KDE
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Founded | 14 October 1996 |
---|---|
Founder | Matthias Ettrich |
Type | Community |
Focus | Free software |
Products | KDE Plasma, KDE Frameworks, KDE Applications, Calligra Suite, Krita, KDevelop, digiKam, Amarok, Kirigami, and many more |
Method | Artwork, development, documentation, promotion, and translation. |
Website | kde |
KDE is an international free software community that develops free and open-source software. As a central development hub, it provides tools and resources that allow collaborative work on this kind of software.[1] Well-known products include the Plasma Desktop (the default desktop environment on many Linux distributions), Frameworks and a range of cross-platform applications like Krita or digiKam designed to run on Unix and Unix-like desktops, Microsoft Windows and Android.[2]
Origins[edit]
![](http://webcf.waybackmachine.org/web/20220110185125im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Matthias_Ettrich_LinuxTag_2005-06-23.jpg/220px-Matthias_Ettrich_LinuxTag_2005-06-23.jpg)
KDE (back then called the K(ool) Desktop Environment) was founded in 1996 by Matthias Ettrich, a student at the University of Tübingen.
At the time, he was troubled by certain aspects of the Unix desktop. Among his concerns was that none of the applications looked or behaved alike. In his opinion, desktop applications of the time were too complicated for end users. In order to solve the issue, he proposed the creation of a desktop environment in which users could expect the applications to be consistent and easy to use. His initial Usenet post spurred significant interest, and the KDE project was born.[3]
The name KDE was intended as a wordplay on the existing Common Desktop Environment, available for Unix systems. CDE was an X11-based user environment jointly developed by HP, IBM, and Sun through the X/Open consortium, with an interface and productivity tools based on the Motif graphical widget toolkit. It was supposed to be an intuitively easy-to-use desktop computer environment.[4] The K was originally suggested to stand for "Kool", but it was quickly decided that the K should stand for nothing in particular. Therefore, the KDE initialism expanded to "K Desktop Environment" before it was dropped altogether in favor of simply KDE in a rebranding effort.[citation needed]
In the beginning Matthias Ettrich chose to use Trolltech's Qt framework for the KDE project.[5] Other programmers quickly started developing KDE/Qt applications, and by early 1997, a few applications were being released. On 12 July 1998 the first version of the desktop environment, called KDE 1.0, was released. The original GPL licensed version of this toolkit only existed for platforms which used the X11 display server, but with the release of Qt 4, LGPL licensed versions are available for more platforms. This allowed KDE software based on Qt 4 or newer versions to theoretically be distributed to Microsoft Windows and OS X.[6]
On 24 November 2009 the KDE Marketing Team announced a rebranding of the KDE project components, motivated by the perceived shift from building a desktop environment to a wider ranging project around a community of "people who create software". The rebranding focused on de-emphasizing the desktop environment as "just another product", and emphasizing both the community and the other technologies provided as KDE software. What would have been previously known as KDE 4 was split into three parts: KDE Plasma Workspaces, KDE Applications, and KDE Platform (now KDE Frameworks) altogether bundled as "KDE Software Compilation 4" (abbreviated "KDE SC 4").[7] As of today, the name KDE no longer stands for K Desktop Environment, but for the community that produces the software.[8]
Software releases[edit]
Version | Date | Information |
---|---|---|
October 14, 1996 | KDE development announced | |
K Desktop Environment 1 | July 12, 1998 | |
K Desktop Environment 2 | October 23, 2000 | |
K Desktop Environment 3 | April 3, 2002 | |
KDE Software Compilation 4 | January 11, 2008 | |
KDE Plasma 5 | July 15, 2014 | former KDE/KDE SC split into KDE Plasma, KDE Frameworks and KDE Applications |
KDE Projects[edit]
The KDE community maintains multiple free-software projects. The project formerly referred to as KDE (or KDE SC (Software Compilation)) nowadays consists of three parts:
- KDE Plasma, a graphical desktop environment with customizable layouts and panels, supporting virtual desktops and widgets. Written with Qt 5 and KDE Frameworks 5.
- KDE Frameworks, a collection of libraries and software frameworks built on top of Qt (formerly known as 'kdelibs' or 'KDE Platform').[9]
- KDE Applications, utility applications (like Kdenlive or Krita) mostly built on KDE Frameworks and which are often part of the official KDE Applications release.
Other projects[edit]
KDE neon[edit]
KDE neon is a software repository that uses Ubuntu LTS as a core. It aims to provide the users with rapidly updated Qt and KDE software, while updating the rest of the OS components from the Ubuntu repositories at the normal pace.[10][11] KDE maintains that it is not a "KDE distribution," but rather an up-to-date archive of KDE and Qt packages.
WikiToLearn[edit]
WikiToLearn, abbreviated WTL, is one of KDE's newer endeavors. It is a wiki (based on MediaWiki, like Wikipedia) that provides a platform to create and share open source textbooks. The idea is to have a massive library of textbooks for anyone and everyone to use and create. Its roots lie in the University of Milan, where a group of physics majors wanted to share notes and then decided that it was for everyone and not just their internal group of friends. They have become an official KDE project with several universities backing it.
Contributors[edit]
Developing KDE software is primarily a volunteer effort, although various companies, such as Novell, Nokia,[12][failed verification] or Blue Systems employ or employed developers to work on various parts of the project.[citation needed] Since a large number of individuals contribute to KDE in various ways (e.g. code, translation, artwork), organization of such a project is complex. A mentor program helps beginners to get started with developing and communicating within KDE projects and communities.[13][14]
Communication within the community takes place via mailing lists, IRC, blogs, forums, news announcements, wikis and conferences. The community has a Code of Conduct for acceptable behavior within the community.[15]
Development[edit]
Currently the KDE community uses the Git revision control system. The KDE Gitlab Instance (named invent) give an overview of all projects hosted by KDE's Git repository system. Phabricator is used for task management.[16]
On 20 July 2009, KDE announced that the one millionth commit has been made to its Subversion repository.[17] On October 11, 2009, Cornelius Schumacher, a main developer within KDE,[18] wrote about the estimated cost (using the COCOMO model with SLOCCount) to develop KDE software package with 4,273,291 LoC, which would be about US$175,364,716.[19] This estimation does not include Qt, Calligra Suite, Amarok, Digikam, and other applications that are not part of KDE core.[clarification needed]
The Core Team[edit]
The overall direction is set by the KDE Core Team. These are developers who have made significant contributions within KDE over a long period of time. This team communicates using the kde-core-devel mailing list, which is publicly archived and readable, but joining requires approval. KDE does not have a single central leader who can veto important decisions. Instead, the KDE core team consists of several dozen of contributors who make decision not by a formal vote, but through discussions.[20] The Developers also organize alongside topical teams. For example, the KDE Edu team develops free educational software. While these teams work mostly independent and do not all follow a common release schedule. Each team has its own messaging channels, both on IRC and on the mailing lists.
KDE Patrons[edit]
A KDE Patron is an individual or organization supporting the KDE community by donating at least 5000 Euro (depending on the company's size) to the KDE e.V.[21] As of October 2017, there are six such patrons: Blue Systems, Canonical Ltd., Google, Private Internet Access, SUSE, and The Qt Company.[22]
Community structure[edit]
Mascot[edit]
The KDE community's mascot is a green dragon named Konqi.[23] Konqi's appearance was officially redesigned with the coming of Plasma 5, with Tyson Tan's entry (seen on the right) winning the redesign competition on the KDE Forums.[24]
Katie is a female dragon. She was presented in 2010, and is appointed as a mascot for the KDE women's community.[25]
Other dragons with different colors and professions were added to Konqi as part of the Tyson Tan redesign concept. Each dragon has a pair of letter-shaped antlers that reflect their role in the KDE community.
Kandalf the wizard was the former mascot for the KDE community during its 1.x and 2.x versions. Kandalf's similarity to the character of Gandalf led to speculation that the mascot was switched to Konqi due to copyright infringement concerns, but this has never been confirmed by KDE.[26]
KDE e.V. organization[edit]
The financial and legal matters of KDE are handled by KDE e.V., a German non-profit organization. Among others, it owns the KDE trademark and the corresponding logo. It also accepts donations on behalf of the KDE community, helps to run the servers, assists in organizing and financing conferences and meetings,[27] but does not influence software development directly.
Local communities[edit]
In many countries, KDE has local branches. These are either informal organizations (KDE India) or like the KDE e.V., given a legal form (KDE France). The local organizations host and maintain regional websites, and organize local events, such as tradeshows, contributor meetings and social community meetings.
Identity[edit]
KDE has community identity guidelines (CIG) for definitions and recommendations which help the community to establish a unique, characteristic, and appealing design.[28] The KDE official logo displays the white trademarked K-Gear shape on a blue square with mitred corners. Copying of the KDE Logo is subject to the LGPL.[29] Some local community logos are derivations of the official logo.
Many KDE applications have a K in the name, mostly as an initial letter. The K in many KDE applications is obtained by spelling a word which originally begins with C or Q differently, for example Konsole and Kaffeine, while some others prefix a commonly used word with a K, for instance KGet. However, the trend is not to have a K in the name at all, such as with Stage, Spectacle, Discover and Dolphin.
Collaborations with other organizations[edit]
Wikimedia[edit]
On 23 June 2005, chairman of the Wikimedia Foundation announced that the KDE community and the Wikimedia Foundation have begun efforts towards cooperation.[30] Fruits of that cooperation are MediaWiki syntax highlighting in Kate and accessing Wikipedia content within KDE applications, such as Amarok and Marble.
On 4 April 2008, the KDE e.V. and Wikimedia Deutschland opened shared offices in Frankfurt.[31] In September 2009 KDE e.V. moved to shared offices with Free Software Foundation Europe in Berlin.[32]
Free Software Foundation Europe[edit]
In May 2006, KDE e.V. became an Associate Member of the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE).[32]
On 22 August 2008, KDE e.V. and FSFE jointly announced that after working with FSFE's Freedom Task Force for one and a half years KDE adopts FSFE's Fiduciary Licence Agreement. Using that, KDE developers can – on a voluntary basis – assign their copyrights to KDE e.V.[33]
In September 2009, KDE e.V. and FSFE moved into shared offices in Berlin.[34]
Commercial enterprises[edit]
Several companies actively contribute to KDE, like Collabora, Erfrakon, Intevation GmbH, Kolab Konsortium, Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB (KDAB), Blue Systems, and KO GmbH.
Nokia used Calligra Suite as base for their Office Viewer application for Maemo/MeeGo.[35] They have also been contracting KO GmbH to bring MS Office 2007 file format filters to Calligra.[36] Nokia also employed several KDE developers directly – either to use KDE software for MeeGo (e.g. KCal)[37] or as sponsorship.
The software development and consulting companies Intevation GmbH of Germany and the Swedish KDAB use Qt and KDE software – especially Kontact and Akonadi for Kolab – for their services and products, therefore both employ KDE developers.
Others[edit]
KDE participates in freedesktop.org, an effort to standardize Unix desktop interoperability.
In 2009 and 2011, GNOME and KDE co-hosted their conferences Akademy and GUADEC under the Desktop Summit label.
In December 2010 KDE e.V. became a licensee of the Open Invention Network.[38]
Many Linux distributions and other free operating systems are involved in the development and distribution of the software, and are therefore also active in the KDE community. These include commercial distributors such as SUSE/Novell[39] or Red Hat[40] but also government-funded non-commercial organizations such as the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey with its Linux distribution Pardus.
In October 2018, Red Hat declared that KDE Plasma was no longer supported in future updates of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, though it continues to be part of Fedora. The announcement came shortly after the announcement of the business acquisition of Red Hat by IBM for close to US$43 billion.[41]
Activities[edit]
The two most important conferences of KDE are Akademy and Camp KDE. Each event is on a large scale, both thematically and geographically. Akademy-BR and Akademy-es are local community events.
Akademy[edit]
Akademy is the annual world summit, held each summer at varying venues in Europe.[42] The primary goals of Akademy are to act as a community building event, to communicate the achievements of community, and to provide a platform for collaboration with community and industry partners. Secondary goals are to engage local people, and to provide space for getting together to write code. KDE e.V. assist with procedures, advice and organization. Akademy including conference, KDE e.V. general assembly, marathon coding sessions, BOFs (birds of a feather sessions) and social program. BOFs meet to discuss specific sub-projects or issues.[43]
The KDE community held KDE One that was first conference in Arnsberg, Germany in 1997 to discuss the first KDE release. Initially, each conference was numbered after the release, and not regular held. Since 2003 the conferences were held once a year. And they were named Akademy since 2004.
The yearly Akademy conference gives Akademy Awards, are awards that the KDE community gives to KDE contributors. Their purpose is to recognize outstanding contribution to KDE. There are three awards, best application, best non-application and jury's award. As always the winners are chosen by the winners from the previous year.[44] First winners received a framed picture of Konqi signed by all attending KDE developers.[45]
Camp KDE[edit]
Year | Venue | Date |
---|---|---|
2009 | Negril, Jamaica | 17–18 January |
2010 | La Jolla, USA | 15–22 January |
2011 | San Francisco, USA | 4–5 April |
Camp KDE is another annual contributor's conference of the KDE community. The event provides a regional opportunity for contributors and enthusiasts to gather and share their experiences. It is free to all participants. It is intended to ensure that KDE in the world is not simply seen as being Euro-centric. The KDE e.V. helps travel and accommodation subsidies for presenters, BoF leaders, organizers or core contributor. It is held in the North America since 2009.
In January 2008, KDE 4.0 Release Event was held at the Google headquarters in Mountain View, California, USA to celebrate the release of KDE SC 4.0. The community realized that there was a strong demand for KDE events in the Americas, therefore Camp KDE was produced.
Camp KDE 2009 was the premiere meeting of the KDE Americas, was held at the Travellers Beach Resort in Negril, Jamaica, sponsored by Google, Intel, iXsystem, KDE e.V. and Kitware. The event included 1–2 days of presentations, BoF meetings and hackathon sessions.[46] Camp KDE 2010 took place at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in La Jolla, USA. The schedule included presentations, BoFs, hackathons and a day trip. It started with a short introduction by Jeff Mitchell, who was the principal organizer of the conference, talked a bit of history about Camp KDE and some statistics about the KDE community. The talks of the event were relatively well attended, and an increase over the previous year to around 70 people. On 1/19, the social event was a tour of a local brewery.[47] Camp KDE 2011 was held at Hotel Kabuki in San Francisco, USA, was co-located with the Linux Foundation Collaboration Summit. The schedule included presentations, hackathons and a party at Noisebridge. The conference opened with an introduction spoken by Celeste Lyn Paul.[48]
SoK (Season of KDE)[edit]
Season of KDE is an outreach program hosted by the KDE community. Students are appointed mentors from the KDE community that help bring their project to fruition.[49]
Other community events[edit]
conf.KDE.in | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Venue | Date |
2011 | Bangalore | 9–13 March |
conf.kde.in was the first KDE and Qt conference in India. The conference was organized by KDE India, was held at R.V. College of Engineering in Bangalore, India. The first three days of the event had talks, tutorials and interactive sessions. The last two days were a focused code sprint.[50] The conference was opened by its main organizer Pradeepto Bhattacharya, over 300 people were at the opening talks. The Lighting of the Auspicious Lamp ceremony was performed to open the conference. The first session was by Lydia Pintscher who talk "So much to do – so little time". At the event, Project Neon announced return on Mar 11, 2011, provides nightly builds of the KDE Software Compilation.[51] Closing the conference was keynote speaker and old-time KDE developer Sirtaj.
Día KDE | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Venue | Date |
2011 | Rosario | 27 August |
Día KDE (KDE Day) is an Argentinian event focused on KDE. It gives talks and workshops. The purpose of the event are: spread the free software movement among the population of Argentina, bringing to it the KDE community and environment developed by it, to know and strengthen KDE-AR, and generally bring the community together to have fun. The event is free.[52]
A Release party is a party, which celebrates the release of a new version of the KDE SC (twice a year).[53] KDE also participates in other conferences that revolve around free software.
Notable uses[edit]
Brazil's primary school education system operates computers running KDE software, with more than 42,000 schools in 4,000 cities, thus serving nearly 52 million children. The base distribution is called Educational Linux, which is based on Kubuntu.[54] Besides this, thousands more students in Brazil use KDE products in their universities. KDE software is also running on computers in Portuguese and Venezuelan schools, with respectively 700,000 and one million systems reached.[55]
Through Pardus, a local Linux distribution, many sections of the Turkish government make use of KDE software, including the Turkish Armed Forces,[56] Ministry of Foreign Affairs,[56] Ministry of National Defence,[57] Turkish Police,[56] and the SGK (Social Security Institution of Turkey),[56][58] although these departments often do not exclusively use Pardus as their operating system.
CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) is using KDE software.[59]
Germany uses KDE software in its embassies around the world, representing around 11,000 systems.
NASA used the Plasma Desktop during the Mars Mission.[60]
Valve Corporation's new handheld gaming computer, the Steam Deck, is reported to use the Plasma Desktop as part of its environment.[61]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "About KDE". kde.org. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "KDE Kirigami". KDE. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ Ettrich, Matthias (14 October 1996). "New Project: Kool Desktop Environment (KDE)". Newsgroup: de.comp.os.linux.misc. Usenet: [email protected]. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ "COSE Update FYI". Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "history of the KDE project". August 2003. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ Ryan Paul (23 January 2008). "KDE goes cross-platform with Windows, Mac OS X support". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ Stuart Jarvis (24 November 2009). "Repositioning the KDE Brand". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Jos Poortvliet (16 July 2014). "Repositioning the KDE Brand". Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ "KDE Frameworks".
- ^ "KDE neon". KDE. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^ "Q&A: Jonathan Riddell on the release of KDE neon User Edition 5.6". CIO.com. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
- ^ "KDE Free Qt Foundation". KDE e.V. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ "Becoming a KDE Developer". Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ George Kuk (2006). "Strategic Interaction and Knowledge Sharing in the KDE Developer Mailing List". Management Science. 52 (7): 1031–1042. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0551. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.
- ^ "KDE Community Code of Conduct". Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ "Infrastructure/Phabricator KDE Community Wiki page". Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ^ Jeff Mitchell (20 July 2009). "KDE Reaches 1,000,000 Commits in its Subversion Repository". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "People Behind KDE: Cornelius Schumacher". 4 February 2002. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ Marcel Hilzinger (12 October 2009). "Code Statistics: KDE Costs 175 Million Dollars". Linux Magazine. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ "Project Management". Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "KDE e.V. - Become a Supporting Member of the KDE e.V." ev.kde.org.
- ^ "Supporting Members". KDE e.V. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "KDE-Clipart page". Retrieved 20 November 2010.
- ^ "Konqui, Katie and Friends".
- ^ KDE Women—KDE Community Wiki
- ^ "Timeline KDE 20 Years". Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ^ "KDE e.V. - What is KDE e.V." KDE e.V. Board. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- ^ "Community Identity Guidelines". Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ "The KDE CIG Logo page". 28 September 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ Sven Krohlas (23 June 2005). "KDE and Wikipedia Announce Cooperation". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "KDE and Wikimedia Start Collaboration". 4 April 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ a b "KDE e.V. Becomes Associate Member of FSFE". 9 May 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "FSFE welcomes KDE's adoption of the Fiduciary Licence Agreement (FLA)". 22 August 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "FSFE: Events. Office warming party, Berlin, Germany". 12 December 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
- ^ Jonathan Riddell (21 January 2010). "KOffice Based Office Viewer Launched for Nokia N900". KDE. KDE.NEWS.
- ^ Inge Wallin (11 October 2009). "Nokia Announces MS Office 2007 Import Filters for KOffice". Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
- ^ Stephen Kelly (3 June 2010). "KDE PIM Stabilization Sprint". KDE. KDE.NEWS.
- ^ Aaron J. Seigo (21 December 2010). "KDE e.V. Joins Open Invention Network". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ "Development begins on a lightweight KDE version - The H Open: News and Features". Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). H-online.com (2013-04-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
- ^ All KDE & Fedora: This month (May) in Redhat KDE. Ltinkl.blogspot.de (2006-07-11). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
- ^ "We (may) now know the real reason for that IBM takeover. A distraction for Red Hat to axe KDE".
- ^ "KDE e.V. - Akademy". KDE e.V. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Requirements for Akademy Location". KDE e.V. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Jonathan Riddell (6 July 2009). "Akademy Awards 2009". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ Daniel Molkentin (30 August 2005). "First KDE Appreciation Awards Announced". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ Wade Olson (30 November 2008). "Camp KDE 2009 Presentations Announced". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ Jeff Mitchell (7 August 2009). "Announcing Camp KDE 2010!". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
- ^ Celeste Lyn Paul (5 February 2011). "Camp KDE 2011 Announced". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ "Season of KDE 2015". KDE. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^ Shantanu Tushar (28 December 2010). "conf.KDE.in: First KDE Conference in India". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
- ^ Valorie Zimmerman (11 March 2011). "conf.kde.in: Project Neon Returns With Bleeding Edge KDE Software". KDE. KDE.NEWS. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "Salió la versión candidata de KDE SC 4.7". 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012.
- ^ Jos Poortvliet (21 March 2010). "KDE Partying Around the World for New Release". KDE. KDE.NEWS.
- ^ "LinuxCon: The world's largest Linux desktop deployment". 22 August 2011.
- ^ KDE promo team (ed.). KDE promo booklet (PDF). Retrieved 26 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Pardus 2009 yolda" (in Turkish). 25 May 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- ^ "MSB, Pardus ile 2 milyon dolar tasarruf etti" (in Turkish). 14 April 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
- ^ "SGK, Pardus'a göç etmeye hazırlanıyor" (in Turkish). 13 April 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
- ^ Jonathan Riddell (10 September 2008). "KDE Congratulates CERN's Large Hadron Collider".
- ^ https://mobile.twitter.com/kdecommunity/status/1083093088749436928?lang=en[bare URL]
- ^ "Steam Deck :: Tech Specs".
External links[edit]
- Official website
- KDE.News, news announcements
- KDE Wikis