Page protected with pending changes

Uber

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Über and Uber (disambiguation).

Uber Technologies, Inc.
FormerlyUbercab (2009–2011)
TypePublic
NYSE: UBER
Russell 1000 Index component
IndustryTransportation
FoundedMarch 2009; 12 years ago (2009-03)
FoundersGarrett Camp
Travis Kalanick
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.
Area served
69 countries, over 900 metropolitan areas
Key people
ProductsMobile app, website
Services
RevenueDecrease US$11.139 billion (2020)
Increase −US$4.863 billion (2020)
Increase −US$6.768 billion (2020)
Total assetsIncrease US$33.252 billion (2020)
Total equityDecrease US$12.967 billion (2020)
Number of employees
26,900 (2019)
Subsidiaries
Websitewww.uber.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4][5]
Yellow Uber car in Moscow
An Uber driver in Bogotá, Colombia with the Uber app on a dashboard-mounted smartphone

Uber Technologies, Inc., commonly known as Uber, is an American technology company. Its services include ride-hailing, food delivery (Uber Eats), package delivery, couriers, freight transportation, and, through a partnership with Lime, electric bicycle and motorized scooter rental. The company is based in San Francisco and has operations in over 900 metropolitan areas worldwide.[3] It is one of the largest firms in the gig economy.

Uber is estimated to have over 93 million monthly active users worldwide.[6] In the United States, Uber has a 71% market share for ride-sharing[7] and a 22% market share for food delivery.[8] Uber has been so prominent in the sharing economy that changes in various industries as a result of Uber have been referred to as uberisation,[9][10][11] and many startups have described their offerings as "Uber for X".[12][13][14]

Like similar companies, Uber has been criticized for the treatment of drivers as independent contractors, disruption of taxicab businesses, and an increase in traffic congestion. The company has been criticized for various unethical practices and for ignoring local regulations.

Service overview[edit]

Uber determines the fees and terms on which drivers transport riders. The company takes a 25% share of each fare provided by Uber’s “partners”.[15][16] Uber uses a dynamic pricing model. Fares fluctuate depending on the local supply and demand at time of service. Customers are quoted the fare in advance.[17][18]

Service is generally accessed via mobile app. Users set up a personal profile with a name, phone number, other information, and payment preference, which could be a credit card, e-commerce payment system or, in some cases, cash. After the service is complete, the customer may be given the option to provide a gratuity to the driver, which is also billed to the customer's payment method.

The status of drivers as independent contractors is an unresolved issue. Drivers provide a vehicle, which could be owned, rented, or leased. Drivers must meet requirements for age, health, car age and type, have a driver's license and a smartphone or tablet, and may be required to pass a background check. In many cities, vehicles must pass annual safety inspections and/or must have an emblem posted in the passenger window. Some cities also require drivers to have a business license.[19] There may be accommodations for hearing-impaired drivers.[20] Drivers may be notified before accepting a trip if it will be longer than 45 minutes. After each transaction, drivers and customers may rate each other and users with low ratings may be deactivated.[21]


Service options[edit]

UberX is the basic level of service. It includes a private ride in a car with driver for up to four passengers. Depending on the location, Uber offers other levels of service at different prices including: black luxury vehicles, newer or premium level vehicles, cars with leather seats, sport utility vehicles, minivan, vans, hatchbacks, electric cars, hybrid vehicles, motorcycles, auto rickshaws, actual taxicabs, lower-cost shared transport with other passengers going in the same general direction (suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic), child safety seats, pet shipping, guaranteed Spanish language-speaking drivers, additional assistance to senior citizens and passengers with a physical disability, and wheelchair-accessible vans.[22]

Persons with a service animal may use any type of Uber service, as required by law.

Through a partnership with Lime, users are able to rent Jump electric bicycles and motorized scooters.[23][24][25]

Uber offers health professionals in the United States a HIPAA-compliant service for patients traveling to-and-from their appointments. Patients without smartphones can receive pickup information via text messaging or via the health professional's office.[26]

Uber Freight matches freight shippers with truckers in a similar fashion to the matching of passengers with drivers.[27][28]

In partnership with local operators, Uber offers boat transportation in certain locations at certain times of the year.[29][30][31][32]

History[edit]

Further information: Timeline of Uber
Travis Kalanick, former CEO of Uber, in 2013

In 2009, Uber was founded as Ubercab by Garrett Camp, a computer programmer and the co-founder of StumbleUpon, and Travis Kalanick, who sold his Red Swoosh startup for $19 million in 2007.[33]

After Camp and his friends spent $800 hiring a private driver, he wanted to find a way to reduce the cost of direct transportation. He realized that sharing the cost with people could make it affordable, and his idea morphed into Uber. Kalanick joined Camp and gives him "full credit for the idea" of Uber.[34] The prototype was built by Camp and his friends, Oscar Salazar and Conrad Whelan, with Kalanick as the "mega advisor" to the company.[34]

In February 2010, Ryan Graves became the first Uber employee. Graves started out as general manager and was named CEO shortly after the launch.[34] In December 2010, Kalanick succeeded Graves as CEO.[34][35][36][37] Graves became chief operating officer (COO).[38] By 2019, Graves owned 31.9 million shares.[39]

Following a beta launch in May 2010, Uber's services and mobile app officially launched in San Francisco in 2011.[35][40] Originally, the application only allowed users to hail a black luxury car and the price was 1.5 times that of a taxi.[41][42] In 2011, the company changed its name from UberCab to Uber after complaints from San Francisco taxicab operators.[43][44]

The company's early hires included a nuclear physicist, a computational neuroscientist, and a machinery expert who worked on predicting demand for private hire car drivers.[33][45] In April 2012, Uber launched a service in Chicago where users were able to request a regular taxi or an Uber driver via its mobile app.[46][47]

In July 2012, the company introduced UberX, a cheaper option that allowed people to use non-luxury vehicles, including their personal vehicles, subject to a background check, insurance, registration, and vehicle standards.[48][44] By early 2013, the service was operating in 35 cities.[49][50][51]

In December 2013, USA Today named Uber its tech company of the year.[52]

In August 2014, Uber launched UberPOOL, a shared transport service in the San Francisco Bay Area.[53][54] The service soon launched in other cities worldwide.

In August 2014, Uber launched Uber Eats, a food delivery service.[55][56]

Uber logo used from February 2016 until September 2018

In August 2016, facing tough competition, Uber sold its operations in China to DiDi in exchange for an 18% stake in DiDi.[57] DiDi agreed to invest $1 billion in Uber.[58] Uber had started operations in China in 2014, under the name 优步 (Yōubù).[59]

In August 2017, Dara Khosrowshahi, the former CEO of Expedia Group, replaced Kalanick as CEO.[60][61] In July 2017, Uber received a five-star privacy rating from the Electronic Frontier Foundation,[62] but was harshly criticised by the group in September 2017 for a controversial policy of tracking customers' locations even after a ride ended, forcing the company to reverse its policy.[63]

In February 2018, Uber combined its operations in Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan with those of Yandex.Taxi and invested $225 million in the venture.[64] In March 2018, Uber merged its services in Southeast Asia with those of Grab in exchange for a 27.5% ownership stake in Grab.[65][66][67] Uber Rent, powered by Getaround, was a peer-to-peer carsharing service available to some users in San Francisco between May 2018 and November 2018.[68] In November 2018, Uber became a gold member of the Linux Foundation.[69][70]

On May 10, 2019, Uber became a public company via an initial public offering.[71] Following the IPO, Uber's shares dropped 11%, resulting in the biggest IPO first-day dollar loss in US history.[72] A month later both COO Barney Harford and CMO Rebecca Messina stepped down.[73][74] Uber posted a US$1 billion loss in the first quarter of 2019, and a US$5.2 billion loss of for the second quarter.[75][76]

In July 2019, the marketing department was reduced by a third, with the layoff of 400 people amidst continued losses.[77][78] Engineer hires were frozen.[79] In early September 2019, Uber laid off an additional 435 employees with 265 coming from the engineering team and another 170 from the product team.[80][81]

In January 2020, Uber acquired Careem for $3.1 billion.[82][83][84]

In the same month, Uber sold its Indian Uber Eats operations to Zomato, in exchange for 9.99% of Zomato.[85]

Also in January 2020, Uber tested a feature that enabled drivers at the Santa Barbara, Sacramento, and Palm Springs airports to set fares based on a multiple of Uber's rates for UberX and UberXL trips.[86]

On May 5, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Uber announced plans to layoff 3,700 employees, around 14% of its workforce.[87]

On May 18, 2020, 3,000 more job cuts and 45 office closures were announced.[88]

In June 2020, Uber announced that it would manage the on-demand high-occupancy vehicle fleet for Marin Transit, a public bus agency in Marin County, California. This partnership is Uber's first SaaS partnership.[89]

In July 2020, Uber in partnership with its majority-owned Cornershop, launched Uber grocery delivery service in Latin America, Canada, Miami, and Dallas.[90][91]

In November 2020, Uber announced that it had lost $5.8 billion.[92]

On December 1, 2020, Uber acquired Postmates for $2.65 billion.[93][94][95]

In early February 2021, Uber announced the purchase of Boston-based alcohol delivery service Drizly for $1.1 billion in cash and stock.[96]

Also in February 2021, Uber announced it would team up with Walgreens pharmacies to offer free rides to stores and clinics offering COVID-19 vaccines for those who live in underserved communities.[97]

In April 2021, Uber said that its employees are expected to return to office by September 13 and to work at least three days per week from office.[98] Later in the month, Uber announced it would be expanding upon its food-delivery features to further integrate them with its ride service to accommodate a vaccinated public. Vaccination appointments will be facilitated through the app as well.[99][100]

Former operations[edit]

Self-driving cars[edit]

Uber autonomous vehicle Volvo XC90 in San Francisco

Advanced Technologies Group (Uber ATG) was developing self-driving cars. It was minority-owned by SoftBank Vision Fund, Toyota, and Denso.[101]

In early 2015, the company hired approximately 50 people from the robotics department of Carnegie Mellon University.[102]

On September 14, 2016, Uber launched its first self-driving car services to select customers in Pittsburgh, using a fleet of Ford Fusion cars. Each vehicle was equipped with 20 cameras, seven lasers, Global Positioning System, lidar, and radar equipment.[103][104]

On December 14, 2016, Uber began operating self-driving Volvo XC90 SUVs in its hometown of San Francisco.[105] On December 21, 2016, the California Department of Motor Vehicles revoked the registration of the vehicles Uber was using for the test and forced the program to cease operations in California.[106] Two months later, Uber moved the program to Arizona, where the cars were able to pick up passengers, although, as a safety precaution, two Uber engineers were always in the front seats of each vehicle.[107] In March 2017, an Uber self-driving car was hit and flipped on its side by another vehicle that failed to yield.[108] In October 2017, Uber started using only one test driver.[109]

In November 2017, Uber announced a non-binding plan to buy up to 24,000 Volvo XC90 SUV vehicles designed to accept autonomous technology, including a different type of steering and braking mechanism and sensors.[110][111]

In March 2018, Uber paused self-driving vehicle testing after the death of Elaine Herzberg in Tempe, Arizona.[112] According to police, the woman was struck by an Uber vehicle while attempting to cross the street, while the onboard engineer was watching videos.[112] Uber settled with the victim's family.[113] Local authorities disagreed as to whether or not the car or Herzberg was at fault.[114] In December 2018, after receiving local approval in Pittsburgh[115][116] and Toronto,[117] Uber restarted testing, but only during daylight hours and at slower speeds. In March 2019, Uber was found not criminally liable by Yavapai County Attorney's Office for Herzberg's death.[118] The company changed its approach, inviting both Waymo and General Motors" Cruise self-driving vehicle unit to operate vehicles on Uber's ride-hailing network.[119] In February 2020, Uber regained its self-driving vehicle permit and announced plans to resume testing in San Francisco.[120]

In early 2019, Uber spent $20 million per month on research and development for autonomous vehicles;[121] however, a source said that expenses on the autonomous vehicle program have been as high as $200 million per quarter.[119]

In January 2021, Uber ATG was acquired by the self-driving startup Aurora Innovation for $4 billion and Uber invested $400 million into Aurora, taking a 26% ownership stake.[122][123]

Autonomous trucks[edit]

After spending over $925 million to develop autonomous trucks, Uber cancelled its self-driving truck program in July 2018.[27] Uber acquired Otto for $625 million in 2016.[124][125] According to a February 2017 Waymo lawsuit, ex-Google employee Anthony Levandowski allegedly "downloaded 9.7 GB of Waymo's highly confidential files and trade secrets, including blueprints, design files and testing documentation" before resigning to found Otto, which was purchased by Uber.[126][127] A ruling in May 2017 required Uber to return documents to Waymo.[128] The trial began February 5, 2018.[129] A settlement was announced on February 8, 2018 in which Uber gave Waymo $244 million in Uber equity and agreed not to infringe on Waymo's intellectual property.[130]

Air services[edit]

In October 2019, in partnership with HeliFlight, Uber began offering a helicopter taxi service between Manhattan and John F. Kennedy International Airport.[131] Operated by HeliFlite, Uber Copter offered 8-minute helicopter flights between Manhattan and John F. Kennedy International Airport for approximately $200 per passenger.[132]

Uber's Elevate division was developing UberAir, which would have provided short flights using VTOL aircraft.[133] In December 2020, Joby Aviation acquired Uber Elevate.[134]

Uber Works[edit]

In October 2019, Uber launched Uber Works to connect workers who wanted temporary jobs with businesses. The app was initially available only in Chicago and expanded to Miami in December 2019.[135][136] The service was shut down in May 2020.[88]

Criticism[edit]

See also: Sharing economy § Criticism, and Temporary work § Legal issues

Treatment of drivers[edit]

Classification as independent contractors[edit]

Unless otherwise required by law, drivers are generally independent contractors and not employees. This designation affects taxation, work hours, and overtime benefits. Lawsuits have been filed by drivers alleging that they are entitled to the rights and remedies of being considered "employees" under employment law.[137] However, drivers do receive certain flexibilities that are not common among employees.[138]

In O'Connor v. Uber Technologies, a lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on August 16, 2013, Uber drivers pleaded that according to the California Labor Code they should be classified as employees and receive reimbursement of business expenses such as gas and vehicle maintenance costs. In March 2019, Uber agreed to pay $20 million to settle the case.[139]

On October 28, 2016, in the case of Aslam v Uber BV, the Central London Employment tribunal ruled that Uber drivers are "workers", not self-employed, and are entitled to the minimum wage under the National Minimum Wage Act 1998, paid holiday, and other entitlements.[140] Two Uber drivers had brought the test case to the employment tribunal with the assistance of the GMB Union, on behalf of a group of drivers in London.[141] Uber appealed to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom; in February 2021, the court ruled that drivers should be classified as workers and not self-employed.[142] Uber drivers won the right to minimum wage, holiday pay, and protection from discrimination in the ruling. After losing three previous court cases, the company had appealed to the Supreme Court, arguing that its drivers were independent contractors.[143]

In March 2018, the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research of Switzerland ruled that drivers should be classified as employees.[144]

In April 2018, the Supreme Court of California ruled in Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court that Dynamex, a delivery company, misclassified its delivery drivers as independent contractors rather than employees.[145] This ultimately led to California passing Assembly Bill 5 (AB5) on September 11, 2019, with a test to determine if a tasker must be classified as an employee and receive minimum wage protections and unemployment benefits. In December 2019, Uber and Postmates sued California, claiming AB5 is unconstitutional.[146] In 2020, they spent tens of millions of dollars[147][148] campaigning in support of California's Proposition 22, which passed, granting them a special exception to Assembly Bill 5 by classifying their drivers as "independent contractors", exempting employers from providing benefits to certain drivers.[149]

In November 2019, the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development determined that drivers should be classified as employees and fined Uber $650 million for overdue unemployment and disability insurance taxes.[150]

In March 2021, the UK Supreme Court ruled that Uber has to classify all of its drivers not as independent contractors but as workers, complete with the standard benefits. This includes minimum wage and holiday pay with other potential benefits depending on the contracts.[151]

Compliance with minimum wage laws[edit]

In some jurisdictions, drivers are guaranteed a minimum wage, such as in New York City, where drivers must earn $26.51/hour before expenses or $17.22/hour after expenses. Analyses have shown that absent such laws, many drivers earn less than the stated minimum wage.[152] A May 2018 report by the Economic Policy Institute found the average hourly wage for drivers to be $9.21.[153] Reports of poor wages have been published in Profil,[154] Trend,[155] and The Guardian.[156] A 2017 report claimed that only 4% of all Uber drivers were still working as such one year after starting, primarily due to low pay.[157]

However, a 2019 study found that "drivers earn more than twice the surplus they would in less-flexible arrangements."[158]

Safety concerns[edit]

Crimes have been committed by rideshare drivers[159] as well as by individuals posing as rideshare drivers who lure unsuspecting passengers to their vehicles by placing an emblem on their car or by claiming to be a passenger's expected driver.[160] The latter led to the murder of Samantha Josephson and the introduction of Sami’s Law. Lawsuits claim that rideshare companies did not take necessary measures to prevent sexual assault.[161][162] Rideshare companies have been fined by government agencies for violations in their background check processes.[163][164][165] The 2016 Kalamazoo shootings in February 2016, which left six people dead in Kalamazoo, Michigan, were committed by an Uber driver. Although Uber was criticized for its background check process, the driver did not have a criminal record, and the background check did not cause alarm.[166]

In November 2017, The Colorado Public Utilities Commission fined Uber $8.9 million after discovering that 57 drivers in the state had violations in their background checks, including a conviction felon that received permission to drive for Uber by using an alias. The fine amount equaled $2,500 per day that an unqualified driver worked.[167]

In September 2017, Uber's application for a new license in London was rejected by Transport for London (TfL) because of the company's approach and past conduct showed a lack of corporate responsibility related to driver background checks, obtaining medical certificates and reporting serious criminal offences.[168] In November 2019, Transport for London announced it would not renew Uber's license to operate in London on the grounds that Uber had failed to adequately address issues with checks on drivers, insurance, and safety.[169][170][171] Part of TfL's rationale for removing Uber's licence was evidence that Uber driver accounts had been used by unauthorized drivers.[172][173] In November 2019, Transport for London did not renew Uber's license to operate due in part to the ability of people to fake identities and use other drivers' accounts, circumventing the background check process.[174][175][176]

Because it increases the number of people riding in automobiles instead of safer forms of transportation, a study from the Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago tied ridesharing to an increase in traffic fatalities, including pedestrian deaths.[177][178]

Ridesharing has also been criticized for encouraging or requiring phone use while driving. To accept a fare, drivers must tap their phone screen, usually within 15 seconds after receiving a notification, which is illegal in some jurisdictions since it could result in distracted driving.[179]

Ridesharing vehicles in many cities routinely obstruct bicycle lanes while picking up or dropping off passengers, a practice that endangers cyclists.[180][181][182]

It is unclear if rideshare vehicles are less or more safe than taxicabs. Major cities in the United States don't have much data on taxi-related incidents. However, in London, data from Transport for London shows that in 2018, there were 21 Taxi and Private Hire journey-related sexual offences where a driver was charged, involving 17 individual drivers. More than half of the drivers involved, 11, were Uber drivers, one was a licensed taxi driver, one an unlicensed driver and the rest related to drivers affiliated with other private hire vehicle operators.[183]

Dynamic pricing and price fixing allegations[edit]

Due to dynamic pricing models, prices for the same route may vary based on the supply and demand for rides at the time the ride is requested.[184] When rides are in high demand in a certain area and there are not enough drivers in such area, fares increase to get more drivers to that area.[185][186] In some cases, this resulted in extreme surcharges during emergencies such as Hurricane Sandy,[187] the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis,[188] and the 2017 London Bridge attack.[189]

In the United States, drivers do not have any control over the fares they charge; lawsuits allege that this is an illegal restraint on trade in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.[190][191]

Accessibility failures[edit]

Ridesharing has been criticized for providing inadequate accessibility measures for disabled people compared to the public transit it displaces.

In some areas, vehicle for hire companies are required by law to have a certain amount of wheelchair accessible vans (WAVs) in use. However, most drivers do not own a WAV, making it hard to comply with the laws.[192]

While companies have strict requirements to transport service animals, drivers have been criticized for refusal to transport service animals, which, in the United States, is in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act. In one case, this resulted in a lawsuit, which was referred to arbitration.[193][194] The case was eventually ruled in favor of the visually impaired passenger, Lisa Irving, with Uber ordered to pay her out $1.1 million.[195]


Antitrust and unfair competition allegations[edit]

Uber has been the subject of several antitrust investigations and lawsuits.

Uber faced significant antitrust and unfair competition lawsuits from taxi companies across the United States, with federal courts hearing cases in cities such as Boston,[196] Houston,[197] and Philadelphia.[198] Taxi companies also sued cities for allowing Uber to operate a taxicab business without complying with the local taxi regulations.[199] Courts sided with Uber in almost every case: “The only case to proceed to trial resulted in a verdict for Uber on plaintiffs’ unfair competition claims and claims under the state consumer protection statute.”[200] That case did find, however, that Uber violated applicable local taxi regulations, although “Out of some 29 million Uber trips taken during the conduct period, 497 citations issued to Uber drivers represented a relatively insignificant violation of the Taxi Rules.”[201] One legal scholar summarized this taxi litigation as, that “In almost every case, on almost every claim, courts found that there is no legal claim for relief that medallion holders could have brought to vindicate the injury to their medallions.”[202]

Uber has also faced allegations that it facilitates an illegal price-fixing scheme. Antitrust law generally holds that price-setting activities are permissible within business firms, but bars them beyond firm boundaries. Uber has argued that it does not provide services to consumers directly.[203] Instead, the company argued that it only connects riders and drivers, sets service terms, and collects fares. When a consumer brought a class action alleging that "the Uber application allows third-party drivers to illegally fix prices,"[204] Uber was able to force that lawsuit into arbitration.[205]

Controversies[edit]

Principled confrontation[edit]

While Uber was led by Travis Kalanick, the company had an aggressive strategy for dealing with obstacles, including regulators. In 2014, Kalanick said "You have to have what I call principled confrontation."[206] Uber's strategy was generally to commence operations in a city without regard for local regulations. If faced with regulatory opposition, Uber called for public support for its service and mounted a political campaign, supported by lobbyists, to change regulations.[207][208][209][210] For example, in June 2014, Uber sent a notice to riders with the email address and phone number of a commissioner in Virginia who opposed the company and told riders to lobby the official, who received hundreds of complaints.[211][212] In November 2017, CEO Dara Khosrowshahi proclaimed an end to the "win at all costs" strategy and implemented new values for the company, including "we do the right thing".[213] Vice argued that Uber's response to California bill AB 5 in 2019 showed that "Uber's strategy to ignore or fight regulations remains the same as it's always been."[214]

Attacks on competitors[edit]

Uber issued an apology on January 24, 2014 after documents were leaked claiming that Uber employees in New York City deliberately ordered rides from Gett, a competitor, only to cancel them later. The purpose of the fake orders was to waste drivers' time and delay service to legitimate customers.[215]

Following Lyft's expansion into New York City in July 2014, Uber, with the assistance of TargetCW, sent emails offering a "huge commission opportunity" to several contractors based on the "personal hustle" of the participants. Those who responded to the solicitation were offered a meeting with Uber marketing managers who attempted to create a "street team" to gather intelligence about Lyft's launch plans and recruit their drivers. Recruits were given two Uber-branded iPhones (one a backup in case the person was identified by Lyft) and a series of valid credit card numbers to create dummy Lyft accounts. Participants were required to sign non-disclosure agreements.[216][217]

In August 2014, Lyft reported that 177 Uber employees had ordered and canceled approximately 5,560 Lyft rides since October 2013, and that it had found links to Uber recruiters by cross-referencing the phone numbers involved. The report identified one Lyft passenger who canceled 300 rides from May 26 to June 10, 2014, and who was identified as an Uber recruiter by seven different Lyft drivers. Uber did not apologize, but suggested that the recruitment attempts were independent parties trying to make money.[218][219]

Misleading drivers[edit]

In January 2017, Uber agreed to pay $20 million to the US government to resolve accusations by the Federal Trade Commission of having misled drivers about potential earnings.[220][221][222]

Alleged short-changing of drivers[edit]

In 2017, a class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of thousands of Uber drivers, alleging that Uber’s “upfront prices” policy did not provide drivers with the 80% of fares they were entitled to.[223]

In May 2017, after the New York Taxi Workers Alliance (NYTWA) filed a class-action lawsuit in federal court in New York, Uber admitted to underpaying New York City drivers tens of millions of dollars over 2.5 years by calculating driver commissions on a net amount. Uber agreed to pay the amounts owed plus interest.[224]

Operating during a taxi strike[edit]

In late January 2017, Uber was targeted by GrabYourWallet for collecting fares during a New York City taxi strike in protest of Executive Order 13769.[225] Uber removed surge pricing from JFK airport, where refugees had been detained upon entry. Uber was targeted because Kalanick had joined the administration's Economic Advisory Council.[226] A social media campaign known as #DeleteUber formed in protest, leading approximately 200,000 users to delete the app.[227] Statements were later e-mailed to former users who had deleted their accounts, asserting that the company would assist refugees, and that Kalanick's membership was not an endorsement of the administration.[228] On February 2, 2017, Kalanick resigned from the council.[229]

Evasion of law enforcement operations[edit]

Greyball[edit]

Starting in 2014, Uber used its Greyball software to avoid giving rides to certain individuals. By showing "ghost cars" driven by fake drivers to the targeted individuals in the Uber mobile app, and by giving real drivers a means to cancel rides requested by those individuals, Uber was able to avoid giving rides to known law enforcement officers in areas where its service was illegal. A New York Times report on March 3, 2017, made public Uber's use of Greyball, describing it as a way to evade city code enforcement officials in Portland, Oregon, Australia, South Korea, and China.[230] At first, in response to the report, Uber stated that Greyball was designed to deny rides to users who violate Uber's terms of service, including those involved in sting operations.[230][231] According to Uber, Greyball can "hide the standard city app view for individual riders, enabling Uber to show that same rider a different version". Uber reportedly used Greyball to identify government officials by noting whether a user frequently opens the app near government offices, using users' social media profiles to identify law enforcement personnel, and noticing credit cards associated with the Uber account.[230]

On March 6, 2017, the City of Portland, Oregon announced an investigation into whether Uber had obstructed the enforcement of city regulations.[232] The investigation by the Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT) found that: "Uber used Greyball software to intentionally evade PBOT's officers from December 5 to December 19, 2014 and deny 29 separate ride requests by PBOT enforcement officers."[233] Following the release of the audit, Portland's commissioner of police suggested that the city subpoena Uber to force the company to turn over information on how Uber used software to evade regulatory officials.[234] On March 8, 2017, Uber admitted that it had used Greyball to thwart government regulators and pledged to stop using the service for that purpose.[235][236] In May 2017, the United States Department of Justice opened a criminal investigation into Uber's use of Greyball to avoid local law enforcement operations.[237]

Ripley[edit]

After a police raid on Uber's Brussels office, a January 2018 report by Bloomberg News stated that "Uber routinely used Ripley to thwart police raids in foreign countries."[238] It offered a "panic button" system, initially called "unexpected visitor protocol", then "Ripley". It locked, powered off and changed passwords on staff computers when raided. Uber allegedly used this button at least 24 times, from spring 2015 until late 2016.[239][240]

Sexual harassment allegations and management shakeup (2017)[edit]

On February 20, 2017, former Uber engineer Susan Fowler stated that she was subjected to sexual harassment by a manager and subsequently threatened with termination by another manager if she continued to report the incident. Kalanick was alleged to have been aware of the complaint.[241][242][243][244]

Uber hired former attorney general Eric Holder to investigate the claims and Arianna Huffington, a member of Uber's board of directors, also oversaw the investigation.[245][246][247]

On February 27, 2017, Amit Singhal, Uber's Senior Vice President of Engineering, was forced to resign after he failed to disclose a sexual harassment claim against him that occurred while he served as Vice President of Google Search.[248][249][250][251][252]

In June 2017, Uber fired over 20 employees as a result of the investigation.[253][254] Kalanick took an indefinite leave of absence. Under pressure from investors, he resigned as CEO a week later.[255][256][257][258]

In 2019, Kalanick resigned from the board of directors of the company and sold his shares.[259]

Scandals and departure of Emil Michael[edit]

At a private dinner in November 2014, senior vice president Emil Michael suggested that Uber hire a team of opposition researchers and journalists, with a million-dollar budget, to "dig up dirt" on the personal lives and backgrounds of media figures who reported negatively about Uber.[260] Specifically, he targeted Sarah Lacy, editor of PandoDaily, who, in an article published in October 2014, accused Uber of sexism and misogyny in its advertising.[261][262][263] Michael issued a public apology[264] and apologized to Lacy in a personal email, claiming that Uber would never actually undertake the plan.[265][266] After additional scandals involving Michael, including an escort-karaoke bar scandal in Seoul and the questioning of the medical records of a rape victim in India, he left the company in June 2017 when Kalanick, who reportedly was protecting Michael, resigned.[267]

Settlement with victims[edit]

In August 2018, Uber agreed to pay a total of $7 million to 480 workers to settle claims of gender discrimination, harassment, and hostile work environment.[268]

God view and privacy concerns[edit]

On November 19, 2014, then U.S. Senator Al Franken, Chairman of the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law, sent a letter to Kalanick regarding privacy.[269][270][271] Concerns were raised about internal misuse of the company's data, in particular, the ability of Uber staff to track the movements of its customers, known as "God View". In 2011, a venture capitalist disclosed that Uber staff members were using the function to track journalists and politicians as well as using the feature recreationally. Staff members viewed being tracked by Uber as a positive reflection on the subject's character.[272] An Uber job interviewee said that he was given unrestricted access to Uber's customer tracking function as part of the interview process.[273]

Delayed disclosure of data breaches[edit]

On February 27, 2015, Uber admitted that it had suffered a data breach more than nine months prior. Names and license plate information from approximately 50,000 drivers were inadvertently disclosed.[274] Uber discovered this leak in September 2014, but waited more than five months to notify the affected individuals.[275]

An announcement in November 2017 revealed that in 2016, a separate data breach had disclosed the personal information of 600,000 drivers and 57 million customers. This data included names, email addresses, phone numbers, and drivers' license information. Hackers used employees' usernames and passwords that had been compromised in previous breaches (a "credential stuffing" method) to gain access to a private GitHub repository used by Uber's developers. The hackers located credentials for the company's Amazon Web Services datastore in the repository files, and were able to obtain access to the account records of users and drivers, as well as other data contained in over 100 Amazon S3 buckets. Uber paid a $100,000 ransom to the hackers on the promise they would delete the stolen data.[276][277] Uber was subsequently criticized for concealing this data breach.[278] Khosrowshahi publicly apologized.[279][280] In September 2018, in the largest multi-state settlement of a data breach, Uber paid $148 million to the Federal Trade Commission, admitted that its claim that internal access to consumers' personal information was closely monitored on an ongoing basis was false, and stated that it had failed to live up to its promise to provide reasonable security for consumer data.[281][282][283] Also in November 2018, Uber's British divisions were fined £385,000 (reduced to £308,000) by the Information Commissioner's Office.[284]

In 2020, the US Department of Justice announced criminal charges against former Chief Security Officer Joe Sullivan for obstruction of justice. The criminal complaint said Sullivan arranged, with Kalanick's knowledge, to pay a ransom for the 2016 breach as a "bug bounty" to conceal its true nature, and for the hackers to falsify non-disclosure agreements to say they had not obtained any data.[285]

Use of offshore companies to minimize tax liability[edit]

In November 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Uber is one of many corporations that used an offshore company to minimize taxes.[286][287]

Discrimination against a blind customer[edit]

In April 2021, an arbitrator ruled against Uber in a case involving Lisa Irving, a blind American customer with a guide dog who was denied rides on 14 separate occasions. Uber was ordered to pay US$1.1 million, reflecting $324,000 in damages and more than $800,000 in attorney fees and court costs.[288]

Court of Amsterdam case on 'robo-firings'[edit]

In April 2021, the court of Amsterdam ruled that Uber has to reinstate six drivers that were allegedly terminated based solely on algorithms and pay them a compensation fee. The practice of firing employees via automated means is against Article 22 of GDPR, which relates to automated decisions causing "legal or significant impact". Uber challenged the ruling, claiming it was not aware of the case and that the judgement was brought by default without the company ever being notified. A court representative said the decision would be upheld and the case is now closed.[289]

Data[edit]

Customer service[edit]

Economist John A. List analyzed company data to explore the effect of customer problems and company response on future customer orders. For example, Uber's algorithms might inform the rider that a trip will take 9 minutes, while it actually takes 23 minutes. The analysis found that people with a bad experience later spent up to 10% less with Uber. List then observed how different company responses to the experience affected future use. Options include a "sincere apology", an admission that the company had failed, a commitment to "ensure that this will not happen again" and a discount on their next ride. Apology was ineffective in retaining customers. A US$5 discount voucher did reduce losses. Repeated bad experiences followed by apologies further alienated customers.[290]

Male vs. female driver earnings[edit]

Data analysis found that male drivers earn about 7% more than women; men were found to drive on average 2.5% faster, enabling them to serve more customers. Women passengers gave tips averaging 4%, while men gave 5%; but women drivers received more tips—so long as they were below 65 years of age.[290]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Uber Announces Results for Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2020". investor.uber.com. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  2. ^ "Uber Technologies, Inc. – Financials (10K)". investor.uber.com. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Uber: Cities".
  4. ^ Bhuiyan, Johana (April 25, 2018). "Uber's first diversity report under CEO Dara Khosrowshahi shows Uber is still mostly white and male". Recode. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  5. ^ "Uber just sold its food delivery business in India to local rival Zomato for 9.99% stake". CNBC. January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  6. ^ "Monthly number of Uber's active users worldwide". Statista.
  7. ^ "Rideshare Industry Overview". Second Measure. July 14, 2021.
  8. ^ "Which company is winning the restaurant food delivery war?". Second Measure. July 14, 2021.
  9. ^ Boland, Michael (December 1, 2014). "Apple Pay's Real Killer App: The Uber-ification of Local Services". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017.
  10. ^ Lazo, Kristyn, Nika M. (May 4, 2016). "Execs wary 'disruptive tech' to heighten biz competition – IBM". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  11. ^ "Taking uberization to the Field – Disruption is coming for Field Marketing". International Data Group. April 14, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  12. ^ Webb, Amy (December 9, 2016). "The 'Uber For X' Fad Will Pass Because Only Uber Is Uber". Wired. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  13. ^ Madden, Sam (August 17, 2017). "Read This Before You Build Uber for X". Y Combinator. Archived from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  14. ^ Porat, Shawn (January 6, 2016). "The 'Uber for X' Model: Opportunities and Challenges". HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  15. ^ Steinbaum, Marshall (May 11, 2016). "Uber's Antitrust Problem". The American Prospect.
  16. ^ "Tracking your earnings". uber.com. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  17. ^ "UberEATS – How it Works". Uber. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  18. ^ Chin, Monica (November 14, 2017). "Uber finally shows upfront pricing, following in Lyft's footsteps". Mashable. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  19. ^ Wells, Georgia; MacMillan, Douglas (April 15, 2016). "Uber, Lyft Drivers Need Business Licenses to Operate in San Francisco". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660.
  20. ^ Alba, Davey (May 28, 2015). "Uber unveils app update to help its deaf drivers". Wired.
  21. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (May 29, 2019). "Uber will now deactivate riders with below average ratings". The Verge.
  22. ^ "Uber Ride Options". Uber.
  23. ^ Price, Rob (January 31, 2018). "Uber is now letting people in San Francisco rent ebikes on its app". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  24. ^ Dickey, Megan Rose (April 9, 2018). "Uber acquires bike share startup jump". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
  25. ^ "Uber invests in Lime city scooter hire company'". BBC News. July 9, 2018. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  26. ^ "Uber Health FAQ". Uber. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  27. ^ a b Chappell, Bill (July 31, 2018). "Uber Parks Its Self-Driving Truck Project, Saying It Will Push For Autonomous Cars". NPR. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  28. ^ Wiggers, Kyle (August 21, 2018). "Uber Freight expands to small and mid-sized businesses". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  29. ^ Ilic, Igor (June 30, 2017). "Uber will now let you hire a speedboat to cruise along the Croatian coast". Business Insider. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  30. ^ Basel, Art (November 20, 2016). "Dreading Art Basel traffic? Here's a guide to avoiding Art Week's crush". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  31. ^ Saunders, Hilary (December 3, 2016). "UberBOAT Sets Sail in Time for Art Basel 2015". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  32. ^ D'Orazio, Dante (June 28, 2015). "Uber will help you hail a boat in Istanbul". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  33. ^ a b Scott, Alec (November 19, 2015). "Co-founding Uber made Calgary-born Garrett Camp a billionaire". Canadian Business.
  34. ^ a b c d Shontell, Alyson (January 11, 2014). "All Hail The Uber Man! How Sharp-Elbowed Salesman Travis Kalanick Became Silicon Valley's Newest Star". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  35. ^ a b Lagorio-Chafkin, Christine (January 15, 2014). "How Uber Is Going To Hire 1,000 People This Year". INC.com. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  36. ^ Lund, Brian (July 3, 2014). "From Dead-End Job to Uber Billionaire: Meet Ryan Graves". AOL. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  37. ^ Huet, Ellen (March 2, 2015). "Uber Cofounder Garrett Camp, First Hire Ryan Graves Join Forbes Billionaires List". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  38. ^ Cellan-Jones, Rory (June 24, 2014). "Uber and Indiegogo – tales of disruption". BBC News. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  39. ^ Austin, Scott (May 24, 2019). "Uber's First Hired Employee, Ryan Graves, Is Leaving the Board". The Wall Street Journal.
  40. ^ Huet, Ellen (December 11, 2014). "Uber's Global Expansion in Five Seconds". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  41. ^ McAlone, Nathan (February 10, 2016). "This is how Uber used to look when it first started out – and how it's changed over time". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  42. ^ "You Can Now Tell Your Uber Black Driver You Don't Want to Talk Before You Even Get in the Car". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  43. ^ O'Brien, Danny (January 13, 2012). "New York cab fleecing holds lesson on data versus intuition". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  44. ^ a b Leskin, Avery Hartmans, Paige. "The history of how Uber went from the most feared startup in the world to its massive IPO". Business Insider. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
  45. ^ Lacy, Sarah (June 15, 2011). "Uber Out-Maths Google on NYC ETAs". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  46. ^ Rao, Leena (April 18, 2012). "Uber Experiments With Lower-Priced Taxis in Chicago Through Newly Launched Labs Group, 'Garage'". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  47. ^ O'Brien, Terrence (April 18, 2012). "Uber tackles Taxis in Chicago with Uber Garage experiment". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  48. ^ Hahn, Fritz (December 4, 2012). "Uber opens doors in D.C." The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  49. ^ "Uber – What's Fueling Uber's Growth Engine?". GrowthHackers. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  50. ^ "Uber Moves Deeper Into Ride Sharing, Promises To Roll Out Services Where Regulators Have Given 'Tacit Approval'". TechCrunch. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  51. ^ Thu, Kelsey Brugger (December 19, 2013). "Uber Taxi App a Fit for Santa Barbara?". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
  52. ^ Wolff, Michael (December 22, 2013). "Wolff: The tech company of the year is Uber". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  53. ^ Lawler, Ryan (September 2, 2014). "Uber Opens Up UberPool To All San Francisco Users". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  54. ^ "Lyft and Uber launch carpool-like services in San Francisco". Los Angeles Times. August 6, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
  55. ^ Carson, Biz (March 2, 2016). "Uber's GrubHub killer is finally in the US – here's the inside story on its big bet on food". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  56. ^ Dickey, Megan Rose (January 20, 2016). "Uber's Standalone Food Delivery App Is Coming To The U.S." TechCrunch. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  57. ^ Crabtree, James (February 9, 2018). "Didi Chuxing took on Uber and won. Now it's taking on the world". Wired. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  58. ^ Issac, Mike (August 26, 2016). "How Uber Lost More Than $1 Billion in the First Half of 2016". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  59. ^ Kirby, William (August 2, 2016). "The Real Reason Uber Is Giving Up in China". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  60. ^ Said, Carolyn (August 28, 2017). "New Uber CEO will face daunting challenges". San Francisco Chronicle.
  61. ^ Flynn, Kerry (August 28, 2017). "Uber's (probable) new CEO is known to be 'fair and nice,' for a change". Mashable.
  62. ^ Reitman, Rainey (July 10, 2017). "Who Has Your Back? Government Data Requests 2017". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  63. ^ Gebhart, Kurt Opsahl and Gennie (September 18, 2017). "In A Win For Privacy, Uber Restores User Control Over Location-Sharing". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  64. ^ Stubbs, Jack (February 7, 2018). "Uber, Yandex complete ride services merger". Reuters.
  65. ^ "Uber sells South East Asia business to Grab". BBC News. March 26, 2018. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  66. ^ Waters, Richard; Lucas, Louise (March 26, 2018). "Uber exits south-east Asia with sale to rival Grab". Financial Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  67. ^ Keeton-Olsen, Danielle (March 26, 2018). "Grab Officially Takes Control Of Uber's Southeast Asia Operations". Fortune. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  68. ^ Griswold, Alison (November 27, 2018). "Uber shut down its rental car program for Uber riders". Quartz.
  69. ^ "Uber joins Linux Foundation, cementing commitment to open-source tools". TechCrunch. November 15, 2018. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018.
  70. ^ "SD Times news digest: Alexa-hosted skills, Uber becomes Gold member of the Linux Foundation, and Oasis Devnet". SD Times. November 19, 2018.
  71. ^ Driebusch, Corrie; Farrell, Maureen (May 10, 2019). "Uber IPO Stumbles, Stock Trades Below Offering Price". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  72. ^ Ungarino, Rebecca (May 13, 2019). "Uber tanked 11% after logging the biggest first-day dollar loss in US IPO history". Business Insider.
  73. ^ "Uber's COO and chief marketing officer are out". TechCrunch. June 8, 2019.
  74. ^ "Uber Operating, Marketing Chiefs Leaving in Leadership Shake-Up". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  75. ^ Rapier, Graham. "Uber estimates it lost at least $1 billion in the first quarter of 2019". Business Insider. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  76. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (August 8, 2019). "Uber lost over $5 billion in one quarter, but don't worry, it gets worse". The Verge.
  77. ^ Newcomer, Eric (July 29, 2019). "Uber, Citing Slowed Growth, Is Cutting One-Third of Its Global Marketing Staff". Fortune. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  78. ^ Conger, Kate (July 29, 2019). "Uber Lays Off 400 as Profitability Doubts Linger After I.P.O." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  79. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (August 10, 2019). "Uber, losing billions, freezes engineering hires". Ars Technica.
  80. ^ Dickey, Megan Rose (September 10, 2019). "Uber lays off 435 people across engineering and product teams". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  81. ^ "Uber Makes a Second Round of Employee Cuts, Laying Off 435 From the Engineering and Product Teams". Fortune. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  82. ^ Singh, Pradeep (January 6, 2020). "[Big News] Uber closes the acquisition of Middle-Eastern rival Careem for $3.1 Billion". LAFFAZ. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  83. ^ Conger, Kate (March 26, 2019). "Uber to Acquire Careem, Its Top Mideast Rival, for $3.1 Billion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  84. ^ "Ministry of Economy approves Uber's acquisition of Careem". wam. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  85. ^ Singh, Manish (January 20, 2020). "Uber sells food delivery business in India to Zomato". TechCrunch.
  86. ^ McFarland, Matt (January 21, 2020). "Uber Tests Feature Letting Some California Drivers Set Their Own Rates". CNN.
  87. ^ Heater, Brian (May 6, 2020). "Uber is laying off 3,700 as rides plummet due to COVID-19". TechCrunch.
  88. ^ a b Rana, Preetika (May 18, 2020). "Uber Cuts 3,000 More Jobs, Shuts 45 Offices in Coronavirus Crunch". The Wall Street Journal.
  89. ^ Korosec, Kirsten (June 17, 2020). "Uber pushes into on-demand public transit with its first SaaS partnership". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  90. ^ "Uber to Launch Grocery Delivery in the U.S." Kupino.com. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  91. ^ "Introducing Grocery Delivery | Uber Newsroom US". Uber Newsroom. July 7, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  92. ^ Business, Sara Ashley O'Brien, CNN. "Uber has lost $5.8 billion in the first three quarters of this year". CNN. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
  93. ^ "Uber Completes Acquisition of Postmates" (Press release). Business Wire. December 1, 2020.
  94. ^ Etherington, Darrell (December 1, 2020). "Uber officially completes Postmates acquisition". TechCrunch.
  95. ^ Sumagaysay, Levi (December 1, 2020). "Uber completes Postmates acquisition, boosting its place in food delivery". MarketWatch.
  96. ^ Bursztynsky, Jessica (February 2, 2021). "Uber agrees to buy alcohol delivery service Drizly for $1.1 billion". CNBC. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  97. ^ Repko, Melissa (February 9, 2021). "Uber will offer free rides to Walgreens to expand Covid vaccine access in underserved communities". CNBC. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  98. ^ Reuters Staff (April 14, 2021). "Uber expects employees to return to office by Sept. 13". Reuters. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  99. ^ Rana, Preetika (April 28, 2021). "Uber Rides App to Prompt Food-Delivery Orders". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  100. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (April 28, 2021). "Uber will let you book a vaccine appointment through its app". The Verge. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  101. ^ Griswold, Alison (April 19, 2019). "Uber raised $1 billion for self-driving cars because it desperately needs the money". Quartz. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  102. ^ Lowensohn, Josh (May 19, 2015). "Uber gutted Carnegie Mellon's top robotics lab to build self-driving cars – A 'partnership' based on poaching". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  103. ^ Tascarella, Patty (September 14, 2016). "Uber debuts self-driving cars in Pittsburgh, customers including Mayor Bill Peduto taking the first trips on Wednesday morning". American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  104. ^ Hook, Leslie (September 16, 2016). "Uber's Pittsburgh pitch at a driverless future". Financial Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  105. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (December 14, 2016). "You Can Hail a Self-Driving Uber in San Francisco Starting Today". The Verge.
  106. ^ Schneider, Avie (December 21, 2016). "Uber Stops Self-Driving Test In California After DMV Pulls Registrations". NPR. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  107. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (February 21, 2017). "Uber's self-driving cars are now picking up passengers in Arizona". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  108. ^ Bensinger, Greg (March 27, 2017). "Uber Resumes Self-Driving-Vehicle Program After Arizona Accident". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  109. ^ Wakabayashi, Daisuke (March 23, 2018). "Uber's Self-Driving Cars Were Struggling Before Arizona Crash". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  110. ^ Gibbs, Samuel (November 20, 2017). "Uber plans to buy 24,000 autonomous Volvo SUVs in self-driving push". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  111. ^ Pollard, Niklas; Somerville, Heather (November 20, 2017). "Volvo Cars to supply Uber with up to 24,000 self-driving cars". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  112. ^ a b Sage, Alexandra (March 19, 2018). "Woman dies in Arizona after being hit by Uber self-driving SUV". Reuters.
  113. ^ "Uber has settled with the family of the homeless victim killed last week". TechCrunch. March 29, 2018. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  114. ^ Lee, Timothy (March 20, 2018). "Police chief: Uber self-driving car "likely" not at fault in fatal crash". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  115. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (December 20, 2018). "Uber's self-driving cars return to public roads for the first time since fatal crash". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  116. ^ Linder, Courtney (December 18, 2018). "Uber was just approved to resume self-driving tests in Pittsburgh and the rest of the state". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  117. ^ Vella, Erica (December 28, 2018). "Uber's self-driving cars back on the road in Toronto after 9-month hiatus". Global News. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  118. ^ Walker, Max (March 5, 2019). "Yavapai County Attorney clears Uber in deadly self-driving car crash in Tempe". ABC15 Arizona. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  119. ^ a b "Uber expects a long wait before self-driving cars dominate". VentureBeat. April 9, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  120. ^ "Uber self-driving cars allowed back on California roads". BBC News. February 5, 2020.
  121. ^ "Uber's self-driving car unit was burning $20 million a month". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  122. ^ Hu, Krystal; Bellon, Tina; Lee, Jane Lanhee (December 7, 2020). "Uber sells ATG self-driving business to Aurora at $4 billion". Reuters. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  123. ^ Mericle, Julia (January 19, 2021). "Aurora closes acquisition of Uber ATG, forms partnership with PACCAR". American City Business Journals.
  124. ^ Isaac, Mike (November 20, 2017). "Uber Strikes Deal With Volvo to Bring Self-Driving Cars to Its Network". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  125. ^ Estes, Adam Clark (November 20, 2017). "Why Uber Just Ordered a Buttload of Volvos". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  126. ^ Isaac, Mike; Wakabayashi, Daisuke (February 24, 2017). "A Lawsuit Against Uber Highlights the Rush to Conquer Driverless Cars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  127. ^ "A note on our lawsuit against Otto and Uber". Medium. February 23, 2017. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  128. ^ Levine, Dan; Somerville, Heather (May 15, 2017). "Uber must return stolen Waymo files, can continue self-driving work: U.S. judge". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  129. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (February 5, 2018). "Waymo: "We're bringing this case because Uber is cheating"". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  130. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (February 9, 2018). "Silicon Valley's most-watched trial ends as Waymo and Uber settle". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  131. ^ "Uber makes JFK airport helicopter taxis available to all users". Reuters. October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  132. ^ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (October 4, 2019). "Uber's new helicopter service is an expensive, time-consuming adventure". CNN.
  133. ^ "Uber Elevate: The Future Of Urban Air Transport". Uber.
  134. ^ Neate, Rupert (December 9, 2020). "Uber sells loss-making flying taxi division to Joby Aviation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  135. ^ "Uber launches app aimed at connecting workers with businesses". Reuters. October 3, 2019.
  136. ^ Wile, Rob (December 18, 2019). "Uber is about to provide a lot more gig opportunities in Miami-Dade". Miami Herald.
  137. ^ Tansey, Bernadette (July 17, 2015). "Sharing Economy Companies Sharing the Heat in Contractor Controversy". Xconomy.
  138. ^ "The gig-economy: Uber good or Uber bad?". Canadian Labour Congress. May 12, 2015.
  139. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (March 12, 2019). "Uber settles driver classification lawsuit for $20 million". The Verge.
  140. ^ Griswold, Alison (October 28, 2016). "A British court rules Uber drivers have workers' rights in the "employment case of the decade"". Quartz.
  141. ^ Between (1) Mr Y Aslam (2) Mr J Farrar & Others and (1) Uber B.V. (2) Uber London Ltd (3) Uber Britannia Ltd (PDF) (Report). Employment Tribunals. October 28, 2016. Case Nos: 2202550/2015 & Others.
  142. ^ Russon, Mary-Ann (February 19, 2021). "UK Supreme Court rules Uber drivers are workers". BBC News.
  143. ^ Thompson, Rachel. "Uber loses its final appeal in UK Supreme Court in landmark ruling". Mashable. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  144. ^ "Swiss authorities say Uber drivers should be treated as 'employees'". Swissinfo. March 19, 2018.
  145. ^ "California's top court makes it more difficult for employers to classify workers as independent contractors". Los Angeles Times. May 1, 2018.
  146. ^ McGee, Patrick (December 31, 2019). "Uber and Postmates sue California over labour law". Financial Times.
  147. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  148. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 12, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  149. ^ Luna, Taryn (November 4, 2020). "California voters approve Prop. 22, allowing Uber and Lyft drivers to remain independent contractors". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  150. ^ "Uber has to pay New Jersey nearly $650 million in employment taxes". Engadget. November 14, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  151. ^ Korosec, Kirsten; Lomas, Natasha (March 17, 2021). "Uber says it will treat UK drivers as workers in wake of Supreme Court ruling". Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  152. ^ Brustein, Joshua (December 4, 2018). "New York Sets Nation's First Minimum Wage for Uber, Lyft Drivers". Bloomberg News.
  153. ^ "Uber and the labor market". Economic Policy Institute. May 15, 2018.
  154. ^ "Österreich Die Straßenkämpfer: Ein Uber-Fahrer-Report". Profil. May 24, 2018.
  155. ^ "Taxi-Konkurrent Uber: Am Rande des Gesetzes". Trend. 2015.
  156. ^ "'I made $3.75 an hour': Lyft and Uber drivers push to unionize for better pay". The Guardian. March 22, 2019.
  157. ^ "Only 4% of Uber drivers remain on the platform a year later, says report". CNBC. April 20, 2017.
  158. ^ Chen, M. Keith; Chevalier, Judith A.; Rossi, Peter E.; Oehlsen, Emily (December 1, 2019). "The Value of Flexible Work: Evidence from Uber Drivers" (PDF). Journal of Political Economy. 127 (6): 2735–2794. doi:10.1086/702171. ISSN 0022-3808. S2CID 158944594.
  159. ^ "Beirut killing reignites concerns about Uber safety". Financial Times. December 19, 2017.
  160. ^ "They Thought It Was Their Uber. But the Driver Was a Predator". The New York Times. April 4, 2019.
  161. ^ Holmes, Aaron (October 25, 2019). "More than 30 women are suing Lyft, saying the company didn't do enough to protect them from sexual assault and kidnapping". Business Insider.
  162. ^ Kerr, Dara (October 24, 2019). "Lyft is fostering a sexual assault 'epidemic,' victims say". CNET.
  163. ^ Yurieff, Kaya (November 20, 2017). "Uber fined $8.9 million in Colorado for problematic background checks". CNN.
  164. ^ "Lyft fined after hiring driver with felony convictions". KKTV. January 13, 2018.
  165. ^ Spielman, Fran (February 6, 2020). "Aldermen crack down on ride-hailing safety". Chicago Sun Times.
  166. ^ Durbin, Dee-Anne; Krisher, Tom (February 23, 2016). "Uber defends driver screening in wake of Kalamazoo shootings". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  167. ^ Yurieff, Kaya (November 20, 2017). "Uber fined $8.9 million in Colorado for problematic background checks". CNN. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  168. ^ Butler, Sarah; Topham, Gwyn (September 23, 2017). "Uber stripped of London licence due to lack of corporate responsibility". The Guardian. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  169. ^ "Uber loses licence to operate in London". The Guardian. November 25, 2019.
  170. ^ "Uber's License to Operate in London Isn't Extended". The New York Times. November 25, 2019.
  171. ^ "Uber stripped of London operating licence, again". Reuters. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  172. ^ Kerr, Dara. "Some Uber drivers aren't who you think they are". CNET. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  173. ^ "Uber London Limited found to be not fit and proper to hold a private hire operator licence". Transport for London. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  174. ^ "Uber loses licence to operate in London". The Guardian. November 25, 2019.
  175. ^ "Uber's License to Operate in London Isn't Extended". The New York Times. November 25, 2019.
  176. ^ "Uber stripped of London operating licence, again". Reuters. November 25, 2019.
  177. ^ "The Cost of Convenience: Ridehailing and Traffic Fatalities". Becker Friedman Institute. University of Chicago. March 19, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  178. ^ Bliss, Laura (October 26, 2018). "Does More Ride-Hailing Mean More Traffic Deaths?". Bloomberg CityLab. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  179. ^ Jacks, Timna (January 11, 2019). "Uber drivers complain they are forced to break the law to do their job.So that means that the drivers put the passenger in danger to which is against the law". Sydney Morning Herald.
  180. ^ Annear, Steve (March 1, 2019). "'Fed up' cyclists send letter to Uber, Lyft asking drivers to stop obstructing bike lanes - The Boston Globe". The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  181. ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (March 10, 2020). "More Pedestrians and Cyclists are Dying in N.Y.C. Drivers are Often to Blame". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  182. ^ Lipson, Vivian (August 5, 2019). "It's Not Your Imagination: Uber and Lyft Drivers Almost Always Park in Bike Lanes". Streetsblog New York City. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  183. ^ Transport for London (June 21, 2021). "TPH journey-related sexual offences". Transport for London. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  184. ^ Newcomer, Eric (May 15, 2017). "Uber Starts Charging What It Thinks You're Willing to Pay". Bloomberg News.
  185. ^ Kerr, Dara (August 23, 2015). "Detest Uber's surge pricing? Some drivers don't like it either". CNET.
  186. ^ Carson, Biz (June 23, 2016). "Uber will stop showing the surge price that it charges for rides". Business Insider.
  187. ^ Bosker, Bianca (October 31, 2012). "Uber Rethinks New York 'Surge Pricing,' But Doubles Driver Pay". HuffPost.
  188. ^ Mazza, Ed (December 15, 2014). "Uber Raises Fares During Sydney Hostage Crisis, Then Offers Free Rides". HuffPost.
  189. ^ "Uber has refunded passengers after London Bridge terror attack". BBC News. June 5, 2017.
  190. ^ Paul, Sanjukta (October 19, 2019). "The Firm Exemption and the Hierarchy of Finance in the Gig Economy". University of St. Thomas (Minnesota).
  191. ^ Gordon, Aaron (September 19, 2019). "The Legal Argument That Could Destroy Uber Is About To Be Tested". Gawker Media.
  192. ^ Said, Carolyn (February 27, 2018). "Uber does not have enough wheelchair-accessible vehicles, new lawsuit says". San Francisco Chronicle.
  193. ^ "Steele v. Uber Technologies Inc. (3:18-cv-01715)".
  194. ^ "Complaint: Woman, who is blind, often denied Uber and Lyft rides because of service dog". KARE (TV). September 23, 2019.
  195. ^ Sonnemaker, Tyler (April 2, 2021). "Uber ordered to pay $1.1 million to blind passenger who was denied rides 14 separate times". Business Insider.
  196. ^ Malden Transp., Inc. v. Uber Techs., Inc., 286 F. Supp. 3d 264 (D. Mass. 2017), https://casetext.com/case/malden-transp-inc-v-uber-techs-inc-2
  197. ^ Greater Hous. Transp. Co. v. Uber Techs., Inc., No. 4:14-0941, 2015 WL 1034254, at *20 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 10, 2015), https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/texas/txsdce/4:2014cv00941/1168233/95/
  198. ^ Phila. Taxi Ass’n, Inc. v. Uber Techs., Inc., 218 F. Supp. 3d 389, 394–95 (E.D. Pa. 2016), aff’d, 886 F.3d 332 (3d Cir. 2018), https://casetext.com/case/phila-taxi-assn-inc-v-uber-techs-inc-2.
  199. ^ Ill. Transp. Trade Ass’n v. City of Chicago, 839 F.3d 594, 596 (7th Cir. 2016), https://cite.case.law/f3d/839/594/
  200. ^ John Greil, The Unfranchised Competitor Doctrine, 66 Villanova Law Review 357, 377 (2021), https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3488&context=vlr
  201. ^ Malden Transp., Inc. v. Uber Techs., Inc., 404 F. Supp. 3d 404, 421 (D. Mass. 2019), https://casetext.com/case/malden-transp-inc-v-uber-techs-inc-5
  202. ^ John Greil, The Unfranchised Competitor Doctrine, 66 Villanova Law Review 357, 375 (2021), https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3488&context=vlr
  203. ^ O’Connor v. Uber Techs., Inc., 82 F. Supp. 3d 1133, 1137 (N.D. Cal. 2015), https://casetext.com/case/oconnor-v-uber-techs-inc-24.
  204. ^ Meyer v. Uber Techs., Inc., 868 F.3d 66 (2d Cir. 2017), https://casetext.com/case/meyer-v-uber-techs-inc
  205. ^ Paul, Sanjukta (October 19, 2019). "The Firm Exemption and the Hierarchy of Finance in the Gig Economy". Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  206. ^ Kosoff, Maya. "19 quotes that illustrate the unrelenting genius of controversial multibillionaire Uber CEO Travis Kalanick". Business Insider. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  207. ^ Weise, Karen (June 24, 2015). "How Uber Took Over Portland". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  208. ^ Walker, Edward T. (August 7, 2015). "The Uber-ization of Activism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  209. ^ MacMillan, Douglas; Fleisher, Lisa (January 29, 2015). "How Sharp-Elbowed Uber Is Trying to Make Nice". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  210. ^ Boxwell, Robert (July 9, 2015). "Uber on a collision course with China's taxi drivers and cartels". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  211. ^ Aratani, Lori (June 6, 2014). "Uber mobilizes its users to fight ban in Virginia". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  212. ^ Helderman, Rosalind S. (December 13, 2014). "Uber pressures regulators by mobilizing riders and hiring vast lobbying network". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  213. ^ O'Brien, Sara Ashley (November 7, 2017). "New from Uber: 'We do the right thing. Period.'". CNN. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  214. ^ "Uber Became Big by Ignoring Laws (and It Plans to Keep Doing That)". www.vice.com. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  215. ^ D'Orazio, Dante (January 24, 2014). "Uber employees spammed competing car service with fake orders". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  216. ^ Newton, Casey (August 26, 2014). "This is Uber's playbook for sabotaging Lyft". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  217. ^ Shontell, Alyson (August 26, 2014). "OperationSLOG: Uber's Aggressive Plan To Steal Lyft Drivers, Revealed". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  218. ^ Fink, Erica (August 12, 2014). "Uber's dirty tricks quantified: Rival counts 5,560 canceled rides". CNN Business. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  219. ^ Khaw, Cassandra (August 12, 2014). "Uber accused of booking 5,560 fake Lyft rides". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  220. ^ Bartz, Diane (January 19, 2017). "Uber to pay $20 million to settle U.S. claims it misled drivers". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  221. ^ Carson, Biz (January 20, 2017). "Uber to pay $20 million to FTC to settle claims that it exaggerated how much drivers could make". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 20, 2017.
  222. ^ Huet, Ellen (January 19, 2017). "Uber to Pay $20 Million to Settle FTC Suit Over Driver Pay". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  223. ^ Lien, Tracey (February 19, 2018). "Uber class-action lawsuit over how drivers were paid gets green light from judge". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  224. ^ Wong, Julia Carrie (May 23, 2017). "Uber admits underpaying New York City drivers by millions of dollars". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  225. ^ Siddiqui, Falz (January 29, 2017). "Uber triggers protest for collecting fares during taxi strike against refugee ban". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  226. ^ Zeleny, Jeff; Segall, Laurie (February 2, 2017). "Uber CEO drops out of Trump's business advisory council". CNN. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  227. ^ Carson, Biz (February 2, 2017). "Over 200,000 people deleted Uber after the company operated its service at JFK airport during the Trump strike". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018.
  228. ^ Molina, Brett (February 2, 2017). "Uber has an immigration message if you #DeleteUber". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  229. ^ Etherington, Darrell (February 2, 2017). "Uber CEO Travis Kalanick quits Donald Trump's business advisory council". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  230. ^ a b c Isaac, Mike (March 3, 2017). "How Uber Deceives the Authorities Worldwide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  231. ^ Timberg, Craig; Fung, Brian (March 3, 2017). "Uber's secret 'Greyball' program shows just how far it will go to get its way". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017.
  232. ^ Njus, Elliot (March 6, 2017). "Portland to investigate Uber's 'Greyball' scheme to thwart regulators". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  233. ^ "Transportation Network Companies: Regulation Evasion Audit". Portland Bureau of Transportation. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  234. ^ Njus, Elliot (April 27, 2017). "Portland may subpoena Uber over regulator-dodging 'Greyball' software". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.
  235. ^ della Cava, Marco (March 8, 2017). "Uber admits its ghost driver 'Greyball' tool was used to thwart regulators, vows to stop". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  236. ^ Sullivan, Joe (March 8, 2017). "An update on "greyballing"". Uber. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  237. ^ Levine, Dan; Menn, Joseph (May 5, 2017). "Exclusive: Uber faces criminal probe over software used to evade authorities". Reuters.
  238. ^ Zaleski, Olivia; Newcomer, Eric (January 11, 2018). "Uber's Secret Tool for Keeping the Cops in the Dark". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  239. ^ Matousek, Mark (January 11, 2018). "Uber reportedly disrupted government investigations for almost 2 years with a 'secret' system called 'Ripley'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  240. ^ Solon, Olivia (January 11, 2018). "Uber developed secret system to lock down staff computers in a police raid". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  241. ^ Kosoff, Maya (February 20, 2017). "Uber C.E.O. Orders "Urgent Investigation" into Sexual Harassment Allegations". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  242. ^ Isaac, Mike (February 22, 2017). "Inside Uber's Aggressive, Unrestrained Workplace Culture". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
  243. ^ Efrati, Amir (June 23, 2017). "How Uber's Top Engineer Saved His Job". TheInformation. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  244. ^ Anand, Priya (June 26, 2017). "Top Uber Engineer, Under Pressure, Tells Staff "I Take All Concerns Raised To Me Extremely Seriously"". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  245. ^ Overly, Steven (February 21, 2017). "Uber hires Eric Holder to investigate sexual harassment claims". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  246. ^ Lee, David (February 25, 2017). "Uber's mess reaches beyond sexism – and Silicon Valley". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  247. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (February 21, 2017). "Uber employees say all-hands meeting about sexism allegations was 'honest, raw, and emotional'". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  248. ^ Isaac, Mike (February 27, 2017). "Amit Singhal, Uber Executive Linked to Old Harassment Claim, Resigns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
  249. ^ Ghoshal, Devjyot (February 28, 2017). "The rise and fall of Amit Singhal, the former Google star just fired by Uber". Quartz. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  250. ^ Swisher, Kara (February 27, 2017). "Uber's SVP of engineering is out after he did not disclose he left Google in a dispute over a sexual harassment allegation". Recode. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  251. ^ Marinova, Polina (February 27, 2017). "Uber Exec Resigns After Sexual Harassment Allegations Surface From His Time at Google". Fortune. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  252. ^ "Uber executive resigns after failing to disclose prior sexual harassment claim". The Guardian. Associated Press. February 27, 2017. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  253. ^ Solon, Olivia (June 7, 2016). "Uber fires more than 20 employees after sexual harassment investigation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  254. ^ Marinova, Polina (June 6, 2017). "Uber Fires More Than 20 Employees After Harassment Investigation: Report". Fortune. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017.
  255. ^ Wong, Julia Carrie (June 13, 2017). "Embattled Uber CEO Travis Kalanick takes indefinite leave of absence". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  256. ^ Bensinger, Greg (June 13, 2017). "Uber CEO Travis Kalanick to Take Leave of Absence". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  257. ^ Isaac, Mike (June 21, 2017). "Uber Founder Travis Kalanick Resigns as C.E.O.". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  258. ^ Segall, Laurie (June 21, 2017). "Travis Kalanick resigns as Uber CEO after months of crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  259. ^ Palmer, Annie (December 24, 2019). "Travis Kalanick severs all ties with Uber, departing board and selling all his shares". CNBC.
  260. ^ Rose, Joseph (April 21, 2015). "Portland makes Uber and Lyft legal – for now". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  261. ^ Lacy, Sarah (October 22, 2014). "The horrific trickle down of Asshole culture: Why I've just deleted Uber from my phone". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  262. ^ Smith, Ben (November 17, 2014). "Uber Executive Suggests Digging Up Dirt On Journalists". Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  263. ^ Peterson, Andrea (November 19, 2014). "Uber's terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  264. ^ Isaac, Mike (November 18, 2014). "Uber Executive Proposes Digging into Journalists' Private Lives". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  265. ^ Lacy, Sarah (November 17, 2014). "The moment I learned just how far Uber will go to silence journalists and attack women". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  266. ^ Lacy, Sarah (November 14, 2017). "Uber Executive Said the Company Would Spend 'A Million Dollars' to Shut Me Up". Time. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018.
  267. ^ Griswold, Alison (June 12, 2017). "Uber's most scandal-ridden exec is out – and it's not Travis Kalanick". Quartz. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  268. ^ O'Brien, Sara Ashley (August 22, 2018). "Uber to pay 56 workers $1.9 million for harassment and discrimination claims". CNN. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  269. ^ Biggs, John (November 19, 2014). "Senator Al Franken Asks Uber's CEO Tough Questions on User Privacy". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  270. ^ Hern, Alex (November 20, 2014). "US Senator Al Franken pushes Uber for answers on privacy fiasco". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  271. ^ Issac, Mike (November 19, 2014). "Uber's Privacy Practices Questioned by Senator Franken". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  272. ^ Bhuiyan, Johana; Warzel, Charlie (November 18, 2014). ""God View": Uber Investigates Its Top New York Executive For Privacy Violations". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  273. ^ Timberg, Craig (December 1, 2014). "Is Uber's rider database a sitting duck for hackers?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  274. ^ Guess, Megan (February 28, 2015). "50,000 Uber driver names, license plate numbers exposed in a data breach". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  275. ^ Taylor, Colleen (February 22, 2015). "Uber Database Breach Exposed Information Of 50,000 Drivers, Company Confirms". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  276. ^ Lee, Dave (November 22, 2017). "Uber concealed huge data breach". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  277. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (November 21, 2017). "Hackers hit Uber in 2016: data on 57 million riders, drivers stolen". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  278. ^ Wong, Julia Carrie (November 22, 2017). "Uber faces slew of investigations in wake of 'outrageous' data hack cover-up". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  279. ^ "Uber Paid Hackers to Delete Stolen Data on 57 Million People". Bloomberg News. November 21, 2017. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  280. ^ Liedtke, Michael (November 22, 2017). "Uber reveals coverup of hack affecting 57M riders, drivers". Financial Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  281. ^ Al-Muslim, Aisha (September 26, 2018). "Uber to Pay $148 Million Penalty to Settle 2016 Data Breach". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  282. ^ "Uber Agrees to Expanded Settlement with FTC Related to Privacy, Security Claims". Federal Trade Commission (Press release). April 12, 2018. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  283. ^ Fung, Brian (September 26, 2018). "Uber reaches $148 million settlement over its 2016 data breach, which affected 57 million globally". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  284. ^ "Monetary Penalty Notice (Uber)" (PDF). Information Commissioner's Office. November 27, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  285. ^ "Former Uber Executive Charged With Paying 'Hush Money' To Conceal Massive Breach". NPR.org.
  286. ^ Staudenmaier, Rebecca (November 5, 2017). "'Paradise papers' expose tax evasion schemes of the global elite". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  287. ^ "Offshore Trove Exposes Trump-Russia Links And Piggy Banks Of The Wealthiest 1 Percent". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. November 5, 2017. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  288. ^ Williams, David. "Uber ordered to pay $1.1 million after blind woman was denied rides more than a dozen times". CNN. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  289. ^ Lomas, Natasha (April 14, 2021). "Uber hit with default 'robo-firing' ruling after another EU labor rights GDPR challenge". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  290. ^ a b Edmonds, David (October 24, 2020). "The man who taught Uber how to say sorry". BBC News.

Further reading[edit]

Scholarly papers

Books

Further viewing[edit]

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uber&oldid=1038342097"