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硬腭近音
(重定向自硬顎近音)
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硬顎近音 | |
---|---|
j | |
ʝ̞ | |
ʝ˕ | |
IPA編號 | 153 |
編碼 | |
HTML碼(十進制) | j |
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+006A |
X-SAMPA音標 | j |
ASCII音標 | j |
IPA盲文 | ![]() |
音頻範例 | |
硬腭近音(voiced palatal approximant),又叫硬腭無擦通音,是輔音的一種,用於一些口語中。硬腭無擦通音在國際音標的符號是⟨j⟩,X-SAMPA音標的符號則是⟨j⟩。
特徵[编辑]
硬腭無擦通音的特徵:
該音見於漢語[编辑]
普通話中有此音,是開首為[i]的複韻母中[i]的一個弱化讀法,如有(yǒu),原來讀[ʔiɤʊ214],因[i]弱化可能成為[jɤʊ214]。
粵語中有此音,出現在字首和字尾,如醫[jiː55],李[lej35]。
該音見於其他語言[编辑]
英語[编辑]
英語中此音以字母y表示,如yes。留意y有時會表示元音而非此音,如happy、mayday。
极少数来自古日耳曼语的词汇,用字母j表示此音,如Hallelujah、fjord,而j在绝大多数情况下的音值为/dʒ/。
德語[编辑]
德語和絕大部分中歐和東歐的語言一樣,以字母j表示此音,如jung(年輕的)。
芬蘭語[编辑]
芬蘭語中亦會以j表示此音,但在一些口音中字母j亦會用在表示硬腭化的輔音。
瑞典語[编辑]
日耳曼語族中以j表示此音的的語言普遍不再用j標示其他音。但瑞典語卻例外,如果 j 和 t 一同出現,成 tj 的話,會讀成 [t̠ɕ]、[ɕ] 或 [ç](視乎口音而定)。
世界語[编辑]
世界語中此音只會用j表示,j不用作標示其他音(因為世界語是人工語言),如jes(是)。
參考文獻[编辑]
- Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas, Ambrazas, Vytautas , 编, Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 1997, ISBN 9986-813-22-0
- Augustaitis, Daine, Das litauische Phonationssystem, Munich: Sagner, 1964
- Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann, Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, 1987, ISBN 978-8470394836
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981], ISBN 9004103406
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009
- Hall, Christopher, Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English 2nd, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003 [First published 1992], ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 6th, Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2005 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio, Problems in the Classification of Approximants, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732
- Mathiassen, Terje, A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., 1996, ISBN 978-0893572679
- Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia, Standard Austrian German, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (03): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
- Mott, Brian, Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 103–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002842
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid, Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, 2000, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (爱尔兰语)
- Pavlík, Radoslav, Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 2004, 55: 87–109
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Silverman, Daniel; Blankenship, Barbara; Kirk, Paul; Ladefoged, Peter, Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec, Anthropological Linguistics (The Trustees of Indiana University), 1995, 37 (1): 70–88, JSTOR 30028043
- Smyth, Herbert Weir, A Greek Grammar for Colleges, Calvin College Library, 1920
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram, Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1990, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel, Russian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
參見[编辑]
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