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Windows 11

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Windows 11
A version of the Windows NT operating system
Windows 11 logo.svg
Windows 11 Desktop.png
Screenshot of Windows 11, showing the new Start menu and centered taskbar[1]
DeveloperMicrosoft
Written in
OS familyMicrosoft Windows
Source model
Released to
manufacturing		October 5, 2021; 2 days ago (2021-10-05)
General
availability		October 5, 2021; 2 days ago (2021-10-05)[6]
Latest release10.0.22000.194 (October 4, 2021; 3 days ago (2021-10-04)[7]) [±]
Latest preview10.0.22471.1000 (October 4, 2021; 3 days ago (2021-10-04)[8]) [±]
Marketing targetPersonal computing, tablets
Available in110 languages[9][10]
List of languages
Afrikaans, Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Assamese, Azerbaijani, Bangla (Bangladesh), Bangla (India), Basque, Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Catalan, Central Kurdish, Cherokee, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dari - Persian (Afghanistan), Dutch, German, Greek, English (United Kingdom), English (United States), Estonian, Finnish, Filipino, French (Canada), French (France), Galician, Georgian, Gujarati, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Igbo, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer, K'iche', Kinyarwanda, Konkani, Korean, Kyrgyz, Lao, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, Malay, Malayalam, Maltese, Maori, Marathi, Mongolian, Nepali, Northern Sotho, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, Odia, Persian (Iran), Punjabi (Gurmukhi), Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Quechua, Romanian, Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian (Cyrillic, Bosnia & Herzegovina), Serbian (Cyrillic, Serbia), Serbian (Latin), Sindhi (Arabic), Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Latin American, Mexico, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, Uruguay, Venezuela), Swahili, Swedish, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Tigrinya, Tswana, Turkish, Turkmen, Ukrainian, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Valencian, Vietnamese, Welsh, Wolof, Xhosa, Yoruba, Zulu
Update method
Platformsx86-64, ARM64
Kernel typeHybrid (Windows NT kernel)
UserlandNative API
Windows API
.NET Framework
Universal Windows Platform
Windows Subsystem for Linux
Windows Subsystem for Android
Default
user interface		Windows shell (graphical)
Preceded byWindows 10 (2015)
Official websitemicrosoft.com/windows/windows-11
Support status
See § Updates and support for details.
Part of a series on
Windows 11
Windows 11 logo.svg
Related

Windows 11 is a major version of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft that was announced on June 24, 2021, and is the successor to Windows 10, which was released in 2015. Windows 11 was released on October 5, 2021, as a free upgrade via Windows Update for eligible devices running Windows 10.[6]

Microsoft promoted that Windows 11 would have improved performance and ease of use over Windows 10; it features major changes to the Windows shell influenced by the canceled Windows 10X, including a redesigned Start menu, the replacement of its "live tiles" with a separate "Widgets" panel on the taskbar, the ability to create tiled sets of windows that can be minimized and restored from the taskbar as a group, and new gaming technologies inherited from Xbox Series X and Series S such as Auto HDR and DirectStorage on compatible hardware. Internet Explorer is fully replaced by the Blink layout engine-based Microsoft Edge, while Microsoft Teams is integrated into the Windows shell. Microsoft also announced plans to offer support for Android apps to run on Windows 11, with support for Amazon Appstore and manually-installed packages.

Citing new security mandates, Windows 11 has stricter hardware requirements than Windows 10, with Microsoft only supporting the operating system with updates on devices using an eighth-generation Intel Core CPU or newer (with some exceptions), AMD Ryzen CPU based on Zen+ microarchitecture or newer, or Qualcomm Snapdragon 850 ARM system-on-chip or newer. UEFI secure boot and Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 support is also required. Additionally, Windows 11 no longer supports 32-bit x86 architecture or systems using BIOS firmware.

Windows 11 has received a mixed to positive reception; pre-release coverage of the operating system focused on its stricter hardware requirements, with discussions over whether they were legitimately intended to improve the security of Windows or a ploy to upsell users to newer devices, and over e-waste associated with the changes. Upon its release, Windows 11 received positive reviews for its improved visual design, window management, and stronger focus on security, but was panned for regressions and modifications to aspects of its user interface.

Development

At the 2015 Ignite conference, Microsoft employee Jerry Nixon stated that Windows 10 would be the "last version of Windows", a statement that Microsoft confirmed was "reflective" of its view.[11][12] The operating system was considered to be a service, with new builds and updates to be released over time.[13] However, speculation of a new version or a redesign of Windows arose in January 2021, after a job listing referring to a "sweeping visual rejuvenation of Windows" was posted by Microsoft.[14] A visual refresh for Windows, developed under the codename "Sun Valley", was reportedly set to re-design the system's user interface.[15]

Announcement

At the Microsoft Build 2021 developer conference, CEO and chairman Satya Nadella teased about the existence of the next generation of Windows during his keynote speech. According to Nadella, he had been self-hosting it for several months. He also teased that an official announcement would come very soon.[16] Just a week after Nadella's keynote, Microsoft started sending invitations for a dedicated Windows media event at 11 am ET on June 24, 2021.[17][18] Microsoft also posted an 11-minute video of Windows start-up sounds to YouTube on June 10, 2021, with many people speculating both the time of the Microsoft event and the duration of the Windows start-up sound video to be a reference to the name of the operating system as Windows 11.[19][20]

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was officially announced at a virtual event hosted by Chief Product Officer Panos Panay.[21][22][23] According to Nadella, Windows 11 is "a re-imagining of the operating system".[24] Further details for developers such as updates to the Microsoft Store, the new Windows App SDK (code-named "Project Reunion"), new Fluent Design guidelines, and more were discussed during another developer-focused event on the same day.[25][26][27]

Release

The Windows 11 name was accidentally released in an official Microsoft support document in June 2021.[28][29] Leaked images of a purported beta build of Windows 11's desktop surfaced online later on June 15, 2021,[30][31] which were followed by a leak of the aforementioned build on the same day.[32] The screenshots and leaked build show an interface resembling that of the cancelled Windows 10X, alongside a redesigned out-of-box experience (OOBE) and Windows 11 branding.[33] Microsoft would later confirm the authenticity of the leaked beta, with Panay stating that it was an "early weird build".[34][35]

At the June 24 media event, Microsoft also announced that Windows 11 would be released in "Holiday 2021", with an exact date not given.[36][37] Its release will be accompanied by a free upgrade for compatible Windows 10 devices through Windows Update.[38] On June 28, Microsoft announced the release of the first preview build and SDK of Windows 11 to Windows Insiders.[39]

On August 31, 2021, Microsoft announced that Windows 11 was to be released on October 5, 2021.[40] The release would be phased, with newer eligible devices to be offered the upgrade first.[6] Since its predecessor Windows 10 was released on July 29, 2015, more than six years earlier, this is the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows operating systems, beating the time between Windows XP (released on October 25, 2001) and Windows Vista (released on January 30, 2007).[41]

Microsoft officially released Windows 11 on October 4, 2021 at 2:00 p.m. PT, which was October 5 in parts of the world.[42] Updates through Windows Update are a phased rollout: Microsoft stated that they "expect all eligible Windows 10 devices to be offered the upgrade to Windows 11 by mid-2022."[43][44]

Features

Main article: Features new to Windows 11
See also: List of features removed in Windows 11

Windows 11, the first major Windows release since 2015, builds upon its predecessor by revamping the user interface to follow Microsoft's new Fluent Design guidelines. The redesign, which focuses on ease of use and flexibility,[38] comes alongside new productivity and social features and updates to security and accessibility, addressing some of the deficiencies of Windows 10.[45]

The Microsoft Store, which serves as a unified storefront for apps and other content, is also redesigned in Windows 11. Microsoft now allows developers to distribute Win32, progressive web applications, and other packaging technologies in the Microsoft Store, alongside the standard Universal Windows Platform apps.[46]

The collaboration platform Microsoft Teams is integrated into the Windows 11 user interface, and is accessible via the taskbar. Skype will no longer be bundled with the OS by default.[47][48][49]

Microsoft promoted performance improvements such as smaller update sizes, faster web browsing in "any browser", faster wake time from sleep mode, and faster Windows Hello authentication.[47][50]

Windows 11 will ship with the Chromium-based Microsoft Edge web browser, and will not include or support Internet Explorer,[51] becoming the first version of Windows to ship without Internet Explorer since the original retail release of Windows 95, where Internet Explorer was first bundled with the OSR1 release.[52]

The updated Xbox app,[53][54] along with the Auto HDR and DirectStorage technologies introduced by the Xbox Series X and Series S, will be integrated into Windows 11; the latter requiring a graphics card supporting DirectX 12 and an NVMe solid-state drive.[54][55]

User interface

A redesigned interface is present throughout the operating system, building upon Fluent Design System; translucency, shadows, a new color palette, and rounded geometry are prevalent throughout the UI. A prevalent aspect of the design is an appearance known as "Mica", described as an "opaque, dynamic material that incorporates theme and desktop wallpaper to paint the background of long-lived windows such as apps and settings".[56][57] Much of the interface and start menu take heavy inspiration from the now-canceled Windows 10X.[58]

The taskbar's buttons are center-aligned by default, and it is permanently pinned to the bottom edge of the screen; it cannot be moved to the top, left, or right edges of the screen as in previous versions of Windows.[59] The notifications sidebar is now accessed by clicking the date and time, with other Quick Actions toggles, as well as volume, brightness, and media playback controls, moved to a new settings pop-up displayed by clicking on the system tray. The "Widgets" button on the taskbar displays a panel with Microsoft Start,[60] a news aggregator with personalized stories and content (expanding upon the "news and interests" panel introduced in later builds of Windows 10).[50][56] Microsoft Teams is similarly integrated with the taskbar, with a pop-up showing a list of recent conversations.[49]

The Start menu has been significantly redesigned, replacing the "live tiles" used by Windows 8.x and 10 with a grid of "pinned" applications, and a list of recent applications and documents.[47][50] File Explorer was updated to replace its ribbon toolbar with a more traditional toolbar, while its context menus have been redesigned to move common tasks (such as copy and paste) to a toolbar along the top of the menu, and hide advanced operations under an overflow menu.[56]

Task View, a feature introduced in Windows 10, features a refreshed design, and supports giving separate wallpapers to each virtual desktop. The window snapping functionality has been enhanced with two additional features; "snap layouts" allows the user to select a pre-determined layout they want to use for tiling multiple windows onto a display. The tiled arrangement of windows can be minimized and restored from the taskbar as a "snap group".[50]

The Segoe UI font has been updated to a variable version, improving its ability to scale between display resolutions.[61] Other changes to the system include new system icons, animations, sounds, and widgets.[62][63]

Windows Subsystem for Android

See also: Project Astoria and Windows Subsystem for Linux

While not in the first release, a future release of Windows 11, scheduled for 2022,[64][65] will allow users to install and run Android apps onto their devices using the new Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA) and the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). These apps can be obtained from within the Microsoft Store via the Amazon Appstore. This feature will require a Microsoft account, an Amazon account, a one-time install for Windows Amazon Appstore client, and that the PC have 8 GB of RAM or more to run the apps.[66][67][68][69][70] Users can also install Android apps through any source using the Android application package (APK) file format.[71]

System security

As part of the minimum system requirements, Windows 11 only runs on devices with a Trusted Platform Module 2.0 security coprocessor.[72][73] According to Microsoft, the TPM 2.0 coprocessor is a "critical building block" for protection against firmware and hardware attacks. In addition, Microsoft now requires devices with Windows 11 to include virtualization-based security (VBS), hypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI), and Secure Boot built-in and enabled by default.[74] The operating system also features hardware-enforced stack protection for supported Intel and AMD processors for protection against zero-day exploits.

Like its predecessor, Windows 11 also supports multi-factor authentication and biometric authentication through Windows Hello.[74]

Updates and support

Main article: Windows 11 version history
Windows 11 versions
Version Codename Marketing name Build Release date Supported until (and support status by color)
  • Home,
  • Pro,
  • Pro Education,
  • Pro for Workstations
  • Enterprise,
  • Education
21H2 21H2 N/A 22000 October 4, 2021 October 10, 2023 October 8, 2024
Legend:    Old version, not maintained[a]    Older version, still maintained[b]    Current stable version[c]    Latest preview version[d]
Notes:
  1. ^ Windows 11 builds that have this color have reached their expiration dates and are no longer supported by Microsoft.
  2. ^ Windows 11 builds that have this color are no longer the latest version of Windows 11, but are still supported by Microsoft.
  3. ^ Windows 11 builds that have this color are the latest (by SKU) public version of Windows 11.
  4. ^ Windows 11 builds that have this color are Insider Preview builds, and are not the latest public version.

System requirements

Hardware requirements for Windows 11[72][75]
Component Minimum
Processor A compatible 64-bit processor (x86-64 or ARM64) with at least 1 GHz clock rate and at least 2 cores
Memory (RAM) At least 4 GB
Storage space At least 64 GB
System firmware UEFI
Security Secure Boot, enabled by default
Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 2.0
Graphics card Compatible with DirectX 12 or later with WDDM 2.0 driver
Display High definition (720p) display that is greater than 9” diagonally, 8 bits per color channel
Internet connection and Microsoft accounts Internet connection and Microsoft account required to complete first-time setup on Windows 11 Home.
Additional requirements for optional functionality
Feature Requirements
5G support 5G capable modem
Auto HDR HDR capable monitor
Biometric authentication and Windows Hello Illuminated infrared camera or fingerprint reader
BitLocker to Go USB flash drive (available in Windows 11 Pro and higher editions)
Hyper-V Second Level Address Translation (SLAT)
DirectStorage NVMe Solid-state drive[76]
DirectX 12 Ultimate Available with supported games and graphics cards
Spatial sound Supporting hardware and software
Two-factor authentication Use of PIN, biometric authentication, or a phone with Wi-Fi or Bluetooth capabilities
Speech recognition Microphone
Wi-Fi 6E support New WLAN IHV hardware and driver, Wi-Fi 6E capable AP/router
Windows Projection Wi-Fi adapter that supports Wi-Fi Direct, WDDM 2.0
Android apps support and functionality At least 8 GB of RAM (recommended)
At least 16 GB of RAM (optimal functionality)

The basic system requirements of Windows 11 differ significantly from Windows 10. Windows 11 only supports 64-bit systems such as those using an x86-64 or ARM64 processor; IA-32 processors are no longer supported.[73] Thus, Windows 11 is the first consumer version of Windows not to support 32-bit processors and 16-bit software (though Windows Server 2008 R2 was the first version of Windows NT to not support them).[77][78] The minimum RAM and storage requirements were also increased; Windows 11 now requires at least 4 GB of RAM and 64 GB of storage. S mode is only supported for the Home edition of Windows 11.[79] As of August 2021, the officially supported list of processors includes Intel Core 8th generation and later, AMD Zen+ and later, and Qualcomm Snapdragon 850 and later.[80] The compatibility list also includes the "AF" revisions of Ryzen 1000 CPUs (which are underclocked versions of Zen+-based Ryzen 2000 parts, supplanting first-generation CPUs that could no longer be manufactured due to a change in process)[81] and the Intel Core i7-7820HQ (a seventh-generation processor used by the Surface Studio 2),[82] although the latter is only supported on devices that shipped with DCH-based drivers.[83]

Legacy BIOS is no longer supported; a UEFI system with Secure Boot and a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 security coprocessor is now required.[59][84][85][86] The TPM requirement in particular has led to confusion as many motherboards do not have TPM support, or require a compatible TPM to be physically installed onto the motherboard. Many newer CPUs may also include a TPM implemented at the CPU level, with AMD referring to this "fTPM", and Intel referring to it as "Platform Trust Technology" (PTT),[87] that is disabled by default and requires changing settings in the computer's UEFI to enable.[88] Original equipment manufacturers can still ship computers without the TPM 2.0 coprocessor upon Microsoft's approval.[72][89] The OEM Asus began to release updates to their UEFI firmware that enables the firmware TPM automatically upon installation.[90]

Devices with unsupported processors are not blocked from installing or running Windows 11; however, a clean install or upgrade using ISO installation media must be performed as Windows Update will not offer an upgrade from Windows 10.[91] Additionally, users must also accept an on-screen disclaimer stating that they will not be entitled to receive updates, and that damage caused by using Windows 11 on an unsupported configuration are not covered by the manufacturer's warranty.[92][93]

Reception

Pre-release

Reception of Windows 11 upon its reveal was positive, with critics praising the new design and productivity features.[94] However, Microsoft was criticized for creating confusion over the minimum system requirements for Windows 11.[95] The increased system requirements (compared to those of Windows 10) initially published by Microsoft could see as many as 60 percent of existing Windows 10 PCs unable to upgrade to Windows 11,[96] which has faced concerns that this will make the devices electronic waste.[97]

Despite the official requirements, pre-release versions of Windows 11 can be installed on systems with legacy BIOS and without Secure Boot or TPM 2.0 by editing the installation media.[citation needed] It has been theorized that these system requirements were a measure intended to encourage the purchase of new PCs, especially amid a downturn in PC sales and increased prices due to the global chip shortage.[56] While Microsoft has not specifically acknowledged this when discussing the cutoff, it was also acknowledged that the sixth and seventh generation of Intel Core processors were prominently afflicted by CPU-level security vulnerabilities such as Meltdown and Spectre, and that newer CPUs manufactured since then had increased mitigations against the flaws.[56][98][99] Research Vice President of Gartner Stephen Kleynhans felt that Microsoft was "looking at the entire stack from the hardware up through the applications and the user experience and trying to make the entire stack work better and more securely.[99]

Launch

Andrew Cunningham of Ars Technica praised the improvements to its visual design (describing the new "Mica" appearance as reminiscent of the visual appearance of iOS and macOS, and arguing that Microsoft had "[made] a serious effort" at making the user-facing aspects of Windows 11 more consistent visually), window management, performance (assessed as being equivalent to if not better than Windows 10), other "beneficial tweaks", and its system requirements having brought greater public attention to hardware security features present on modern PCs. Criticism was raised towards Widgets' lack of support for third-party content (thus limiting it to Microsoft services only), regressions in taskbar functionality and customization, the inability to easily select default applications for common tasks such as web browsing (now requiring the user to select the browser application for each file type individually), and Microsoft's unclear justification for its processor compatibility criteria. Cunningham concluded that "as I've dug into [Windows 11] and learned its ins and outs for this review, I've warmed to it more", but argued that the OS was facing similar "public perception" issues to Windows Vista and Windows 8. However, he noted that 11 did not have as many performance issues or bugs as Vista upon release, nor was as "disjointed" as 8, and recommended that users who were unsure about the upgrade should wait for later patches, or stay on Windows 10.[56]

Tom Warren of The Verge described Windows 11 as being akin to a house in the middle of renovations, but that "actually using Windows 11 for the past few months hasn't felt as controversial as I had expected"—praising its updated user interface as being more modern and reminiscent of iOS and Chrome OS, the new start menu for feeling less cluttered than the Windows 10 iteration, updates to some of its stock applications, and Snap Assist. Warren noted that he rarely used the Widgets panel or Microsoft Teams, citing that he preferred the weather display that later versions of Windows 10 offered, and didn't use Teams to communicate with his friends and family. He also acknowledged the expansion of Microsoft Store to include more "traditional" desktop applications. However, he felt that Windows 11 still felt like a work in progress, noting UI inconsistencies (such as dark mode and new context menu designs not being uniform across all dialogues and applications, and the modern Settings app still falling back upon legacy Control Panel applets for certain settings), regressions to the taskbar (including the inability to move it, drag files onto taskbar buttons in order to focus the corresponding application, and the clock only shown on the primary display in multi-monitor configurations), and promised features (such as dynamic refresh rate and universal microphone mute button) not being present on the initial release. Overall, he concluded that "I wouldn't rush out to upgrade to Windows 11, but I also wouldn't avoid it. After all, Windows 11 still feels familiar and underneath all the UI changes, it’s the same Windows we've had for decades."[100]

PC World was more critical, arguing that Windows 11 "sacrifices productivity for personality, but without cohesion", commenting upon changes such as the inability to use local "offline" accounts on Windows 11 Home, regressions to the taskbar, a "functionally worse" start menu, Microsoft Teams integration having privacy implications and being a ploy to coerce users into switching to the service, File Explorer obscuring common functions under unclear icons, using "terribly sleazy" behaviors to discourage changing the default web browser from Microsoft Edge, and that the OS "anecdotally feels less responsive, slower, and heavier than Windows 10." It was concluded that Windows 11 "feels practical and productive, but less so than its predecessor in many aspects", while its best features were either "hidden deeper within", required specific hardware (DirectStorage, Auto HDR) or were not available on launch (Android app support).[101]

See also

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