Gish gallop
The Gish gallop is a rhetorical technique in which a debater attempts to overwhelm an opponent by excessive number of arguments, without regard for the accuracy or strength of those arguments. The term was coined by Eugenie Scott, who named it after Duane Gish. Scott argued that Gish used the technique frequently when challenging the scientific fact of evolution.[1][2] It is similar to a method used in formal debate called spreading.
Technique and countermeasures[edit]
During a Gish gallop, a debater confronts an opponent with a rapid series of many specious arguments, half-truths, and misrepresentations in a short space of time, which makes it impossible for the opponent to refute all of them within the format of a formal debate.[3][4] In practice, each point raised by the "Gish galloper" takes considerably more time to refute or fact-check than it did to state in the first place.[5] The technique wastes an opponent's time and may cast doubt on the opponent's debating ability for an audience unfamiliar with the technique, especially if no independent fact-checking is involved[6] or if the audience has limited knowledge of the topics.
Generally, it is more difficult to use the Gish gallop in a structured debate than in a free-form one.[7] If a debater is familiar with an opponent who is known to use the Gish gallop, the technique may be countered by preempting and refuting the opponent's commonly used arguments first, before the opponent has an opportunity to launch into a Gish gallop.[8]
See also[edit]
- Bullshit
- Brandolini's law – Difficulty refuting bullshit
- Chewbacca defense – Nonsensical legal defense strategy
- Filibuster – Political stalling tactic
- Firehose of falsehood
- Proof by intimidation – Method of convincing someone by using jargon or claiming it as clear
- Sealioning – Type of trolling or harassment
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Scott 2004, p. 23
- ^ Scott 1994
- ^ Logan 2000, p. 4
- ^ Sonleitner 2004
- ^ Hayward 2015, p. 67
- ^ Grant 2011, p. 74
- ^ Johnson 2017, pp. 14–15
- ^ Grant 2015, p. 55
Sources[edit]
- Grant, John (2011). Denying Science: Conspiracy Theories, Media Distortions, and the War Against Reality. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61614-400-5.
- Grant, John (2015). Debunk it: How to Stay Sane in a World of Misinformation. San Francisco: Zest Books. ISBN 978-1-936976-68-3.
- Hayward, C.J.S. (2015). The Seraphinians: '"Blessed Seraphim Rose" and His Axe-Wielding Western Converts. The Collected Works of C.J.S. Hayward. San Francisco: Zest Books.
- Johnson, Amy (2017). Gasser, Urs (ed.). "The Multiple Harms of Sea Lions" (PDF). Perspectives on Harmful Speech Online. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society. p. 14.
- Logan, Paul (25 February 2000). "Scientists Offer Creationist Defense". West Side Journal. Albuquerque Journal. 120 (56). p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
- Sonleitner, Frank J. (November–December 2004). "Winning the Creation Debate". Reports. National Center for Science Education. 24 (6): 36–38.
- Scott, Eugenie (2004). Confronting Creationism. Reports of National Center for Science Education. 24/6. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
- Scott, Eugenie (1994). "Debates and the Globetrotters". Talk Origins Archive. Retrieved 2017-10-06.