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The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey’s Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 Hardcover – April 24, 2019
Benny Morris (Author) Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author |
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A reappraisal of the giant massacres perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire, and then the Turkish Republic, against their Christian minorities.
Between 1894 and 1924, three waves of violence swept across Anatolia, targeting the region’s Christian minorities, who had previously accounted for 20 percent of the population. By 1924, the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks had been reduced to 2 percent. Most historians have treated these waves as distinct, isolated events, and successive Turkish governments presented them as an unfortunate sequence of accidents. The Thirty-Year Genocide is the first account to show that the three were actually part of a single, continuing, and intentional effort to wipe out Anatolia’s Christian population.
The years in question, the most violent in the recent history of the region, began during the reign of the Ottoman sultan Abdulhamid II, continued under the Young Turks, and ended during the first years of the Turkish Republic founded by Ataturk. Yet despite the dramatic swing from the Islamizing autocracy of the sultan to the secularizing republicanism of the post–World War I period, the nation’s annihilationist policies were remarkably constant, with continual recourse to premeditated mass killing, homicidal deportation, forced conversion, mass rape, and brutal abduction. And one thing more was a constant: the rallying cry of jihad. While not justified under the teachings of Islam, the killing of two million Christians was effected through the calculated exhortation of the Turks to create a pure Muslim nation.
Revelatory and impeccably researched, Benny Morris and Dror Ze’evi’s account is certain to transform how we see one of modern history’s most horrific events.
- Print length672 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarvard University Press
- Publication dateApril 24, 2019
- Dimensions6.5 x 1.9 x 9.2 inches
- ISBN-10067491645X
- ISBN-13978-0674916456
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Offers a subtle diagnosis of why, at particular moments over a span of three decades, Ottoman rulers and their successors unleashed torrents of suffering.”―Bruce Clark, New York Times Book Review
“Again and again, I was brought up short by the sheer, terrible, shocking accounts of violence in Morris’s and Zeevi’s work… Is it possible for a people to be so inured to cruelty that they changed, that their acts of sadism could alter their humanity?”―Robert Fisk, The Independent
“Gut-wrenching…Morris and Ze’evi convey well the horror of the killings.”―John Waterbury, Foreign Affairs
“In well over six hundred pages the authors detail, town by town and village by village, the atrocities that led to the elimination of Christians from Turkey…A monumental achievement.”―Gabriel Said Reynolds, Commonweal
“The mass killings of Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Christians in the late Ottoman era and early 1920s have been the subject of several excellent studies in recent years. The Israeli historians Morris and Ze’evi add value by knitting together the three main episodes of violent persecution in a comprehensive narrative.”―Financial Times
“Brilliantly researched and written…Benny Morris and Dror Ze’evi cast a careful eye upon the ghastly events that took place in the final decades of the Ottoman empire, when its rulers decided to annihilate their Christian subjects. They emphasize that the three waves of violence against the Christians living in Anatolia were not spasmodic or distinct, but formed part of a larger and coherent plan to destroy them utterly. Hitler and the Nazis gleaned lessons from this genocide that they then applied to their own efforts to extirpate Jews from the face of the Earth.”―Jacob Heilbrun, The Spectator
“Important and ambitious…They break new ground in the attempt to tie various massacres and atrocities at different times and places into a seamless genocidal web extending on and off for thirty years…Benny Morris and Dror Ze’evi have done a great service to the study of comparative genocide.”―David Gaunt, Bustan
“A must read for anyone interested in the tragic events and history which inevitably shaped the modern world.”―Eleni Sakellis, National Herald
“Remarkable…A warning from history, perhaps, that this incisive work transmits to us in these dark days of political turmoil.”―Colin Shindler, Jewish Chronicle
“An exhaustive account of Turkish policies towards Christians from the waning years of the Ottoman Caliphate through the first decade of Atatürk’s rule.”―Dov S. Zakheim, National Interest
“Forces me to re-examine my understanding of the Armenian Genocide…It will stand in both the historical records of nations and in the field of Genocide studies as a monumental marker of excellence.”―Gilbert Bilezikian, Massis Post
“The book’s strength lies in the fact that it has a broader perspective than many other books on the subject… Morris and Ze’evi have given us an outstanding representation of the fate of the Christian minorities during this crucial thirty-year period.”―Svante Lundgren, Svenska Dagbladet
“The evidence cited in this well-researched book is overwhelming…By looking at previously isolated events in a broader view, Morris and Ze’evi open new horizons on these events. What they reveal has global implications.”―Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Middle East Quarterly
“The proof in this well-researched book is overwhelming…Hugely important.”―Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Neue Politische Literatur
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Product details
- Publisher : Harvard University Press; Illustrated edition (April 24, 2019)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 672 pages
- ISBN-10 : 067491645X
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674916456
- Item Weight : 2.4 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.5 x 1.9 x 9.2 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #379,710 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #120 in Turkey History (Books)
- #221 in Historiography (Books)
- #324 in African Politics
- Customer Reviews:
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The authors have classified the anti-Christian massacres in three parts;
Part 1. Those performed during Sultan Abdulhamid II's reign, (called the "Red Sultan" because of his many Christian killings)
Part 2. Those performed during the Young Turks' triumvirate,--Talat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Jemal Pasha.
Part 3. Those performed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's orders to mop-up the remaining Christians from Turkey.
On August 26, 1071, the Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt in Turkish,) was fought near Lake Van in eastern Anatolia between the Byzantine army and the newly arrived Seljuk Turks. Alp Arslan, the Turkish commander was able to defeat the Greeks and open Anatolia for many other Turkish tribes to enter. Up to that time, 90 percent of Anatolia's population was comprised of the three Christian groups with only ten percent occupied by Kurds in the tiny southwestern corner.
Several centuries prior to this battle, Turks, distant cousins of Huns and Mongols, used to live in the harsh Central Asian lands. They were Shamanists but during the 8th century AD, they were defeated by the invading Arab forces and accepted Islam. They became devout [Sunni] Muslims--a devotion and fanaticism that has lasted until present days. With the inbred religious fanaticism and an inflated sense of tribal [Turkish] superiority, they became committed anti-Christians. Prior to the historic battle, the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, had asked the Armenians living in Ani, north of Van, to join him but they had refused. That did not matter--soon after the battle, Alp Arslan ordered his troops to slaughter the Armenians, being the first to start the annihilation of Christians in Anatolia., The anti-Christian practice continued up to present with Christians being called Gavurs (the derogatory name synonymous with "swines.")
This book's two Israeli authors have meticulously reviewed the atrocities committed against Christians in Turkey. It is hard to read. It is as if Marquis de Sade had written it. The brutality, the gang rapes, including girls between ages of seven and ten, slitting of pregnant women's bellies, crucifying priests on church doors, burning churches (and often turning them into lavatories or stables,) at times torching entire villages with their inhabitants inside, looting, forced conversions into Islam, and death marches are only some of the inhuman acts practiced by Turks. Sadism and brutality were certainly traits carried with them from their Hun and Mongolian ancestors. It was no surprise when William Gladstone, the British Prime Minster called Turks, "The one great anti-human specimen of humanity!"
After so many rapes and forced conversions to Islam, it is not surprising to state there are at least one million Turks and Kurds with Armenian parentage. Children of these "hidden Armenians" are now coming out of closets and declaring themselves as Armenians.
There is no doubt that Hitler held the Turkish leaders as his role models when planning and implementing the Holocaust.
It is also strange that Turks, the still avid anti-Gavurs with over two millions of them in Germany alone, are shamelessly hoping to join the European Union and its millions of other Gavurs!
It is very well researched and documented book, as an example that The German and the Austrian administrations who were allies with the Ottomans during the Genocide period acknowledge the killing of the Armenian and Christian's minorities and by the thousands.
Per the researched book, Armenian and Christian people were raped and/or burned alive by the Ottomans' soldiers for the hope of finding golden pieces that some people might swallowed to smuggle from the Ottoman's soldiers.
In other tragic events in the book some of the Ottomans soldiers used to bid between each other on the gender of the unborn child inside his/her mother's womb, they slaughtered the pregnant woman to find the unborn baby's gender to determine the winning bid.
I am sorry for sharing these graphic and tragic events. it is heart breaking.
This book is very well researched, the author covers as much as much information that are available and not destroyed by the Ottoman's administration throughout the years, then the Turkish administration destroyed the minimal trace that might left during updating their data storage from Hard Copy to Electronic copy.
I highly recommend this book, but do not spend longer than one hours per one read, you will be mentally crushed, take some break distract yourself with other activities, recharge then restart reading this book. I am not even reading the book now, just thinking about it, I started not feeling well.
Top reviews from other countries
Wenn man dieses Buch gelesen hat, so wird man dem zustimmen. Die gegenwärtige Haltung der Türkei, Armeniens, der Bewohner von beiden Teilen Zyperns und nicht zuletzt der Griechen wird immer noch geprägt, von den Ereignissen, die hier beschrieben werden. Leider fehlt dieses Kapitel der Geschichte fast völlig in unserem Schulunterricht und in der Öffentlichkeit wird es tot geschwiegen. Ich kann nur empfehlen, dieses Buch zu lesen und zu besprechen.