Sea Dogs

For other uses, see Sea Dogs (disambiguation) and Seadog.

John Hawkins was a Sea Dog in the 1560s.

The Sea Dogs were a group of sea-raiders and privateers who were authorized by Elizabeth I of England and active from 1560-1605. They also engaged in slave trading. They committed piracy in the Caribbean, Spanish colonies as well as in European waters.

Overview

The Sea Dogs were originally a military branch authorized by the Elizabeth I to attack the Spanish fleet to loot ships and bring back treasure. They carried "Letters of Marque", which made their plundering of Spanish ships legal under English Law. The Sea Dogs were started in 1560 as a way to bridge the gap between the Spanish Navy and the English Navy. As England lacked a formal navy strong enough to defeat Spain, the Sea Dogs served as a way to attack Spanish ships during what was technically peacetime. The Sea Dogs continued carrying out raids against the Spanish until 1604, when England and Spain made peace. After that, many of the Sea Dogs continued as pirates employed by the Barbary States, in what would become the Anglo-Turkish piracy in the Caribbean.

Notable Sea Dogs

Sir Francis Drake (1540–1596)

Main article: Sir Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake was one of the most profitable and successful sea dogs of all time. As captain of Golden Hind, he served in the English Navy from 1563–1596 and achieved the rank of Vice Admiral. Drake was trained early on in the maritime arts by Sir John Hawkins, his cousin and fellow slave trader. Drake also was the second man in history to circumnavigate the globe; which he accomplished while robbing Spanish ships. Drake had a huge range of coverage, raiding up the Spanish on the Pacific Coast all the way up to modern day San Francisco. In addition to his commandeering of ships, Drake would sail into ports in the Caribbean to put ransoms on cities, after which he would begin burning the city down until he received payment. Drake was awarded a knighthood in the year of 1581. He later died of dysentery after an unsuccessful attempt to take San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Sir John Hawkins (1532–1595)

Main article: John Hawkins (naval commander)

Sir John Hawkins was born into a wealthy family where his father was a sea captain. Hawkins initially sailed with his father on trading trips, but by 1562 he became “England’s first slave trader” using his fleet of three ships led by the "Jesus of Lübeck" to aggressively take 400 Africans from Guinea, Africa, and sell them in the West Indies. He traded in slaves for about five years, making three voyages to Sierra Leone and Guinea and selling 1,200–1,400 African slaves to the Spanish. Queen Elizabeth I gave him a Coat of arms which featured a bound slave.

Sir Walter Raleigh (1552–1618)

Main article: Walter Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh was another important Sea Dog. A favorite of the queen, he received a title that allowed him to claim any land that he discovered in the name of England. During an expedition to the New World, he founded the colony of Roanoke which later vanished. Raleigh became infatuated with the idea of a "city of gold" hidden somewhere in South America and set out on an expedition to find it. On his second expedition to find "El Dorado", he ended up in a bit of a predicament after men under his subordinate Lawrence Keymis looted a Spanish Outpost. After this outrage, Raleigh went back to England. The Spanish, were displeased, as they were aware of what Raleigh's men did in violation of the extant peace treaties. As a compromise, Raleigh was executed in the reign of King James I Stuart (1566–1625).

Sir Richard Hawkins (1562–1622)

Main articles: Richard Hawkins and English ship Dainty (1588)

Sea Dogs and the Spanish Armada

After years of picking off and looting by English Sea Dogs, Philip II of Spain decided that he had had enough. Philip II mobilized an armada of 130 ships to sail into the English Channel and decided to attempt to end English sea-raiding for good. On 28 May 1588, the Armada under the command of Duke of Medina Sidonia set sail for the Netherlands, where it was to pick up additional troops for the invasion of England. As the armada sailed through the English channel, the English navy led by Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, and Francis Drake fought a battle of attrition with the Spanish from Plymouth to Portland and then to the Solent, preventing them from securing any English harbours. The Spanish were forced to withdraw to Calais. While the Spanish were at anchor there in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, the English used fireships to break the formation and scatter the Spanish ships. The Spanish ships were bigger and more heavily armed, but the English ships were smaller, faster, and more maneuverable. In the subsequent Battle of Gravelines the English navy inflicted a defeat on the Armada and forced it to sail northward in more dangerous stormy waters on the long way home. As they sailed around Scotland, the Armada suffered severe damage and loss of life from stormy weather. As they approached the West coast of Ireland more damaging stormy conditions forced ships ashore while others were wrecked. Disease took a heavy toll as the fleet finally limped back to port. They ended up retreating after losing more than half of their original ships.

Philip's invasion plans had miscarried partly because of unfortunate weather and his own mismanagement, and partly because the opportunistic defensive naval efforts of the English and their Dutch allies prevailed. The defeat of the Armada provided valuable seafaring experience for English oceanic mariners. While the English were able to persist in their privateering against the Spanish and continue sending troops to assist Philip II's enemies in the Netherlands and France, these efforts brought few tangible rewards. One of the most important effects of the event was that the Armada's failure was seen as a sign that God supported the Protestant Reformation in England. One of the medals struck to celebrate the English victory bore the Latin/Hebrew inscription Flavit יהוה et Dissipati Sunt (literally: "Yahweh blew and they were scattered"; traditionally translated more freely as: "He blew with His winds, and they were scattered".)

Statue of Maria Pita at Coruna

An English counter armada under the command of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norreys was prepared in 1589 to torch the Spanish Atlantic navy, which was refitting in Santander, Corunna, and San Sebastián in northern Spain. It was also intended to capture the incoming Spanish treasure fleet and expel the Spanish from Portugal (ruled by Philip since 1580) in favour of the Prior of Crato. The English fleet departed from Plymouth on April 13 but was then delayed for nearly two weeks by bad weather. Drake, as a result, had to bypass Santander where the majority of the Spanish fleet were being refitted.

On May 4, the English force eventually arrived at Corunna where the lower town was captured and plundered, and a number of merchant ships were seized. Norreys then won a modest victory over a Spanish relief militia force at Puente del Burgo. When the English pressed the attack on the citadel, however, they were repulsed. In addition, a number of English ships were captured by Spanish naval forces. With the failure to capture Corunna the English departed and headed towards Lisbon, but owing to poor organisation and lack of co-ordination (they had very few siege guns) the invading force also failed to take Lisbon. The expected uprising by the Portuguese loyal to Crato never materialised. With Portuguese and Spanish reinforcements arriving the English retreated and headed North where Drake sacked and burned Vigo. Sickness then struck the expedition, and finally, a portion of the fleet led by Drake headed towards the Azores, which was then scattered in a storm. Drake then took the best part of the fleet and plundered Porto Santo in Madeira before they limped back to Plymouth.

The English Armada was arguably misconceived and ended in failure overall. In the end, Elizabeth sustained a severe loss to her treasury.

Further reading

• Dudley, W. G. (2013). "Elizabeth's Sea Dogs". Military History. 30 (4): 56–63.
• Hanson, Neil (2011). The Confident Hope Of A Miracle: The True History Of The Spanish Armada. Random House. ISBN 9781446423226.
• Holmes, Richard. The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-860696-3
• Martin, Colin (June 2002). "Gun Ships and Sea Dogs". British Heritage. 23 (4): 34.
• Parker, Geoffrey; Martin, Colin (1999). The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9781901341140.