亞

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See also: 亚
亞 U+4E9E, 亞
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E9E
← 亝
[U+4E9D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亟 →
[U+4E9F]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 亞
Shinjitai 亜
Simplified 亚

Han character[edit]

亞 (radical 7, 二+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 一中中一 (MLLM), four-corner 10107)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 87, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 274
  • Dae Jaweon: page 183, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 23, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+4E9E

Chinese[edit]

trad. 亞
simp. 亚
alternative forms 亜
𠀓
𠄮
俹
䢝

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 亞
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
亞-oracle.svg 亞-bronze.svg 亞-seal.svg 亞-bigseal.svg
Oracle bone script
ACC-j29651.svg

j29651

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j29652

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j29653

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j29657

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j29658

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j29659

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j29660

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j29661

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j29662

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j29664

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j29666

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j29667

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j29668

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j29669

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j29670

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j29684

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j29685

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j29686

ACC-j29687.svg

j29687

ACC-j29688.svg

j29688

ACC-j29689.svg

j29689

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j29699

ACC-j29700.svg

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ACC-j29701.svg

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ACC-j29702.svg

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ACC-j29728.svg

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ACC-j29729.svg

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ACC-j29730.svg

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ACC-j29731.svg

j29731

Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b19832.svg

b19832

ACC-b19833.svg

b19833

ACC-b19834.svg

b19834

ACC-b19835.svg

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ACC-b19836.svg

b19836

ACC-b19837.svg

b19837

ACC-b19838.svg

b19838

ACC-b19839.svg

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ACC-b19840.svg

b19840

ACC-b19841.svg

b19841

ACC-b19842.svg

b19842

ACC-b19843.svg

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ACC-b19844.svg

b19844

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ACC-b19846.svg

b19846

ACC-b19847.svg

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ACC-b19848.svg

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ACC-b19849.svg

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ACC-b19850.svg

b19850

ACC-b19851.svg

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ACC-b19852.svg

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ACC-b19853.svg

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ACC-b19854.svg

b19854

Small seal script
ACC-s10917.svg

s10917

Transcribed ancient scripts
ACC-L36894.svg

L36894

ACC-L23820.svg

L23820

ACC-L23821.svg

L23821

ACC-L23822.svg

L23822

ACC-L23823.svg

L23823

ACC-L23824.svg

L23824

ACC-L23825.svg

L23825

ACC-L23826.svg

L23826

ACC-L23827.svg

L23827

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (亞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
椏 *qaːʔ, *qraː
錏 *qraː
鵶 *qraː
啞 *qraːʔ, *qraːɡs, *qraːɡ, *qraːɡ
瘂 *qraːʔ
亞 *qraːɡs
婭 *qraːɡs
俹 *qraːɡs
稏 *qraːɡs
惡 *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ
噁 *qaːɡs
堊 *qaːɡ
蝁 *qaːɡ

Pictogram (象形): an overhead view of a construction, likely a 亞-shaped tomb.

Etymology 1[edit]

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔrak (“inferior; dependent”), whence Tibetan རག (rag, “to depend on; subject; subservient; dependent”) (Bodman, 1980; Coblin, 1986).

Karlgren (1957) connects it to 惡 (OC *qaːɡ, “evil”), but Schuessler (2007) considers this to be unlikely due to the semantics.

The shangsheng pronunciation in Mandarin (yǎ) is a result of influence from the pronunciation of 啞／哑 (yǎ), whose written form contains 亞 as a component (Fu, 1958).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • a, ah - vernacular;
  • à - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 亞
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 影 (34)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 衣嫁切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʔˠaH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʔᵚaH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʔaH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʔaɨH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʔaH/
    Wang
    Li         		/aH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʔaH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yà
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		aa3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 亞
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yà
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ʔæH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ʔˁrak-s/
    English secondary

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 亞
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14212
    Phonetic
    component         		亞
    Rime
    group         		暮
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		亞
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qraːɡs/

    Definitions[edit]

    亞

    1. † a house (four walls & windows, seen from above)
    2. second; inferior
      亞軍 / 亚军  ―  yàjūn  ―  second place
      不亞於 / 不亚于  ―  bù yàyú  ―  not inferior to
    3. † Alternative form of 婭／娅 (yā).
    4. A surname​.

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

    Definitions[edit]

    亞

    1. (～洲) Short for 亞細亞／亚细亚 (Yàxìyà, “Asia”).

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

    Definitions[edit]

    亞

    1. (dated) Alternative form of 阿 (ā, “kinship prefix”)..

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 亞

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Shinjitai

    		亜

    Kyūjitai

    		亞

    Kanji[edit]

    亞

    (“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 亜)

    1. rank
    2. follow
    3. sub- prefix

    Readings[edit]

    References[edit]

    • New Nelson: 82
    • Halpern: 3563
    • Halpern Learners: not listed
    • Heisig: not listed
    • Tuttle Kanji Dictionary: 0a7.14
    1. Source: EDICT and KANJIDIC files licensed by the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group.

    Usage notes[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 亞 (MC ʔˠaH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (phonetic element in transliterations):
    • (second; sub-; ranking next; etc.):
      • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [a̠(ː)]
      • Phonetic hangeul: [아(ː)]
        • Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    亞 (eumhun 버금 아 (beogeum a))

    1. Hanja form? of 아 (“second; sub-”).
    2. Hanja form? of 아 (“ranking next; coming after”).
    3. Hanja form? of 아 (“Asia (abbreviation)”).
    4. Hanja form? of 아 (“used as a prefix to names”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Proper noun[edit]

    Hanja in this term
    亞

    亞 • (A) (hangeul 아)

    1. (in headlines) Short for 亞細亞아세아 (Asea, “Asia”).

    Usage notes[edit]

    A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    亞: Hán Nôm readings: á, a

    1. Asia
    2. Asiatic

    References[edit]

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