Consonantal sound
Voiced postalveolar affricate IPA Number 104 135 Entity (decimal) d͡ʒ
Unicode (hex) U+0064 U+0361 U+0292 X-SAMPA dZ or d_rZ
The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate , voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate , is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ
. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in j ump .
Features [ edit ]
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence .
Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar , that is, domed (partially palatalized ) postalveolar , which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge , and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate .
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm , as in most sounds.
Occurrence [ edit ]
Language
Word
IPA
Meaning
Notes
Abkhaz
аџ ыр
[ad͡ʒər]
'steel'
See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe
дж анэ
[d͡ʒaːna] (help ·info )
'dress'
Albanian
xh am
[d͡ʒam]
'glass'
Amharic
እንጀ ራ
[ɨnd͡ʒəra]
'injera '
Arabic
Modern Standard [1]
جَرَس
[d͡ʒaras]
'bell'
In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ ] or [ʒ ] . See Arabic phonology
Hejazi
جَزْمَة
[d͡ʒazma]
'shoes'
Pronounced [ʒ ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian
Eastern [2]
ջ ուր
[d͡ʒuɾ]
'water'
Western
ճ անճ
[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]
'musca (fly) '
Assyrian
ܓ̰ܝܪܐ ǧ yoro
[d͡ʒjɑɾɑ]
'to pee'
Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani
ağac
[ɑɣɑd͡ʒ]
'tree'
Bengali
জ ল
[d͡ʒɔl]
'water'
Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian
дж удж е
[ˈd͡ʒʊd͡ʒɛ]
'dwarf'
See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan
jutg e
[ˈʒud͡ʒə]
'judge'
See Catalan phonology
Chechen
дж ерво / dzh yerwo
[d͡ʒjerwo]
'previously married woman'
Chinese
Quzhou dialect
重
[d͡ʒõ]
'heavy'
Coptic
ϫ ⲉ
[d͡ʒe]
'that'
Czech
léč ba
[lɛːd͡ʒba]
'treatment'
See Czech phonology
English
j ump
[ˈd͡ʒʌmp]
'jump'
See English phonology
Esperanto
manĝ aĵo
[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]
'food'
See Esperanto phonology
French
adj onction
[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]
'addition'
Rare. See French phonology
Georgian [3]
ჯ იბე
[d͡ʒibɛ]
'pocket'
German
Standard [4]
Dsch ungel
[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]
'jungle'
Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/ . See Standard German phonology
Goemai
[example needed ]
[d͡ʒaːn]
'twins'
Hebrew
ג׳ וק
[d͡ʒuk]
'cockroach'
Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani
जाना / جانا
[d͡ʒäːnäː]
'to go'
Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian
lándzs a
[laːnd͡ʒɒ]
'spear'
Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian
j arak
[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]
'distance'
Italian [5]
g emma
[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]
'gem'
[dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [ [i] and [ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive .
Kabyle
lǧ iran
[id͡ʒiræn]
'the neighbors'
Kashubian [6]
[example needed ]
Kurdish
Northern
c îger
[d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ]
'lung'
See Kurdish phonology
Central
جەرگ
[d͡ʒɛɾg]
'liver'
Southern
[d͡ʒæɾg]
Kyrgyz
ж аман
[d͡ʒaman]
'bad'
See Kyrgyz phonology
Latvian
dadž i
[dad͡ʒi]
'thistles'
See Latvian phonology
Limburgish
Hasselt dialect [7]
dj èn
[d͡ʒɛːn²]
'Eugene'
Lithuanian
dž iaugsmingas
[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]
'gladsome'
See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian
џ емпер
[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]
'sweater'
See Macedonian phonology
Malay
j ahat
[d͡ʒahat]
'evil'
Manchu
ᠵᡠᠸᡝ
[d͡ʒuwe]
'two'
Marathi
ज य
[d͡ʒəj]
'victory'
See Marathi phonology
Occitan
Languedocien
j ove
[ˈd͡ʒuβe]
'young'
See Occitan phonology
Provençal
[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Odia
ଜ ମି /jami
[d͡ʒɔmi]
'land'
Contrasts with aspirated form.
Ojibwe
ᐄᒋ ᑭᐌᐦ / iic ikiwee
[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]
'brother'
See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto
جګ
[d͡ʒeɡ]
'high'
Persian
کجا
[kod͡ʒɒ]
'where'
See Persian phonology
Polish
Gmina Istebna
dzi wny
[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]
'strange'
/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate .
Lubawa dialect [8]
Malbork dialect [8]
Ostróda dialect [8]
Warmia dialect [8]
Portuguese
Most Brazilian dialects[9]
grand e
[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi]
'big'
Allophone of /d / before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis ), marginal sound otherwise.
Most dialects
j ambalaya
[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]
'jambalaya '
In free variation with /ʒ / in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian
g er
[ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r]
'frost'
See Romanian phonology
Sardinian
Campidanese
g éneru
[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]
'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic
D ia
[d͡ʒia]
'God'
See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian
Some speakers
џ ем / dž em
[d͡ʒê̞m]
'jam'
May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Bosnian
ђ аво / đ avo
[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]
'devil'
Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/ , either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ ] .
Croatian
Silesian
Gmina Istebna [10]
[example needed ]
These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ] .
Jablunkov [10]
[example needed ]
Somali
j oog
[d͡ʒoːɡ]
'stop'
See Somali phonology
Spanish
pij ama
[piˈd͡ʒama]
'pajamas'
See Spanish phonology
Tagalog
diy an
[d͡ʒän]
'there'
Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology .
Turkish
ac ı
[äˈd͡ʒɯ]
'pain'
See Turkish phonology
Turkmen
j ar
[d͡ʒär]
'ravine'
Tyap
j em
[d͡ʒem]
'hippopotamus'
Ubykh
[amd͡ʒan]
'?'
See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian
дж ерело
[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]
'source'
See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur
جوزا
[d͡ʒozɑ]
'desk'
See Uyghur phonology
West Frisian
siedzj e
[ˈʃɪd͡ʒə]
'to sow'
See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish
דזשוכע
[d͡ʒʊxə]
'insect'
See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec
Tilquiapan [12]
dx an
[d͡ʒaŋ]
'god'
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate [ edit ]
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
Features [ edit ]
Its manner of articulation is affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is postalveolar , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm , as in most sounds.
Occurrence [ edit ]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 34 (2): 227–232, doi :10.1017/S0025100304001756
Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change , Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian , Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski , Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie , ISBN 83-7384-063-X
Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie , Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian , Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 38 (1): 107–114, doi :10.1017/S0025100308003344
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 36 (1): 117–124, doi :10.1017/S0025100306002428
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 34 (1): 117–121, doi :10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 36 (2): 255–264, doi :10.1017/S0025100306002659
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic , New York: Oxford University Press
Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
External links [ edit ]
IPA topics
IPA Special topics Encodings