4 - Angika". glottolog.org. Retrieved 1 September 2021.